/'BERKELEY* 
LIBRARY 

I     UNIVERSITY  OF 
\CAUFORNIA 


W/s 


EARTH 

SCIENCBS 


J 


Olarnegte 
Utbrarg 


WITHDRAWN 
WILLS  COLLEGE   LIBRAS/ 


by 


MARYLAND   GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS 

TEXT  AND  PLATES 


MARYLAND 


GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS 

TEXT  AND  PLATES 


EARTH 

SCIENCE? 

LIBRARY 


rs 


EARTH 
CLASS  PELECYPODA  (CONT.NUBD)         S5!?1 

Subgenus  GRYPH/EOSTREA  Conrad 
[Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  i,  1865,  p.  15.     Name  only] 

Type.  —  Ostrea  subeversa  Conrad  =  Gryphcea  vomer  Morton. 

"  Shell  thin,  elongate,  straight,  narrow  ;  lower  valve  rather  deep  and 
smooth;  upper  valve  flat  or  slightly  concave,  and  ornamented  with  distant,  ' 
regular,  thin,  concentric  laminae;  beak  of  lower  valve  contorted,  or 
turned  to  one  side  ;  cartilage-pit  narrow,  oblique.  —  Gryphcea  vomer  Morton 
(sp.).  Mr.  Conrad  did  not  publish  a  diagnosis  of  this  type,  but  merely 
gave  the  name  in  a  list  of  fossils.  At  my  request,  however,  he  gave  me  in 
manuscript  the  above  diagnosis,  and  mentioned  the  above  type.  I  would 
add  that,  in  perfectly  preserved  specimens,  the  typical  species  presents 
the  singular  peculiarity  of  throwing  out  long,  slender,  auricular  appen- 
dages (one  on  each  side)  from  the  lower  valve  near  the  beak.  These  being 
very  fragile,  are  nearly  always  broken  away,  as  the  specimens  are  found; 
but  I  observed  several,  with  more  or  less  of  them  preserved,  in  the  New 
Jersey  beds  ;  and  one  I  found  growing  in  the  inside  of  a  Gryphcea  vesicu- 
laris  with  them  perfectly  preserved  and  apparently  attached  to  the 
Gryphcea  by  their  extremities."  —  Meek,  1876. 

Gryphceostrea  suggests  Exogyra  in  the  gyrate  umbones  of  the  left  valve, 
The  beak  of  the  right  valve  of  the  former,  however,  is  orthogyrate  or  at 
the  most  slightly  inclined,  and  this,  together  with  the  inflation  of  the 
beak  of  the  left  valve,  allies  it  more  closely  with  Gryphcea  than  with 
Exogyra. 


(GRYPH^OSTREA)  VOMER  Morton 
Plate  XXV,  -Figs.  1-4 

Gryphcea  vomer  Morton,  1828,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  vi,  p.  83. 
Gryphcea  vomer  Morton,  1834,  Syn.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.,  p.  54,  pi.  ix,  fig.  5. 
Gryphcea  vomer  Conrad,  1835,  Trans.  Geol.  Soc.,  Pennsylvania,  vol.  i,  p.  336. 
Gryphcea  vomer  Conrad,  1842,  Proc.  Nat.  Inst.,  Bull,  ii,  p.  172. 
Exogyra  lateralis  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur., 

p.  6. 
Ostrea  (Gryphceostrea)  subeversa  Conrad,   1865,  Am.   Jour.  Conch.,   vol.   i, 

p.  15  (name  only). 

Etymology:  7pii7r6y,  hook-nosed;  ostrea,  oyster. 


580  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Gryphceostrea  lateralis  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  724. 
"  Ostrea  lateralis  Nilsson  "  Coquand,  1869,  Mon.  Genre  Ostrea,  p.  96,  pi.  xxx, 

fig.   10.     (Not  Ostrea  vomer  d'Orbigny,  1850,  Coquand,  Mon.   Genre 

Ostrea,  p.  39,  pi.  xvi,  figs.  13-15.  =  0.  'convexa  Say.) 

Gryphceostrea  vomer  Meek,  1876,  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Terr.,  vol.  ix,  p.  11. 
Ostrea  vomer  White,  1884,  4th  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  p.  302,  pi.  xlviii, 

figs.  8-10. 
Gryphceostrea  vomer  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p. 

195,  pi.  xxvi,  figs.  11,  12. 

Ostrea  sp.  Clark,  1895,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  vol.  xv,  p.  6. 
Ostrea  sp.  Clark,  1896,  Bull.  141,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  p.  88,  pi.  xxxix,  figs. 

3a-3c. 

Ostrea  subeversa  Clark,  1896,  Bull.  141,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  p.  93. 
Ostrea  (Gryphceostrea)  subeversa  Ball,  1898,  Trans.  Wagner  Free  Inst.  Sci., 

vol.  iii,  pt.  iv,  p.  681. 
Ostrea  (Gryphceostrea)  vomer  Clark,  1901,  Md.  Geol.  Survey,  Eocene,  p.  193, 

pi.  1,  figs.  1-5. 
Ostrea  (Gryphceostrea)  vomer  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila., 

p.  11. 
Gryphceostrea  vomer,  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol. 

iv,  p.  455,  pi.  xliv,  figs.  7-11.     (Exclude  fig.  6,  broken  valve  of  Gryphcea 

vesicularis) . 

Description. — "  Shell  subrhomboidal ;  upper  valve  small,  thin,  slightly 
concave ;  lower  valve  convex,  obscurely  lobed,  the  lobed  margin  obliquely 
produced  from  the  hinge ;  a  wrinkled  groove  each  side  of  the  latter ;  beak 
pointed,  curved  obliquely  inwards ;  umbo  prominent." — Morton,  1828. 

Type  Locality. — New  Egypt,  New  Jersey. 

Shell  of  moderate  size,  elongate,  rudely  ovate  or  elliptical,  strongly 
inequivalve ;  attached  left  valve  strongly  convex,  often  irregular  in  outline 
over  the  area  of  attachment  in  the  umbonal  region ;  umbones  inflated,  tips 
prosogyrate  and  acutely  pointed,  when  not  flattened  against  the  sup- 
porting surface;  anterior  and  posterior  dorsal  margins  of  perfect  and 
typically  developed  individuals  produced  into  long,  slender,  auricular 
extensions  somewhat  similar  to  those  of  Gryphcea  convexa  Say.  External 
surface  of  left  valve  smooth  excepting  for  growth  striations,  right  cover- 
valve  regularly  subovate,  flattened,  often  a  little  sinuous  and  with  a 
slight  forward  twist  in  the  flattened  umbonal  region;  external  surface 
sculptured  with  conspicuous,  fine-edged  concentric  laminas,  five  to  eleven 
in  number,  regularly  spaced,  parallel  to  the  outer  margin  and  delimiting 
the  outline  of  the  shell  during  former  stages  of  growth ;  hinge  area  small, 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  581 

low,  flattened  as  a  rule,  irregular  in  outline,  submargins  auriculately 
produced  in  the  left  valve,  somewhat  thickened  but  not  produced  in  the 
right  valve ;  not  sculptured ;  muscle  impressions  elongated,  rudely  semi- 
elliptical,  concentrically  striated. 

The  characters  of  the  attached  valve  of  G.  vomer  are  variable,  the 
inflated  umbones  and  smooth  external  surface  constituting  perhaps  the 
best  diagnostic  of  indifferently  preserved  individuals.  The  ovate  outline 
and  the  elevated  concentric  lamina  are  sufficient  to  determine  even  a 
fragment  of  the  right  valve. 

Occurrence. — M  ATA  WAN  FORMATION.  ?  Gibson's  Island,  ?  head  of 
Magothy  River,  ?  Ulmstead  Point,  Anne  Arundel  County,  Maryland. 
MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Two  miles  west  of  Delaware  -City  on  John  Hig- 
gins  farm,  Briar  Point,  Post  156,  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  Dela- 
ware; Bohemia  Mills,  Cecil  County;  mouth  of  Turner's  Creek,  Kent 
County;  Brightseat,  railroad  cut  west  of  Seat  Pleasant,  Brooks  estate 
near  Seat  Pleasant,  Friendly,  and  McNeys  Corners,  Prince  George's 
County,  Maryland.  EANCOCAS  FORMATION.  Noxontown  Pond,  Delaware. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Marshalltown  clay  marl, 
New  Jersey.  Monmouth  Formation.  Navesink  marl  and  Red  Bank  sand, 
New  Jersey.  Rancocas  Formation.  Vincentown  limesand  and  Horners- 
town  marl,  New  Jersey.  Eutaw  Formation  (Tombigbee  sand  member). 
Exogyra  ponderosa  zone,  Lee  and  Alcorn  counties,  Mississippi.  Eipley 
Formation.  Exogyra  costata  zone,  east-central  and  northern  Mississippi. 
Extreme  top  of  zone,  Union  County,  Mississippi.  Selma  Chalk.  Exogyra 
ponderosa  zone,  Warrior  and  Tombigbee  rivers  and  Pickens  County,  Ala- 
bama; east-central  and  northern  Mississippi  and  Tennessee.  Exogyra 
costata  zone,  Sumter  and  Wilcox  counties,  Alabama;  east-central  and 
northern  Mississippi.  Nanjemoy  Formation.  Maryland.  Aquia  Forma- 
tion. Maryland.  Jackson  Formation.  Alabama. 


582  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Superfamily  TRIGONIACEA 

Family  TRIGONIIDAE 

Genus  TRIGONIA  Bruguiere 
[Ency.  M6th.  Vers.,  vol.  I,  1789,  p.  xiv] 

Type. — Trigonia  margaritacea  Lam. 

Shell  heavy,  nacreous  within,  equivalve,  inequilateral,  subtrigonal  or 
trapezoidal  in  outline.  Umbones  anterior,  opisthogyrate,  moderately 
inflated,  lunule  absent,  escutcheon  strongly  defined;  posterior  area  sharply 
differentiated  by  a  carina  extending  from  the  umbones  to  the  posterior 
ventral  margin ;  sculpture  upon  medial  and  anterior  portions  of  the  disk 
usually  developed  and  often  more  or  less  nodose ;  sculpture  upon  the  pos- 
terior area  concentric,  radial,  divaricate,  or  absent.  Hinge  dentition 
vigorous,  two  divergent  transversely  striated  cardinal  teeth  in  the  right 
valve,  three  cardinals  in  the  left,  the  middle  tooth  stout,  trigonal,  medially 
sulcate,  transversely  striated,  the  two  outer  cardinals  compound  and  rela- 
tively small,  transversely  striated  within.  Ligament  groove  marginal, 
opisthodetic,  muscle  impressions  two  in  number,  the  posterior  the  larger, 
pallial  line  indistinct,  entire. 

Trigonia  was  one  of  the  major  elements  during  the  Mesozoic,  the  epoch 
which  marks  its  origin  and  culmination.  Five  species  still  persist  in  the 
Australian  region,  but  they  are  rather  distantly  connected  with  the  Meso- 
zoic forms. 

A.  Costals  not  exceeding  16  in  number Trigonia  eufalensis 

B.  Costals  exceeding  16  in  number. 

1.  Shell  semi-elliptical   in  outline,  not  rostrate  posteriorly,   costals 

coarser  upon  the  medial  portion  of  the  shell  than  towards  the 
extremities Trigonia  cerulea 

2.  Shell  trigonal  in  outline,  rostrate  posteriorly,  costals  conspicuously 

coarser  on  the  anterior  third  of  the  shell,  becoming  abruptly 
finer  and  more  regular  in  arrangement  medially. 

Trigonia  marionensis 

TKIGONIA  EUFALENSIS  Gabb 
Plate  XXXIV,  Figs.  1,  2 

Trigonia  eufalensis  Gabb,  1860,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  396,  pi.  Ixviii,  fig.  32. 
Trigonia  eufalensis  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and 

Jur.,  p.  9. 

Etymology:  Tpi,  three;  ywvia,  angles. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  583 

Trigonia  eufalcnsis  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  725. 
Trigonia  eufalensis  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  113, 

pi.  xiv,  figs.  1-4. 

Trigonia  eufalensis  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Fhila.,  p.  11. 
Trigonia  eufalensis  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  462,  pi.  xlviii,  figs.  5-10. 

Description. — "  Subtriangular,  resembles  T.  alceformis  Sow.  in  out- 
line, not  quite  so  elongate  anteriorly;  beaks  posterior;  lunule  distinct; 
surface  marked  by  about  fourteen  ribs,  the  more  anterior  of  which  pro- 
ceed from  the  lunule  anteriorly  and  then  cross  the  shell  at  right  angles 
with  the  lunule,  exhibiting  a  tendency  to  being  nodose,  especially  near 
the  lunule;  lunule  marked  by  ten  or  twelve  transverse  ribs;  cardinal 
margin  somewhat  incurved,  anterior  elongate  and  subbiangular,  basal 
sinuous  and  deeply  serrate,  posterior  regularly  rounded ;  internally,  hinge 
teeth  small,  muscular  impressions  deep ;  pallial  line  entire ;  a  small  tooth- 
like  ridge  or  process  extends  along  the  middle  of  the  alation,  as  in 
T.  alceformis." — Conrad,  1860. 

Type  Locality. — Eufaula,  Alabama. 

Shell  thick,  heavy,  prismatic,  rudely  trigonal  in  outline,  moderately 
convex ;  umbones  anterior,  incurved,  opisthodetic,  flattened  upon  their 
summits  but  prominent  by  reason  of  their  position  at  the  apex  of  an  angle 
of  approximately  120°  ;  lunule  not  differentiated,  escutcheon  denned,  not 
only  by  the  sculpture  but  also  by  an  abrupt  change  in  the  plane  of  the 
shell ;  anterior  portion  of  the  shell  sculptured  by  twelve  to  fifteen  promi- 
nent concentric  ridges,  rather  sharply  rounded  upon  'their  summits,  dor- 
sally  inclined,  especially  in  the  umbonal  region,  more  prominent,  sym- 
metrical and  feebly  rugose  ventrally,  regularly  arranged  but  much  more 
closely  spaced  along  the  concave  margin  than  the  convex ;  ligament  mar- 
ginal— the  groove  in  which  it  was  lodged  short  linear  and  opisthodetic; 
cardinal  teeth  of  left  valve  massive,  trigonal,  transversely  striated,  inner 
faces  of  hinge  margins  also  striated  in  order  to  clasp  the  divergent  teeth  of 
the  right  valve ;  muscle  impressions  deeply  excavated,  the  anterior  slightly 
more  so  than  the  posterior;  pallial  line  simple — distant  from  the  hinge 
margin. 


584  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

This  species  is  the  smallest  and  most  abundant  member  of  this  remark- 
able genus  within  the  confines  of  Maryland.  It  is  separated  from 
T.  cerulea  Whitfield  by  the  more  prominent  umbones,  the  more  convex 
posterior  dorsal,  the  more  attenuated  posterior  extremity  and  the  fewer 
rugose  and  relatively  coarser  external  costae. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FOTIMATIOX.  ?  2  miles  west  of  Delaware 
City  on  John  Higgins  farm,  Delaware ;  ?  Bohemia  Mills,  Cecil  County ; 
mouth  of  Turner's  Creek,  Kent  County;  Brightseat,  Brooks  estate  near 
Seat  Pleasant,  Friendly,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  McNeys  Corners,  Fort 
Washington,  Prince  George's  County,  Maryland. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl, 
Woodbury  clay  and  Wenonah  sand,  New  Jersey.  Black  Creek  Formation. 
North  and  South  Carolina.  Peedee  Sand.  North  and  South  Carolina. 
Eutaw  Formation  (Tombigbee  sand  member).  Exogyra  ponderosa  zone, 
Mortoniceras  subzone,  Georgia.  Ripley  Formation.  Exogyra  costata 
zone,  Georgia ;  Eufaula,  Alabama.  Extreme  top  of  zone,  Pataula  Creek, 
Georgia. 

TRIGONIA  CERULEA  Whitfield 

Trigonia  cerulea  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  114,  pi. 

xiv,  fig.  7. 
Trigonia  cerulea  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv,  p. 

464,  pi.  xlviii,  fig.  13. 

Description. — "  Shell  small  or  below  a  medium  size,  moderately  convex 
on  the  valves  and  of  a  triangularly-ovate  outline.  Beak  small,  appressed, 
obtusely  pointed  and  erect;  posterior  hinge-line  long  and  slightly  con- 
cave ;  posterior  end  narrow  and  rounded ;  anterior  end  broadly  rounded ; 
basal  line  a  litle  gibbous  in  the  middle,  but  otherwise  forming  a  continuous 
line  with  the  anterior  and  posterior  margins.  Surface  of  the  shell  cov- 
ered by  coarse  elevated  ribs,  which  are  flattened  on  their  surfaces  over  a 
large  part  of  the  shell,  but  near  the  posterior  cardinal  margin  are  sharp 
and  very  slightly  crenulated.  The  ribs  are  coarse  and  distant  on  the  ante- 
rior and  middle  parts  of  the  shell,  but  gradually  become  finer  and  more 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  585 

closely  arranged  toward  the  posterior  part.  Interspaces  concave.  No 
postero-cardinal  area  is  visible  on  the  specimen  used,  the  ribs  apparently 
passing,  without  interruption,  across  the  entire  disk  of  the  shell  and  ter- 
minating on  the  cardinal  margin.  The  ribs  of  the  anterior  end  curve 
strongly  forward  in  passing  to  the  basal  and  anterior  margins,  while  those 
of  the  hinder  parts  of  the  valves  pass  more  directly  across  to  the  postero- 
basal  margin.  This  species  differs  from  any  of  the  others  described 
from  these  beds  in  its  form,  but  more  particularly  in  the  style  and  number 
of  the  surface  ribs.  They  are  more  numerous  than  on  any  of  the  other 
forms,  there  having  been  about  twenty-three  on  the  specimen  figured, 
which  is  only  one  inch  and  an  eighth  in  length.  Their  flattened  surface 
and  the  gradual  increase  backward  is  also  opposite  from  that  which  is  seen 
to  occur  on  those  ....  In  coarse  olive-green  indurated  marl  at  the  deep 
cut  on  the  Holmdel  and  Keyport  Turnpike,  Monmouth  County,  New 
Jersey,  at  the  base  of  the  Lower  Marls.  The  substance  of  the  shell  is 
entirely  changed  to  vivianite,  which  is  soft  and  of  a  bright  blue  color,  very 
easily  destroyed  by  handling  or  rubbing." — Whitfield,  1885. 

This  species  is  represented  in  the  collections  of  the  Maryland  Cretaceous 
by  a  single  valve.  The  species  is  somewhat  larger  than  the  more  common 
T.  eufalensis  Gabb,  is  less  trigonal  and  more  semi-elliptical  in  outline,  not 
rostrate  posteriorly  and  less  coarsely  and  more  uniformly  sculptured. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brooks  estate  near  Seat  Pleas- 
ant, Prince  George's  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Columbia  University,  New 
Jersey  Geological  Survey. 

Outside  Distribution. — Monmouth  Formation.  Tinton  beds,  New 
Jersey. 

TRIGONIA  MARIONENSIS  Stephenson  n.  sp. 

Description. — "  Shell  subtrigonal,  equivalve,  inequilateral,  moderately 
ventricose  anteriorly,  becoming  strongly  compressed  posteriorly;  beak 
small,  incurved,  situated  about  one-quarter  the  length  of  the  shell  from 
the  anterior  extremity.  Hinge  and  dorsal  area  too  poorly  preserved  for 
description. 


586  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

"  Posterior  adductor  scar  apparently  small  and  situated  near  the  dorsal 
margin,  at  about  the  mid-length  of  the  shell;  a  sharp  crested  ridge  or 
carina  extends  from  a  short  distance  behind  this  scar  backward  to  about 
the  middle  of  the  posterior  extremity.  Dorsal  margin  broadly  concave ; 
anterior  margin  broadly  and  regularly  rounded;  ventral  margin  regu- 
larly rounded  anteriorly,  notched,  the  notches  corresponding  to  the 
interspaces  between  the  ribs ;  the  broad  curve  carries  the  ventral  margin 
upward  toward  the  high  narrow  posterior  portion  of  the  shell,  where  the 
margin  curves  slightly  downward  becoming  concave,  and  meeting  the 
posterior  margin  in  a  subright  angle :  posterior  margin  short,  squarely 
truncated,  and  situated  above  the  mid-height  of  the  shell. 

"  Surface  of  the  adult  marked  by  20-22  prominent  ribs  which  originate 
along  the  lower  margin  of  the  dorsal  area  and  extend  to  the  anterior  and 
ventral  margins;  the  ribs  on  the  anterior  portion  of  the  shell  trend  first 
forward  and  downward,  and  then  sweep  in  a  gentle  curve  around  to  the 
anterior  margin;  from  the  front  toward  the  rear  the  ribs  become  suc- 
cessively straighter,  tending  first  downward,  and,  toward  the  posterior 
extremity,  backward  and  downward ;  the  crests  of  the  ribs  are  poorly  pre- 
served but  are  apparently  tuberculated. 

"Dimensions.— Length  37  mm.;  height  27  mm.;  convexity  7  mm. 

"'  This  species  differs  from  Trigonia  eufaulensis  Gabb  in  the  closer 
spacing  and  smaller  degree  of  curvature  of  the  ribs,  and  in  the  greater 
curvature  of  the  ribs,  and  in  the  greater  elongation  of  the  posterior  portion 
of  the  shell.  The  species  is  distinguished  from  the  young  of  Trigonia 
bartrami  by  the  relatively  closer  spacing  of  the  ribs  and  the  greater  pos- 
terior elongation  of  the  shell. 

"Type.—U.  S.  National  Museum,  No.  31642. 

"  Occurrence  in  South  Carolina. — Snow  Hill  member  of  Black  Creek 
formation  (upper  part  of  Exogyra  ponderosa  zone).  Hodge's  old  mill 
site,  3^  miles  southeast  of  Mullins,  Marion  County. 

"'  Occurrence  in  Alabama. — Tombigbee  sand  member  of  Eutaw  forma- 
tion (lower  part  of  Exogyra  ponderosa  zone).  Seaboard  Air  Line  Kail- 
way  at  bridge  over  Hatchechubbee  Creek,  2  miles  west  of  Pittsview, 
Russell  County." — Stephenson,  MS. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  587 

Occurrence. — MATAWAN  FORMATION.  North  shore  Round  Bay,  Severn 
River,  Anne  Arundel  County.  MOXMOUTH  FORMATION.  Millersville, 
Anne  Arundel  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

C.  Isodonta 

Superfamily  PECT1NACEA 
Family  PECT1NIDAE 

Genus  PECTEN  Miiller 
[Zool.  Dan  Prodr.,  1766,  p.  248] 

Type. — Ostrea  maxima  Linne. 

Shell  approximately  equilateral,  inequivalve,  usually  suborbicular, 
auriculate;  right  valve,  as  a  rule,  the  more  convex,  not  adherent  but 
attached  by  a  byssus;  hinge  line  straight;  resilium  central,  internal,  tri- 
angular ;  interlocking  grooves  and  ridges  diverging  from  the  apex  of  the 
resilial  pit;  pallia!  line  simple;  monomyarian;  adductor  impression 
rounded,  posterior. 

The  earliest  Pecten  known  is  from  the  Cretaceous.  The  recent  species 
exceed  two  hundred  in  number  and  their  distribution  is  world-wide. 

A.  Shell  not  conspicuously  inequivalve. 

1.  External  surface  radially  sculptured. 

a.  Radial  sculpture  of  more  or  less  arcuate  linear  lirse. 

Pecten  argillensis 

b.  Radial  sculpture  coarse  to  fine  but  not  linear  nor  arcuate. 

i.  Adult  shell  exceeding  3  cm.  in  diameter;  radials  not  sul- 
cate,  more  or  less  scabrous,  30  to  40  in  number. 

Pecten  whitfieldi 

ii.  Adult  shell  not  exceeding  3  cm.  in  diameter;  radials 
medially  sulcate,  as  a  rule,  but  not  scabrous,  12  to  18 
in  number Pecten  venustus 

2.  External  surface  not  radially  sculptured. 

a.  External  surface  faintly  sculptured  concentrically. 

i.  Adult  shell  exceeding  2  cm.  in  diameter. 

Pecten  cliffwoodensis 
ii.  Adult  shell  not  exceeding  2  cm.  in  diameter.  .Pecten  conradi 

b.  External  surface  smooth,  adult  shell  not  exceeding  2  cm.  in 

diameter  Pecten  simplicius 

B.  Shell  conspicuously  inequivalve Pecten  guinquecostatus 

Etymology:  Pecten,  a  comb.  A  reference  to  the  series  of  small  tooth-like 
spines  placed  on  the  margin  of  the  shell  at  the  byssal  opening. 

39 


588  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

PECTEN  AEGILLENSIS  Conrad 
Plate  XXXIV,  Figs.  3-5 

Pecten  argillensis  Conrad,  1860,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2  ser.,  vol. 

iv,  p.  283. 
Pecten  argillensis  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur., 

p.  7. 
Camptonectes  bellisculptus  Conrad,  1869,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  v,  p.  99,  pi. 

ix,  fig.  11. 
Camptonectes  (Amusiumj  burlingtonensis  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol. 

Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  53,  pi.  viii,  figs.  3-7,  9  (not  fig.  8)   (ex  parte) ;  not 

Pecten  burlingtonensis  Gabb,  1860. 

Pecten  bellisculptus  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  11. 
Pecten  argillensis  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  472,  pi.  xlix,  figs.  1-4. 

Description. — "  Suborbicular,  very  thin,  compressed ;  radiated  only  on 
the  upper  part  with  minute  lines ;  disk  covered  with  closely  arranged,  fine 
lamelliform  striae,  except  on  the  umbo  and  adjacent  parts  where  they  are 
distant;  posterior  margin  opposite  the  ear  carinated.  (Upper  valve.)" — 
Conrad,  1860. 

Type  Locality. — Owl  Creek,  Tippah  County,  Mississippi. 

Shell  rather  thin  and  fragile,  compressed,  subequivalve ;  outline,  exclu- 
sive of  the  auricles,  a  sector  of  approximately  90° ;  hinge  line  straight,  a 
little  more  than  half  as  wide  as  the  shell;  auricles  broad  but  rather  low; 
surface  ornamentation  elaborate  but  not  conspicuous,  radial  sculpture 
of  finely  incised  lines,  two  to  four  to  the  millimeter,  on  the  disks  of  the 
adults,  straight  in  the  medial  portion  but  sweeping  in  gentle  curves 
toward  the  lateral  margins  deeper  and  a  little  broader  posteriorly  than 
anteriorly;  concentric  lines  thirty  to  forty  in  number,  over-riding  and 
intercepting  the  radials,  finely  and  evenly  crenulated  and  in  the  umbonal 
region  of  perfectly  preserved  adults,  minutely  moniliform;  auricles  very 
unequal,  the  anterior  broader  and  relatively  lower  than  the  posterior; 
posterior  auricle  sculptured  with  approximately  fifteen  coarse  lirations 
running  oblique  to  the  hinge  margin,  rendered  minutely  scabrous  by  the 
over-riding  incrementals ;  anterior  auricle  long  and  narrow,  alate  in 
outline,  the  striations  radiating  from  the  umbonal  extremity,  sweeping  in 
rather  abrupt  curves  to  the  dorsal  margin;  byssal  sinus  narrow  and  very 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  589 

deep ;  the  area  between  the  auricle  and  the  disk  not  sculptured ;  characters 
of  interior  not  known. 

Pecten  argillensis  is  identical  with  Pecten  bellisculptus  Conrad,  which 
was  doubtless  described  from  a  type  on  which  the  delicate  beaded  sculpture 
was  better  preserved  than  on  the  type  of  P.  argillensis  Conrad.  The 
species  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  representatives  of  its  genus  in  Mary- 
land, but  unfortunately  it  is  so  fragile  that  perfectly  preserved  individuals 
are  obtainable  only  with  the  greatest  difficulty. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Brooks  estate  near 
Seat  Pleasant,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  Prince  George's  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl, 
Woodbury  clay,  Marshalltown  clay  marl,  and  Wenonah  sand,  New  Jersey. 
Monmouth  Formation.  Navesink  marl,  New  Jersey.  ?  Black  Creek 
Formation.  North  and  South  Carolina.  Eutaw  Formation  (Tombigbee 
sand  member).  Exogyra  ponderosa  zone,  Mortoniceras  subzone,  Lowndes 
County,  and  ?  Prentiss  County,  Mississippi.  Ripley  Formation.  Exo- 
gyra costata  zone,  Georgia;  Eufaula,  Alabama;  Chickasaw,  Union  and 
Tippah  counties,  Mississippi.  Extreme  top  of  zone,  Pataula  Creek, 
Georgia;  Chattahoochee  River,  Alabama;  Lowndes  and  Union  counties, 
Mississippi. 

PECTEN  WHITFIELDI  Weller 

Pecten  tenuitestus  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  47, 
pi.  vii,  figs.  5,  6.  (Not  Pecten  tenuitestus  Gabb,  1862.) 

Pecten  wMtfieldi  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv.  p. 
468,  pi.  1,  fig.  14. 

Description. — "  Shell  of  small  to  medium  size,  broadly  ovate  exclusive 
of  the  auriculations,  the  breadth  of  the  shell  being  to  the  height  as  six  is 
to  seven.  Cardinal  slopes  straight,  more  than  one-third  the  length  of  the 
shell,  and  the  anterior  longest.  Left  valve  very  depressed  convex,  most 
ventricose  above  the  middle ;  beak  small  and  pointed.  Auriculations  large, 
the  anterior  double  the  size  of  the  posterior,  very  slightly  rounded  on  the 


590  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

margin,  and  perceptibly  narrowing  below;  posterior  shorter  on  the  car- 
dinal line  than  below;  anterior  side  marked  by  seven  sharply-elevated 
nodose  rays,  and  the  posterior  by  six,  with  one  or  two  smaller  ones  between, 
near  the  body  of  the  shell.  Body  of  the  shell  marked  by  about  thirty  to 
thirty-five  slender,  rounded  but  unequal  rays  with  much  wider  flattened 
interspaces,  with  an  occasional  incipient  ray  on  the  outer  third  of  the 
shell.  Ribs  marked  by  distant,  elevated  or  subspinose  nodes,  most  closely 
arranged  on  the  auriculations  and  obsolete  above  the  middle  of  the  body 
of  the  valve.  Right  valve  with  the  ribs  proportionally  stronger  in  the 
specimens  examined  than  on,  the  left  valve  and  showing  a  stronger  ten- 
dency to  alteration  of  smaller  and  larger  ones  than  on  the  opposite,  while 
the  imbrications  of  the  ribs  are  not  nearly  so  strong,  not  rising  into  spines, 
as  on  the  left  valve.  Auriculations  of  the  right  valve  scarcely  perceptibly 
radiate,  while  the  concentric  markings  of  the  valve  are  more  subdued 
throughout. 

"  So  far  as  I  have  discovered  the  species  was  never  figured  by  its  author, 
but  its  description  is  more  full  than  usual,  so  I  think  the  identification  is 
less  Mkely  to  be  questionable  than  in  some  other  instances.  It  would  seem 
to  be  the  type  of  Pecten  islandicus,  although  the  ribs  are  less  closely 
arranged  and  the  interspaces  are  flattened.  Among  the  few  specimens 
which  I  have  examined  I  have  seen  no  reason  to  suppose  the  valves  were 
so  strongly  bent  as  to  leave  them  '  about  half  an  inch  apart  in  the  middle/ 
as  the  author  states. 

"Formation  and  Locality. — In  the  Lower  Green  marls  at  Holmdel, 
New  Jersey,  collected  at  G.  C.  Schanck's  pits,  near  Marlborough,  and  pre- 
sented to  the  New  Jersey  collection  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Riley.  It  also  occurs 
at  Burlington,  New  Jersey." — Whitfield,  1885. 

"  Shell,  exclusive  of  the  auriculations,  broadly  ovate  in  outline,  higher 
than  wide,  the  dimensions  of  a  left  valve  being:  height  40  mm.,  width 
35  mm.,  convexity  5  mm.,  length  of  hinge-line  about  16  mm.  Left  valve 
depressed  convex,  deepest  above  the  middle,  the  beak  pointed,  auriculations 
of  moderate  size,  the  anterior  one  larger  than  the  posterior.  Surface 
marked  by  low,  rounded,  nodose,  more  or  less  unequal,  radiating  ribs, 
which  increase  by  intercalation,  thirty  or  more  are  present  upon  the  body 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  591 

of  the  shell  where  they  are  narrower  than  the  interspaces,  the  ribs  upon  the 
auriculations  are  narrower,  closer  together,  and  more  nodose  than  upon 
the  body  of  the  shell,  though  in  some  examples,  especially  the  larger  ones, 
they  are  inconspicuous.  The  surface  is  also  marked  by  more  or  less 
irregular,  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

"Remarks. — The  shells  which  are  made  the  types  of  this  species  were 
identified  and  illustrated  by  Whitfield  as  P.  tenuitestus,  but  an  exami- 
nation of  Gabb's  type  of  that  species  has  shown  that  Whitfield's  identifica- 
tion was  incorrect,  the  true  P.  tenuitestus  being  the  same  as  the  specimens 
described  as  P.  planicostatus  by  that  author.  This  species  differs  from 
P.  tenuitestus  of  the  same  fauna,  in  being  proportionally  higher,  nar- 
rower, and  more  convex,  with  the  radiating  ribs  nodose,  and  proportion- 
ally broader  with  narrower  interspaces  and  with  the  concentric  markings 
coarser  and  less  regular." — Weller,  1907. 

A  fragment  of  a  nmlticostate  scabrous  Pecten  occurs  at  Brooks  estate, 
Prince  George's  County,  and  may  perhaps  indicate  the  former  presence  of 
this  species  in  Maryland.  Fragments  of  another  species,  possibly  closely 
allied  with  P.  whitfieldi  Weller,  were  collected  in  the  Matawan  at  Camp 
Fox  on  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal.  The  Matawan  form  has 
much  more  numerous  costa3  which  are  rendered  scabrous  by  the  over- 
riding concentric  sculpture. 

Occurrence. — MOXMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brooks  estate  near  Seat  Pleas- 
ant, Prince  George's  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Columbia  University,  New 
Jersey  Geological  Survey. 

Outside  Distribution. — Monmouth  Formation.  Navesink  marl,  New 
Jersey. 

PECTEX  VEXUSTUS  Morton 
Plate  XXXIV,  Figs.  6,  7 

Pecten  venustus  Morton,  1833,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  1st  ser.,  vol.  xxiii,  p.  293,  pi. 

v,  fig.  7. 
Pecten  venustus  Morton,  1834,  Syn.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Group,  U.  S.,  p.  58,  pi. 

v,  fig.  7. 
Pecten  venustus  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur., 

p.  7. 


592  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Pecten  venustus  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  725. 

Pecten  venustus  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  45,  pi. 

vii,  figs.  1,  2. 

Pecten  venustus  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  11. 
Pecten  venustus  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv,  p. 

478,  pi.  li,  figs.  1-5. 

Description. — "  Shell  thin,  depressed,  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter, 
with  fifteen  or  twenty  double  costae;  those  on  the  lower  valve  delicately 
beaded.  From  New  Jersey." — Morton,  1833. 

Shell  small,  rarely  more  than  a  centimeter  and  a  half  in  diameter,  more 
than  moderately  inflated,  subequilateral  excepting  for  the  auricles,  a  little 
higher  than  wide,  dorsal  margins  converging  at  an  angle  of  approxi- 
mately 90°,  lateral  ventral  margins  roughly  subscribing  the  major  portion 
of  a  circle;  external  surface  sculptured  with  some  fifteen  radial  costae 
broader  toward  the  ventral  margin  and  for  the  most  part  medially  sulcate, 
interradials  deeply  channeled,  usually  narrower  than  radial  s;  auricles 
unequal,  the  posterior  smooth  and  rudimentary,  the  anterior  narrow,  elon- 
gate, distally  truncate,  sculptured  with  four  or  five  subequal  lirae ;  byssal 
notch  rather  shallow;  interior  plicated  in  harmony  with  the  eternaxl 
sculpture. 

Pecten  venustus  Conrad  is  the  only  one  of  the  small  Pectens  that 
develops  a  vigorous  radial  sculpture. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAN  FORMATION.  Post  236,  Camp  Fox,  Post  218 
and  Post  192,  Camp  U  &  I,  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  Delaware. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Marshalltown  clay  marl, 
New  Jersey.  Monmouth  Formation.  Navesink  marl,  Eed  Bank  sand  and 
Tinton  beds,  New  Jersey.  Ripley  Formation.  Exogyra  costata  zone, 
Chickasaw  and  Union  counties,  Mississippi.  Selma  Chalk.  Exogyra  cos- 
tata zone,  Sumter  County,  Alabama ;  east-central  Mississippi. 

PECTEN  CLIFFWOODENSIS  Weller 

Pecten  cliffwoodensis  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol. 
iv,  p.  469,  pi.  1,  figs.  7,  8. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  593 

Description. — "  The  dimensions  of  an  average  specimen,  a  left  valve, 
are :  Height  30  mm.,  width  27.5  mm.,  convexity  4  mm.,  length  of  hinge 
line  14  mm.  The  body  of  the  shell  broadly  subovate  in  outline ;  the  beaks 
situated  a  little  back  of  the  middle  of  the  hinge  line,  the  auriculations  mod- 
erately large  and  sharply  differentiated,  the  anterior  ones  somewhat  larger 
than  the  posterior,  the  cardinal  slopes  diverging  from  the  beak  at  an  angle 
of  90°  or  a  little  more,  nearly  straight  or  slightly  concave,  terminating  at 
the  sides  of  the  shell  above  the  middle  of  its  height.  The  valves  sub- 
equally  depressed  convex,  the  right  valve  if  anything  slightly  flatter  than 
the  left,  with  a  moderately  deep  byssal  sinus.  Surface  of  both  valves  nearly 
smooth,  marked  only  by  fine  concentric  lines  of  growth  which  continue 
across  the  auriculations,  and  on  the  anterior  ear  of  the  right  valve  become 
stronger  than  elsewhere  on  the  shell.  One  imperfect  specimen  which 
seems  to  be  a  member  of  this  species  had  a  height,  when  complete,  of  about 
50  mm.,  but  the  dimensions  given  above  are  those  of  a  specimen  of  about 
average  size.  Some  of  the  smaller  individuals  do  not  exceed  12  mm.  in 
height.  With  the  growth  of  the  shell  the  proportionate  width  seems  to 
increase.  This  species  is  unlike  any  of  the  other  Pectens  in  these  New 
Jersey  faunas,  but  in  general  form  and  size  the  shells  most  closely  resemble 
some  individuals  of  Pecten  bellisculptus  Con. ;  the  two  species  can  always 
be  distinguished,  however,  by  their  surface  markings." — Weller,  1907. 

Type  Locality. — Cliffwood  Point,  Middlesex  County,  New  Jersey. 

A  cast  of  a  single  valve  which  presents  no  characters  by  which  it  can  be 
separated  from  Pecten  cliffwoodensis  Weller  was  collected  at  Arnold 
Point,  on  the  Severn  River  in  Anne  Arundel  County. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAN  FORMATION.  North  shore  Eound  Bay,  Severn 
Eiver,  Anne  Arundel  County. 

Outside  Distribution. — Magothy  Formation.  Cliffwood  clay  of  New 
Jersey. 

PECTEN  CONRADI  (Whitfield)  Johnson 

Pecten  simplicus  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  725. 

(Not  Pecten  simplicius  Conrad,  1860,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d 

ser.,  vol.  iv,  p.  283,  pi.  xlvi,  fig.  44.) 
Sinsyclonema  f  simplicia  Conrad,  1869,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  v,  p.  99,  pi.  ix, 

fig.  20. 


594      •      SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Amusium  conradi  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  52, 

pi.  vii,  figs.  8-10. 

Pecten  conradi  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  12. 
Pecten  conradi  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv,  p. 

474,  pi.  1,  figs.  1-4. 

Description. — "  Shell  small,  seldom  exceeding  half  an  inch  in  height ; 
erect-ovate,  becoming  more  elongate  proportionally  with  increased 
growth.  Valves  slightly  convex.  Hinge  short,  from  half  to  two-thirds  as 
long  as  the  width  of  the  body  of  the  shell,  strongly  and  distinctly  aurieu- 
lated.  Beaks  of  the  valves  small  and  pointed,  and  the  cardinal  slopes  long, 
straight  or  slightly  concave,  extending  to  near  the  point  of  greatest  width 
of  the  body  of  the  shell.  Left  valve  smooth  or  but  faintly  marked  by  fine 
concentric  lines,  and  a  few  (five  or  six)  very  faint  radii.  Ears  smaller 
than  in  the  opposite  valve,  both  sloping  toward  the  beak  on  the  outer  mar- 
gin. Right  valve  marked  with  crowded  concentric  folds  or  elevated  lines ; 
also  by  five  or  six  radiating  lines ;  not  always  present.  On  most  specimens 
there  are  distinctly  rounded  concentric  folds  or  varices,  but  on  some  they 
are  thin,  sharp  lines;  always  more  crowded  and  usually  finer  toward  the 
front,  in  adult  specimens.  Ears  very  distinct;  that  of  the  posterior  side 
sloping  toward  the  beak  and  the  anterior  one  rounded  at  the  extremity 
and  deeply  notched. 

"  This  shell  is  very  closely  allied  to  P.  simplicus  Conrad,  but  differs  in 
being  more  elevated  and  in  the  surface  markings,  that  one  being  generally 
smooth  or  imperceptibly  marked.  In  making  these  comparisons  I  have 
used  a  number  of  each  valve  of  the  present  species  from  New  Jersey,  and 
a  fine  series  of  A.  simplicum  from  the  typical  locality,  Eufaula,  Alabama, 
and  it  leaves  no  doubt  in  my  mind  as  to  their  complete  specific  distinction." 
—Whitfield,  1886. 

Type  Locality. — Haddonfield,  New  Jersey. 

A  single  valve  from  the  Matawan  of  Anne  Arundel  County  has  been 
rather  dubiously  referred  to  this  species  because  of  the  size  and  general 
outline  and  the  faint  traces  of  a  concentric  sculpture. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAN  FORMATION.  Ulmstead  Point,  Anne  Arundel 
County. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  595 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl 
and  \\yoodbury  clay,  New  Jersey.  Monmouth  Formation.  Navesink  marl 
(rare),  New  Jersey. 

PECTEX  SIMPLICIUS  Conrad 
Plate  XXXIV,  Figs.  8,  9 

Pecten  simplicius  Conrad,  1860,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser,  vol.  iv, 

p.  283,  pi.  xlvi,  fig.  44. 
Sincyclonema  f  simplicus  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  7. 

Pecten  simplicus  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  725. 
Sincyclonema  simplicus  Gabb,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  319. 
Amusium  simplicum  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  51, 

pi.  vii,  figs.  11,  12. 
Pecten  simplicius  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  480,  pi.  li,  fig.  6. 

Description. — "  Ovate,  thin,  smooth  and  shining;  ears  moderate,  nearly 
equal ;  both  valves  slightly  convex ;  the  upper  valve  slightly  tumid  on  the 
umbo ;  inner  margin  minutely  crenulated." — Conrad,  1860. 

Type  Locality. — Eufaula,  Alabama,  or  Tippah  County,  Mississippi. 

Shell  small,  smooth,  lustrous,  moderately  compressed,  the  left  valve  a 
little  more  so  than  the  right ;  anterior  and  posterior  lateral  margins  con- 
verging at  an  angle  of  from  70°  to  90°,  base  broadly  and  evenly  arcuate; 
hinge-line  straight,  a  little  less  than  half  the  latitude  of  the  shell,  auricles 
small,  trigonal,  the  anterior  slightly  larger  than  the  posterior  and  sinuated 
in  the  right  valve  to  accommodate  the  bvssus ;  sinuses  between  the  auricles 

O  i/ 

and  the  disk  clearly  defined;  external  surface  highly  polished,  smooth 
excepting  for  faint  incremental  striations  and  an  occasional  microscopi- 
cally fine  radial  shagreening ;  characters  of  the  interior  unknown. 

This  Pecten,  in  spite  of  its  small  dimensions,  is  a  conspicuous  factor  in 
the  Cretaceous  marls  of  Maryland  by  reason  of  its  wide  distribution  and 
its  shining  surface.  This  shell  is  so  thin  and  flaky,  however,  that  for  all 
it  is  so  common  it  has  not  been  possible  to  separate  any  one  of  the  forms 
from  its  matrix. 


596  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

P.  simplicius  Conrad  has  been  confused  in  the  synonymies  with  P.  con- 
radi  Whitfield,  a  slightly  larger  shell  which  is  characterized  by  the  develop- 
ment of  sharp,  elevated,  concentric  lamellae,  approximately  fifteen  in 
number.  The  typical  forms  of  the  two  species  are  conspicuously  distinct 
but  some  of  the  peripheral  members  are  difficult  to  separate. 

Occurrence. — M  ATA  WAN  FORMATION.  Ulmstead  Point,  Anne  Arundel 
County.  MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Brooks  estate  near  Seat 
Pleasant,  Friendly,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  and  McNeys  Corners,  Prince 
George's  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  New  Jersey  Geological  Sur- 
vey, U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Monmouth  Formation.  Eed  Bank  sand  and 
Tinton  beds,  New  Jersey.  Black  Creek  Formation.  North  and  South 
Carolina.  Peedee  Sand.  North  and  South  Carolina.  Eutaw  Formation 
(Tombigbee  sand  member).  Exogyra  ponderosa  zone,  Mortoniceras  sub- 
zone,  Georgia.  Ripley  Formation.  Exogyra  ponderosa  zone,  Union 
Springs,  Alabama.  Exogyra  costata  zone,  Georgia;  Eufaula,  Alabama. 
Extreme  top  of  zone,  Pataula  Creek,  Georgia ;  Chattahoochee  River,  Ala- 
bama; Lowndes  County,  Mississippi. 

PECTEN  QUINQUECOSTATUS  Sowerby 
Plate  XXXIV,  Fig.  10 

Pecten  quinqueco status  Sowerby,  1814,  Min.  Conch.,  vol.  i,  p.  122,  pi.  Ivi, 

figs.  4-8. 

Pecten  versicostatus  Lamarck,  1819,  Anim.  sans  Vert.,  vol.  vi,  p.  181. 
Pecten  quinquecostatus  Brongniart,  1822,  Geol.  des  Env.  Paris,  pi.  iv,  fig.  1. 
Pecten  quinquecostatus  Nilsson,  1827,  Petrif.  Suecana,  p.  19,  tab.  ix,  fig.  8; 

tab.  x,  fig.  7. 
Pecten  quinquecostatus  Morton,  1830,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  1st  ser.,  vol.  xvii,  p. 

285;  vol.  xviii,  pi.  iii,  fig.  5. 

Pecten  versicostatus  Deshayes,  1832,  Enc.  Meth.,  t.  3,  p.  727. 
Pecten  quinquecostatus  Morton,  1834,  Syn.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Group  U.  S.,  p. 

57,  pi.  xix,  fig.  1. 

Pecten  quinquecostatus  Goldfuss,  1836,  Petrif.  Germ.,  t.  93,  fig.  1. 
Pecten  quinquecostatus  Bronn,  1838,  Lethsea  Geogn.,  Bd.  ii,  pp.  678-680,  taf. 

xxx,  fig.  17. 
Janira  quinquecostata  d'Orbigny,  1846,  Paleont.  Franc.  Terr.  Cret,  vol.  iii, 

p.  632,  pi.  ccccxliv,  figs.  1-5. 


597 

Janira  mortoni  d'Orbigny,  1850,  Prod.  Paleont.  Strat,  vol.  ii,  p.  253. 
Pecten  quadricostatus  var.  Roemer,  1852,  Kreide.  von  Texas,  p.  64,  pi.  viii, 

figs.  4a-4c. 
Pecten  quadricostatus  Shumard,  1854,  Marcy,  Expl.  Red  River,  Louisiana, 

p.  178,  pi.  ii,  figs.  2a,  2b;  pi.  iii,  fig.  6. 

Neithea  mortoni  Gabb,  1862,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.  for  1861,  p.  365. 
Neithea  mortoni  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur., 

p.  7. 

Neithea  mortoni  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  725. 
Pecten  quadricostatus  Credner,   1870,   Zeitsch.   deutsch.   geol.   Gesell.,   Bd. 

xxii,  p.  232. 
Vola  quinquecostata  Stoliczka,  1871,  Mem.  Geol.  Survey  India,  Palaeont.  In- 

dica.  Cret.  Faunas  of  Southern  India,  vol.  iii,  p.  437,  pi.  xxxi,  figs.  1-6; 

pi.  xxxviii,  figs.  4-9. 
Neithea  quinquecostata  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p. 

56,  pi.  viii,  figs.  12-14. 
Neithea  quinquecostata  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol. 

iv,  p.  481,  pi.  Ii,  figs.  7-12. 
Vola  quinquecostata  Bose,  1910,  Bol.  Inst.  Geol.  Mexico,  p.  99,  pi.  xv,  figs. 

19,  20. 

Description. — "  Subtriangular,  rather  oblique,  front  semicircular, 
toothed ;  convex  valves  gibbous,  ribbed,  principal  costa  six,  with  four  lesser 
ones  between  each ;  surface  finely  transversely  striated.  Upper  valve  flat- 
toothed.  The  obliquity  of  this  shell  is  slight,  the  length  not  much  greater 
than  the  width ;  the  lines  of  growth  frequently  being  deep  and  crossed  by 
the  ribs  give  the  shell  a  fringed  or  furbellowed  aspect ;  the  flat  valve  has 
diverging  striae  and  notches  corresponding  in  number  with  the  costs  upon 
the  hollow  valve.  The  whole  surface  is  covered  with  minute  transverse 
stria?,  which  in  the  chalk  specimens  are  often  nearly  obliterated.  Figs. 
4  and  5  are  from  the  Sussex  chalk  near  Lewes,  by  favor  of  G.  A.  Mantell, 
Esq. ;  they  very  much  accord  with  those  of  the  green  sand  from  Wiltshire, 
figured  below,  but  appear  to  be  longer,  and  to  have  the  transverse  striae  of 
growth  very  remarkable.  The  shell  represented  at  fig.  5  is  a  curiosity, 
showing  the  inner  side  of  the  flat  valve,  which  is  slightly  convex  within. 
I  gathered  the  small  shell,  fig.  6,  at  Chute  farm,  it  is  a  young  deep  under- 
valve,  with  the  transverse  striae  of  growth  neatly  arching  between  the  larger 
six  coste.  Figs.  7  and  8  show  the  upper  and  under  valves  of  different 
specimens,  they  are  from  the  green  sand  at  Chute,  and  are  chiefly  siliceous  ; 
for  the  use  of  one  I  am  indebted  to  Thomas  Meade,  Esq.  Such  are  said 


598  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

to  be  found  at  Devizes  and  Blackdown,  with  the  upper  valve.  It  is  pos- 
sible that  these  are  different  species  from  those  in  the  Chalk,  the  costae  are 
less  prominent,  and  the  stria?  more  distinct;  at  present,  however,  I  can 
consider  them  only  as  varieties.  Tab.  56,  fig.  3,  represents  a  specimen  in 
ferruginous  sandstone  from  Chute,  which  may  possibly  prove  to  be  a  dis- 
tinct species.  Its  length  exceeds  its  breadth  by  one-fifth,  and  on  the  sides 
of  the  larger  costae  are  two  lesser  ones,  which  are  partly  blended  with  them ; 
the  surface  is  nearly  smooth.  I  have  only  seen  this  specimen." — Sowerby, 
1812. 

Shell  rather  large  for  a  Cretaceous  Pecten;  cordate,  very  strongly  inequi- 
valve,  subequilateral,  lower  valve  highly  convex,  the  upper  flattened  or 
feebly  concave ;  maximum  diameter  at  or  a  little  behind  the  median  hori- 
zontal; umbone  of  right  valve  very  prominent,  evenly  inflated,  rising  well 
above  the  hinge  line,  orthogyrate ;  dorsal  margins  diverging  at  an  angle 
of  approximately  90°,  produced  so  that  the  ventral  and  lateral  margins 
subscribe  an  arc  of  only  about  180°  ;  external  surface  of  lower  valve  sculp- 
tured with  five  or  rarely  six  elevated,  evenly  rounded  primaries,  subequal 
in  size  and  spacing  and  between  each  pair  three  or  four  more  or  less  equal 
secondaries;  submargins  sculptured  with  rather  fine  close-set  radials  fi.ve 
in  number,  as  a  rule ;  ornamentation  of  upper  valve  more  uniform  in  char- 
acter, usually  of  twenty  to  twenty-five  subequal  and  equispaced,  well 
rounded  and  elevated  radials ;  incremental  sculpture  fine  and  sharp  ;  hinge 
line  rather  short,  not  far  from  five-ninths  of  the  maximum  latitude,  over- 
hung by  the  umbo  of  the  right  valve ;  auricles  only  slightly  unequal,  the 
anterior  a  little  more  produced  and  relatively  lower  and  less  strongly 
lirate  than  the  posterior ;  posterior  auricle  receding  below  the  hinge  line, 
the  anterior  feebly  constricted  to  form  the  byssal  notch ;  characters  of 
interior  of  shell  not  known. 

The  identity  of  the  American  species  with  the  European  has  been  ques- 
tioned since  the  day  of  d'Orbigny.  The  Maryland  representation  is  very 
meager  and  offers  very  little  assistance  toward  the  solution  of  the  problem. 
As  in  Pycnodonte  vesicularis  the  true  affinities  of  the  group  should  be 
worked  out  once  for  all  by  an  exhaustive  study  of  material  from  all  the 
representative  localities.  If  the  two  forms  prove  distinct  Sowerby's  name 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  599 

must  be  retained  for  the  European  fossil  and  d'Orbigny's  mortoni  sub- 
stituted for  the  American.  It  is  the  personal  conviction  of  the  writer 
that  the  two  forms  are  identical,  or  at  least  that  they  cannot  be  separated 
on  a  geographical  basis.  D'Orbigny's  criterion  certainly  will  not  stand, 
i.  e.,  that  the  American  form  differs  from  the  European  in  the  presence 
of  five  instead  of  four  secondaries  between  each  pair  of  primaries.  The 
normal  number  in  the  American  form  is  four  as  it  is  in  the  European  and 
South  Indian,  but  as  in  the  foreign  types  this  number  is  occasionally 
increased  to  five  or  reduced  to  three.  The  outline  and  relative  proportions 
vary  within  rather  narrow  limits  throughout  the  occurrence,  and  though 
there  is  a  suspicion  that  the  maximum  diameter  may  fall  a  little  nearer 
the  median  horizontal  in  the  American  individuals,  this  cannot  be  veri-' 
fied  Avithout  the  examination  of  much  more  material  than  is  available  at 
present. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Good  Hope  Hill,  District  of 
Columbia.  MATAWAN  FORMATION.  Post  236,  Camp  Fox,  Chesapeake 
and  Delaware  Canal,  Post  192,  Camp  U  &  I,  Chesapeake  and  Delaware 
Canal,  Delaware.  MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Two  miles  west  of  Dela- 
ware City  on  John  Higgins  farm,  Delaware;  ?  Fredericktown,  Cecil 
County;  Waterbury,  Anne  Arundel  County,  Maryland.  KANCOCAS  FOR- 
MATION. ?  NoxontoAvn  Pond,  Delaware. 

Collection*. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  New  Jersey  Geological 
Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum,  Geological  Survey  of  India. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl, 
Marshalltown  clay  marl,  New  Jersey.  Monmouth  Formation.  Navesink 
marl,  New  Jersey.  Eutaw  Formation  (Tombigbee  sand  member).  Exo- 
gyra  ponderosa  zone,  Mortoniceras  subzone,  Georgia;  Russell  County, 
Warrior  River  and  Tombigbee  River,  Alabama;  Tombigbee  River,  Mis- 
sissippi. Eipley  Formation.  Exogyra  costata  zone,  Georgia;  Chatta- 
hoochee  River,  Alabama ;  Wilcox,  Pontotoc  and  ChickasaAv  counties,  Mis- 
sissippi. Selma  Formation.  Exogyra  ponderosa  zone,  Monroe  and 
Prentiss  counties,  Mississippi;  Tennessee.  Exogyra  costata  zone,  Tom- 
bigbee River,  Alabama:  east-central  Mississippi;  Lee,  Clay  and  Alcorn 
counties,  Mississippi.  Cenomanian.  ?  Mexico,  and  England.  Turanian. 


600  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Central  Europe.  Senonian.  Central  Europe.  Ootatoor  Formation. 
Southern  India.  Tricliinopoli  Formation.  Southern  India.  Arrialoor 
Formation.  Southern  India. 

Family  LIMIDAE 

Genus  LIMA  (Bruguiere)  Cuvier 
[Tableau  616mentaire  d'histoire  naturelle,  1798,  p.  421] 

Type. — Ostrea  lima  Linne. 

Shell  auriculate,  auricles  unequal ;  outline  usually  ovate,  scoop-shaped 
and  obliquely  truncated  laterally;  valves  closed  inferiorly  but  gaping 
anteriorly  and  sometimes  posteriorly ;  exterior  surface  rarely  smooth,  gen- 
erally sculptured  with  simple  or  imbricated  radial  striae ;  umbones  rather 
prominent  and  distant ;  hinge  edentulous ;  ligament  internal,  lodged  in  a 
subumbonal  pit ;  pallial  line  simple ;  single  muscular  scar  excentric,  nearer 
to  the  posterior  than  the  anterior  margin. 

A  genus  indicated  in  the  Carboniferous,  culminating  in  the  Cretaceous 
and  sparsely  represented  in  nearly  all  the  recent  seas  by  white  or  colorless 
shells,  which  may  be  attached  by  a  byssus  or  may  swim  freely  with  a 
motion  similar  to  that  of  Pecten. 

A.  Both  anterior  and  posterior  auricles  developed. 

1.  Radial  sculpture  overridden  by  the  concentric  on  the  medial  por- 

tion of  the  shell Lima  reticulata 

2.  Concentric  sculpture  obsolete  upon  the  medial  portion  of  the  shell. 

Lima  serrata 

B.  Posterior  auricle  obsolete,  anterior  auricle  very  large Lima  obliqua 

LIMA  RETICULATA  Forbes 
Plate  XXXIV,  Figs.  12,  13 

Lima  reticulata  Forbes,  1845,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.,  London,  vol.  i,  p.  62; 

two  text  figures. 
Lima  reticulata  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur., 

p.  7. 

Radula  reticulata  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  725. 
Radula  reticulata  Stoliczka,  1871,  Mon.  Geol.  Survey  of  India,  Palaeont.  In- 

dica.,  Cret.  Fauna  Southern  India,  vol.  iii,  p.  416. 

Etymology:  Lima,  a  file — a  name  suggested,  doubtless,  by  the  rasping  ex- 
terior surface. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  601 

Radula  reticulata  Whitfleld,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  63, 

pi.  ix,  figs.  8,  9.     (Synonymy  excluded.) 
Lima  reticulata  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv,  p. 

492,  pi.  liv,  figs.  3,  4. 

Description. — "L.  testa  ovata,  obliqua,  inflata,  tenui,  longitudinaliter 
sulcata,  sulcis  reticulatis,  numerosis.  Habitat,  Nov.  Jersey." — Forbes, 
1845. 

"  Shell  small,  moderately  oblique,  strongly  ovate,  and  inflated.  Hinge 
short;  beaks  proportionally  strong,  and  projecting  beyond  the  cardinal 
line.  Valves  nearly  equal ;  anterior  margin  straight,  and  not  at  all  gaping ; 
auriculations  small  but  distinct,  rectangular  or  very  slightly  pointed  at 
their  outer  angles.  Surface  radiately  ribbed,  those  of  the  anterior  and 
posterior  slopes  faintly  marked  or  obsolete,  ribs  (about  thirty)  distinct, 
with  live  or  more  indistinct  on  each  side;  subangular  on  the  middle  of  the 
valves  and  rounded  toward  the  sides,  crenulate  or  subspinose  on  the  larger 
specimens  when  well  preserved,  but  often  appearing  nearly  smooth.  Entire 
surface  marked  by  concentric  lines  which  give  a  roughened  surface  when 
perfect,  giving  the  reticulated  character  indicated  by  the  specific  name. 
The  shells  are  all  small,  seldom  exceeding  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in 
length,  and  are  very  fragile.  The  right  valve  apears  to  be  a  little  less 
ventricose  and  the  beak  shorter  than  the  left  in  all  the  specimens  which  I 
have  seen  where  the  two  are  united." — Whitfield,  1885. 

There  is  apparently  a  large  amount  of  variation  in  this  small  species, 
and,  as  the  type  is  not  in  this  country,  it  is  difficult  to  determine  its  proper 
limits.  In  Maryland  the  forms  referred  to  this  group  are  all  young  and  of 
rather  doubtful  affinities,  so  that  they  throw  no  light  upon  the  characters 
of  the  race.  Radula  denticulicosta  Gabb  is  probably  distinct  if  Gabb  was 
correct  in  his  observation  that  "  at  both  the  anterior  and  posterior  sides 
the  ribs  disappear  for  about  one-sixth  the  width  of  the  shell." 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat  and  McNeys  Cor- 
ners, Prince  George's  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  New  Jersey  Geological  Sur- 
vey, U.  S.  National  Museum. 


602  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Outside  Distribution. — Mataivan  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl, 
Woodbury  clay,  Marshalltown  clay  marl,  Wenonah  sand,  Xew  Jersey. 
Monmouth  Formation.  Navesink  marl,  New  Jersey.  Black  Creel-  for- 
mation. North  and  South  Carolina.  Peedee  Sand.  North  and  South 
Carolina.  Eutaiv  Formation  (Tombigbee  sand  member).  Exogyra  i>on- 
derosa  zone,  Mortoniceras  subzone,  Georgia;  Russell  County,  Alabama. 
Eipley  Formation.  Exogyra  ponderosa  zone,  Union  Springs.  Alabama; 
Booneville,  Mississippi.  Exogyra  costata  zone,  Georgia;  Eufaula,  Ala- 
bama ;  east-central  Mississippi ;  Alcorn,  Union  and  Tippah  counties,  Mis- 
sissippi. Selma  Chalk.  Exogyra  costata  zone,  east-central  Mississippi. 
Extreme  top  of  zone,  Pataula  Creek,  Georgia. 

LIMA  SERRATA  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXXIV,  Figs.  14,  15 

Description. — Shell  small,  moderately  inflated,  ovate  in  outline,  inequi- 
lateral; anterior  area  obtusely  angulated;  posterior  evenly  rounded:  base 
line  arcuate,  somewhat  obliquely  produced  in  front;  umbones  moderately 
gibbous  orthogyrate,  slightly  posterior  in  position  :  external  surface  sculp- 
tured with  thirty-two  primary  costa?  (in  the  unique  type  the  summits 
are  acutely  angulated  and  form  with  the '  more  obtuse  interradials  a 
sharply  serrate  profile)  ;  radials  upon  the  posterior  portion  less  angular; 
the  ten  anterior  costae  rounded,  over-run  and  minutely  nodulated  by  the 
incrementals ;  minute  secondary  threadlets  developed  in  the  interspaces  on 
the  posterior  medial  portion  of  the  disk;  posterior  submargin  devoid  of 
radial  sculpture;  incremental  sculpture  obsolete  over  the  medial  portion 
of  the  shell  and  only  feebly  developed  posteriorly;  submargins  not 
impressed,  auricles  minute,  the  anterior  more  so  than  the  posterior,  tri- 
gonal, their  dorsal  margins  forming  the  straight  hinge  margin  (unfor- 
tunately the  posterior  auricle  was  lost  in  shipment  to  the  artist) ;  ligament 
internal,  lodged  in  a  small  but  relatively  very  wide  resilium  directly 
beneath  the  umbones ;  hinge  dentition  not  developed ;  shell  monomyarian, 
.the  single  muscle  scar  subcircular,  placed  above  and  behind  the  medial 
planes  of  the  shell ;  pallial  line  indistinct ;  interior  finely  plicated  even  to 
the  umbonal  region  in  harmony  with  the  external  ribbing. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  603 

Dimensions. — Altitude  8  mm,  latitude  7.75  mm.,  semi-diameter,  2  mm. 

Type  Locality. — Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

This  species  differs  from  its  near  relative,  L.  reticulata  Lyell  and  Forbes, 
in  the  somewhat  smaller  size,  the  much  more  angular  costse,  the  absence 
of  any  trace  of  concentric  sculpture  upon  the  medial  portion  of  the  disk 
and  the  development  of  occasional  secondaries. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat  and  MclSTeys  Cor- 
ners, Prince  George's  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

LIMA  OBLIQUA  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXXIV,  Fig.  11 

Description. — Shell  of  moderate  size  for  the  group,  very  thin  and 
fragile,  inequilateral,  ovate  in  outline,  obliquely  produced  along  the 
diagonal  from  the  umbones  to  the  anterior  ventral  margin ;  posterior  por- 
tion of  the  shell  compressed  and  obtusely  rounded  at  the  junction  of  the 
dorsal  lateral  and  the  lateral  ventral  margins ;  maximum  inflation  in  the 
umbonal  region  and  along  the  dorsal  half  of  the  diagonal ;  umbones  acute, 
obliquely  compressed,  somewhat  posterior  in  position;  posterior  auricle 
obsolete,  the  anterior  very  large,  fully  one-third  as  wide  as  the  entire  .shell, 
its  submargin  deeply  impressed  and  sharply  differentiated  from  the  disk ; 
external  surface  sculptured  with  some  twenty-six  low,  flattened  radial 
costse  which  tend  to  diastomose  posteriorly;  intercalations  occasionally 
developed  near  the  ventral  margin ;  intercostal  areas  shallow,  not  quite  so 
wide  as  the  costals,  radial  sculpture  absent  upon  the  auricle,  excepting  for 
two  or  three  very  faint  threadlets  upon  the  extreme  posterior  portion; 
concentric  sculpture  absent,  excepting  for  very  faint  striations  upon  the 
disk ;  byssal  sinus  probably  very  shallow ;  characters  of  hinge  and  interior 
not  known ;  ventral  margin  minutely  crenated  by  the  ribbing. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  11  mm.,  latitude  8.5  mm.,  semi-diameter 
2.5  mm. 

This  species  is  described  from  two  imperfect  specimens,  but  the  char- 
acters preserved  are  so  peculiar  and  so  diagnostic  that  the  form  lias 

40 


604  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

seemed  worthy  of  a  name.  The  species  differs  from  the  other  East  Coast 
forms  in  the  obliquely  produced  and  rather  depressed  outline,  the  low 
flattened  posteriorly  dichotomoug  riblets,  the  very  large  sharply  differ- 
entiated anterior  ear  and  the  absence  of  the  posterior  auricle. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FOKMATIOX.  Brooks  estate  near  Seat  Pleas- 
ant, Prince  George's  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Superfamily  ANOMIACEA 
Family  ANOM1IDAE 

Genus  PARANOMIA  Conrad 
[Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  iv,  1860,  p.  290] 

Type. — Placunanomia  saffordi  Conrad. 

"  Inequivalve,  irregular ;  larger  valve  radiate,  spinous  or  subspinous ; 
lower  valve  flat  or  concave;  hinge  very  thin  and  fragile,  having  a  longi- 
tudinal flat  shelly  plate  extending  from  the  apex;  hinge  of  upper  valve 
plain,  entire,  extremely  thin.  1  have  often  found  fragments  of  this  singu- 
lar genus  in  the  New  Jersey  Cretaceous  beds,  but  never  saw  the  hinge 
before  Mr.  Safford's  specimens  were  received  from  Tennessee.  The 
muscular  impression  is  not  visible  on  any  of  the  many  valves  I  have  seen." 
—Conrad,  1860. 

"  In  1867  Conrad  described  a  genus  Paranomia,  from  the  Ripley  group 
(Upper  Cretaceous)  of  Alabama,  to  which  he  referred  his  Placunanomia 
saffordi  (Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  2d  ser.,  iv,  p.  290,  pi.  46,  fig.  21)  and  the 
Placuna  scabra  of  Morton.  The  typical  species  is  ill  preserved,  and  the 
beaks  almost  always  wanting,  but,  from  the  examination  of  a  large  number 
of  specimens,  it  seems  probable  that  the  genus  resembles  Monia  in  its 
external  characters;  the  presence  of  a  triangular  chondrophore  recalls 
Anomia,  but  there  is  not  sufficient  evidence  of  a  permanent  foramen,  the 
musclar  impressions  are  not  preserved,  and  there  is  in  the  right  valve,  asso- 
ciated with  the  single  chondrophore,  a  pair  of  low,  narrow  crests,  recalling 

Etymology:   ^apd  near,  anomia. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  605 

those  of  Placenta,  but  obviously  of  different  function.     The  genus  is  a 
puzzle  and  cannot  as  yet  be  safely  united  with  any  other." — Dall,1  1898. 

A.  Outline  circular;  radials  relatively  fine  and  crowded. . .  .Paranomia  scabra 

B.  Outline  ovate;  radials  relatively  coarse  and  distant Paranomia  lineata 

PARAXOMIA  SCABRA  (Morton)  Conrad 

Placuna  scabra  Morton,  1834,  Syn.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Group  U.  S.,  p.  62. 
Placunomia  scabra  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and 

Jur.,  p.  6. 

Paranomia  scabra  Conrad,  1867,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  iii,  p.  8. 
Paranomia  scabra  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  724. 
Paranomia  scabra  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  44, 

pi.  x,  fig.  10. 

Paranomia  scabra  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  12. 
Paranomia  scabra  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  500,  pi.  Iii,  figs.  10-13  (ex  parte). 

Description. — "  With  numerous  beaded  costse,  radiating  from  the  hinge 
to  the  margin;  shell  thin,  suborbicular,  compressed.  From  one  inch  to 
three  inches  in  diameter." — Morton,  183-1. 

Type  Locality. — New  Jersey. 

The  type  specimen  figured  by  Whitfield  in  1885  is  a  mere  frag- 
ment which,  as  that  eminent  New  Jersey  paleontologist  has  observed,  is 
"  scarcely  sufficient  for  generic  identification."  However,  its  reference 
to  Paranomia  is  probably  justified.  The  species  as  delimited  by  the  aid  of 
later  collections  is  thin,  flattened  and  subcircular  in  outline,  sculptured 
externally  with  approximately  thirty  rather  fine  radials  which  occasionally 
diastomose  and  which  are  quite  sharply  spinose  toward  the  ventral  margin. 
The  intercostal  areas  are  narrow,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  exceeding  the 
costals  in  width.  The  incremental  sculpture  is  quite  vigorous  and  suffi- 
cient to  imbricate  the  radial. 

Paranomia  saffordi  Conrad  from  Tennessee  and  the  type  of  the  genus 
develop  apparently  a  much  more  regular  and  rather  coarser  and  more  dis- 
tant radial  sculpture.  Paranomia  lineata  Conrad  runs  smaller,  is  ovate 
rather  than  subcircular  and  has  fewer,  more  prominent  and  more  widely 
spaced  radials.  Although  it  is  not  impossible  that  a  connecting  series  may 

1  Trans.  Wagner  Free  Inst.  Sci.,  Phila,,  vol.  iii,  pt.  iv,  p.  773. 


606  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

later  be  established  which  will  include  either  or  both  P.  saffordi  and  P. 
lineata,  there  does  not  seem  at  present  to  be  sufficient  evidence. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAIST  FORMATION.  Opposite  Post  198,  Chesapeake 
and  Delaware  Canal.  Delaware. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl, 
Marshalltown  clay  marl,  New  Jersey.  Peedee  Sand.  North  and  South 
Carolina.  Eutaw  Formation  (Tombigbee  sand  member).  Exogyra  pon- 
derosa  zone,  Alcorn  County,  Mississippi.  Ripley  Formation.  Exogyra  cos- 
tata  zone,  Georgia ;  Euf aula,  Alabama ;  east-central  Mississippi ;  Pontotoc 
County,  Mississippi.  Selma  Chalk.  Exogyra  ponderosa  zone,  Warrior 
Eiver,  Alabama ;  Monroe  and  Chickasaw  counties,  Mississippi.  Exogyra 
costata  zone,  Tombigbee  Eiver  and  Sumter  County,  Alabama ;  east-central 
Mississippi ;  Chickasaw,  Pontotoc  and  Alcorn  counties,  Mississippi. 

PARANOMIA  LINEATA  Conrad 
Plate  XXXV,  Figs.  11,  12 

Placunanomia  lineata  Conrad,   1860,  Jour.   Acad.  Nat.   Sci.,  Phila.,  2  ser., 

vol.  iv,  p.  291,  pi.  xlvi,  fig.  20. 
Placunomia  lineata  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and 

Jur.,  p.  6. 

Paranomia  lineata  Conrad,  1867,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  iii,  p.  8. 
Paranomia  lineata  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  45, 

pi.  ix,  fig.  10. 

Paranomia  lineata  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  12. 
Paranomia  scabra  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  500,  pi.  Iii,  figs.  10-13  (ex  parte). 

Description. — "  Subovate,  thin,  much  compressed,  irregular ;  lower 
valve  concave,  obsoletely  radiate;  near  the  summit  is  a  resemblance  to  a 
triangular  plate  inserted  in  the  shell  with  a  raised  margin ;  this  portion  is 
longitudinally  minutely  striate  and  resembles  one  of  the  opercular  valves 
of  a  Balanus;  upper  valve  convex,  lobed  or  twisted;  radiated  with  about 
thirty  rugose,  slightly  raised,  subaculeated  lines;  surface  rugose."  - 
Conrad,  1860. 

Type  Locality. — Tennessee. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  607 

Paranomia  lineata  Conrad  is  separated  from  P.  scabra  (Morton)  Con- 
rad by  the  regularly  ovate  outline  and  its  coarser,  more  prominent  and 
more  distant  radials.  All  of  the  specimens  observed  have  been  a  little 
smaller  than  the  adult  P.  scabra,  but  this  may  have  been  due  only  to  the 
fortunes  of  collecting. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAN  FORMATION.  One  mile  east  of  the  Maryland- 
Delaware  Line,  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  Delaware. 

Collections.  Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Monmouth  Formation.  Navesink  marl,  New 
Jersey.  ?  Ripley  Formation.  Tennessee. 

Genus  ANOMIA  (Linne)  Miiller 
[Prodr.  Zool.  Dan.,  1776,  pp.  xxxi,  248] 

Type. — Anomia  ephippium  Linne. 

Shell  inequivalve,  adherent,  generally  subcircular  or  oblong;  left  valve 
more  or  less  convex,  right  valve  flattened ;  hinge  margin  of  left  valve  often 
incurved  and  slightly  thickened;  ligament  scar  found  directly  beneath 
left  umbone ;  interior  of  disk  of  left  valve  scarred  with  an  adductor  and  a 
major  and  minor  byssal  impression,  the  major  byssal  scar  being  the  largest 
of  the  three  and  dorsal  to  the  adductor  and  minor  byssal  scars  which  are 
usually  subequal;  interior  of  right  valve  containing  foraminal  opening 
and,  ventral  to  it,  the  impression  of  the  adductor  muscle ;  posterior  dorsal 
margin  of  right  valve  carrying  inconspicuous  ligamental  process ;  pallial 
line  simple. 

"  The  fossil  species  of  this  group  are  very  difficult  things  to  study,  since 
the  lower  valve  is  seldom  preserved  and  the  muscular  impressions  can 
seldom  be  made  out.  .  .  .  To  the  natural  difficulties  is  added  that  due  to 
the  fact  that  the  sculpture  in  this  genus  is  very  variable  in  perfectly  normal 
specimens  and  is  further  complicated  by  the  differences  of  form  and  sur- 
face, due  to  the  object  upon  which  they  are  sessile.  I  have  satisfied  myself 
by  the  examination  of  a  large  number  of  recent  specimens  belonging  to  a 
single  species  from  a  single  locality  that  the  relative  positions  of  the 

Etymology:  dvoyueuos  unequal,  unlike. 


608  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

adductor  and  byssal  scars  of  the  left  valve  are  not  constant  in  the  same 
individual  at  all  ages,  and  consequently  that  small  differences  of  this  kind 
cannot  safely  be  used  as  specific  distinctions.  The  best  character  seems 
to  be  the  more  minute  surface  sculpture  when  fully  developed  in  normal 
specimens." — Dall,  1898.1 

Ancestral  forms  of  this  genus  have  been  recognized  in  rocks  as  ancient 
as  the  Devonian.  The  recent  species  number  about  forty  and  are  widely  di- 
tributed  along  the  shores  from  low-water  to  one  hundred  fathoms. 

A.  External  surface  not  radially  plicate. 

1.  Outline  sub-circular;  concentric  lamination,  very  close  excepting 

in  the  umbonal  region Anomia  argentaria 

2.  Outline  transversely  ovate;  concentric  lamination  rather  distant. 

Anomia  tellinoides 

B.  External  surface  radially  plicate. 

1.  Radial  sculpture,  lirate  rather  than  cordate,  primaries  and  second- 

aries not  conspicuously  differentiated Anomia  ornata 

2.  Radial  sculpture  cordate  rather  than  lirate;  primaries  and  second- 

aries conspicuously  differentiated Anomia  forteplicata 

ANOMIA  AKGEXTARIA  Morton 
Plate  XXXV,  Figs.  1,  2 

Anomia  argentaria  Morton,   1833,   Am.   Jour.   Sci.,   1st   ser.,   vol.   xxiii,   p. 

293,  pi.  v,  fig.  10. 
Anomia  argentaria  Morton,  1834,  Syn.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Group,  U.  S.,  p.  61, 

pi.  v,  fig.  10. 
Anomia  argentaria  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and 

Jur.,  p.  6. 
Anomia  argentaria  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.   Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p. 

724. 

Anomia  argentaria  Conrad,  1875,  Kerr's  Geol.  of  North  Carolina,  Appen- 
dix A,  p.  13. 

Anomia  argentaria  Gabb,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  319. 
Anomia  argentaria  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  42, 

pi.  iv,  figs.  10,  11  (fig.  9  excluded). 

Anomia  argentaria  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  12. 
f  Anomia  argentaria  Bose,  1906,  Bol.  Inst.  Geol.  Mexico,  No.  24,  p.  38,  pi.  i, 

fig.  8. 
Anomia  argentaria  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  496,  pi.  liv,  figs.  11-15. 
?  "  Anomia  subtruncata  "  Bose,  1913,  Bol.  Inst.  Geol.  Mexico,  No.  30,  p.  41, 

pi.  v,  fig.  1. 

Description. — "  Thin,    round,    with    numerous    concentric    strige."- 
Morton,  1833. 

1  Trans.  Wagner  Free  Inst.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  iii,  pt.  iv,  p.  781. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  609 

Type  Locality. — New  Jersey. 

Shell  subcircular  or  irregular  in  outline  with  a  silvery  sheen  both 
within  and  without,  thin  but  tough,  of  moderate  size,  the  adults  from 
15  to  30  mm.  in  circumference ;  left  valve  usually  convex,  though  varying 
widely  in  the  degree  of  convexity;  right  valve,  through  which  the  byssus  is 
extruded,  flattened;  umbones  central,  almost  marginal,  very  inconspicu- 
ous, scarcely  interrupting  the  regular  outline  of  the  valve ;  external  sur- 
face ornamented  with  thin,  concentric  overlapping  lamellae  which  are 
frequently  radially  lineated ;  ligament  submarginal,  attached  beneath  the 
umbo  of  the  left  valve ;  hinge  edentulous ;  interior  scarred  with  a  large, 
major  byssal  impression,  medial  in  position  and  quite  high  up  under  the 
umbones  and  ventral  to  it,  the  minor  byssal  impression,  and  the  posterior 
muscle  adductor ;  a  third  byssal  scar  of  minute  size  underneath  the  dorsal 
margin,  a  little  in  front  of  the  umbones ;  inner  ventral  margins  simple. 

This  species  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  bivalves  in  the  Upper  Cre- 
taceous faunas  of  Maryland.  For  all  the  shell  is  so  thin,  it  is  very  tena- 
cious and  easily  separable  from  the  matrix.  It  is  an  unusually  well  char- 
acterized species  and  even  the  fragments  can  be  determined  with  assurance 
by  the  silvery  sheen,  the  crowded  concentric  laminae  and  in  the  majority  of 
individuals  by  the  fine,  radial  lineation. 

The  form  varies  to  a  certain  extent,  as  do  all  members  of  this  variable 
genus,  in  the  outline,  the  degree  of  compression  of  the  valves,  and  par- 
ticularly in  the  development  of  the  radial  sculpture.  However,  limits  must 
be  placed  even  for  variable  species  and  it  is  not  probable  that  they  should 
be  made  wide  enough  to  include  A.  tellinoides  Conrad,  which  is  constant 
in  its  transversely  ovate  outline,  lack  of  lustre,  rather  distant  concentric 
lamination  and  absence  of  radial  striations. 

Some  puzzling  little  forms  from  the  Monmouth  at  Brightseat  are  closely 
related  genetically  with  the  A.  argentaria  Morton.  They  are  apparently 
young,  frequently  ovate,  rather  thin,  circular  in  outline  and  are  sculptured 
with  a  few  wide,  sharp-edged  concentric  frills  which  are  often  radially 
lineated.  Concentric  lamina?  so  distantly  spaced  and  so  sharply  frilled 
have  not  been  observed  among  the  A.  argentaria. 


610  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Occurrence. — MATAWAN  FORMATION.  Post  198,  Chesapeake  and  Dela- 
ware Canal,  Delaware;  head  of  Atagothy  Eiver,  Gibson's  Island,  Anne 
Arundel  County,  Maryland.  MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Two  miles  west 
of  Delaware  City  on  John  Higgins  farm,  Delaware;  mouth  of  Turner's 
Creek,  Kent  County;  Brightseat,  railroad  cut  west  of  Seat  Pleasant, 
Brooks  estate  near  Seat  Pleasant,  Friendly,  and  1  mile  west  of  Friendly, 
Prince  George's  County,  Maryland.  RANCOCAS  FORMATION  (  ?).  Noxon- 
town  Pond,  Delaware. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Magothy  Formation.  Cliffwood  clay,  New 
Jersey.  Matawan  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl,  Woodbury  clay, 
Marshalltown  clay  marl  and  Wenonah  sand,  New  Jersey.  Monmouth 
Formation.  Navesink  marl  and  Red  Bank  sand,  New  Jersey.  Black  Creek 
Formation.  North  and  South  Carolina.  Peedee  Sand.  North  and 
South  Carolina.  Eutaw  Formation  (Tombigbee  sand  member).  Exo- 
gyra  ponderosa  zone,  Mortoniceras  subzone,  Georgia;  Russell  and 
Dallas  counties,  Alabama ;  Tombigbee  River,  Clay  County,  Mississippi. 
Exogyra  ponderosa  zone,  Alcorn  County,  Mississippi;  Georgia;  Union 
Springs  and  Russell  County,  Alabama.  Exogyra  costata  zone,  Geor- 
gia; Chattahoochee  River  and  Eufaula,  Alabama;  east-central  Mis- 
sissippi ;  Lee,  Pontotoc,  Chickasaw,  Union  and  Tippah  counties,  Missis- 
sippi. Selma  Chalk.  Exogyra  ponderosa  zone,  Elmore  County,  Alabama ; 
Clay,  Monroe,  Alcorn  and  ?  Prentiss  counties,  Mississippi.  Exogyra  cos- 
tata zone,  Wilcox  and  Sumter  counties,  Alabama ;  east-central  Mississippi ; 
Chickasaw,  Lee,  Clay,  Alcorn  and  Prentiss  counties,  Mississippi.  Extreme 
top  of  zone,  Pataula  Creek,  Georgia;  Lowndes  County,  Mississippi. 
Senonian.  Mexico. 

ANOMIA  TELLINOIDES  Morton 
Plate  XXXV,  Figs.  3,  4 

Anomia  tellinoides  Morton,  1833,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  1st  ser.,  vol.  xxiii,  p.  294, 

pi.  v.  fig.  10. 
Anomia  tellinoides  Morton,  1834,  Syn.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Group,  U.  S.,  p.  61, 

pi.  v,  fig.  11. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  611 

Anomia  tellinoides  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  7. 

Anomia  tellinoides  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  724. 
Anomia  tellinoides  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  43. 
Anomia  tellinoides  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  12. 
Anomia  argentaria  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  496  (ex  parte,  description  and  figures  excluded). 

Description. — "  Irregular,  but  mostly  subovate,  with  concentric  undu- 
lations. Both  these  species  are  common  in  New  Jersey;  the  latter 
resembles  A.  ephippium,  to  which  it  is  referred  in  the  first  part  of  this 
Synopsis."— Morton,  1833. 

Type  Locality. — New  Jersey. 

Shell  rather  thin  but  tenacious,  inequilateral,  transversely  ellipsoidal  in 
outline,  the  lower  valve  moderately  convex;  anterior  portion  of  the  shell 
constricted  in  front  of  the  umbones ;  anterior  margin  broadly  and  evenly 
rounded ;  posterior  portion  of  shell  symmetrical,  rounded ;  base  arcuate ; 
umbones  low,  not  very  conspicuous,  with  ill-defined  apices  placed  as  a 
rule  a  little  behind  the  median  line ;  external  surface  sculptured  with  an 
indistinct  and  rather  distant  concentric  lamination;  ligament  submar- 
ginal  attached  beneath  the  umbo  of  the  left  valve;  hinge  plate  not 
developed,  edentulous;  pedal  and  byssal  scars  indistinct. 

This  species  has  been  confused  in  the  synonymies  with  A.  argentaria. 
The  forms  are  certainly  closely  related  but  there  is  not  sufficient  evidence 
of  their  identity.  A.  tellinoides  is  transversely  ovate  in  outline,  rather 
than  subcircular,  the  surface  is  less  silvery,  the  concentric  lamination  less 
crowded  and  the  radial  striations  much  less  commonly  developed  than  in 
the  more  prolific  A.  argentaria. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Briar  Point,  Chesapeake  and 
Delaware  Canal,  Delaware. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey. 

Outside  Distribution. — Monmoutli  Formation.  Navesink  marl,  New 
Jersey. 


612  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

ANOMIA  ORNATA  Gabb 
Plate  XXXV,  Figs.  5,  6 

Anomia  argentaria  var.  ornata  Gabb,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p. 

320. 
"Anomia  argentaria   (Gabb)  "  Boyle,  1893,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No. 

102,  p.  44. 

Description. — "  Accompanying  these  is  another  form,  represented  by  no 
less  than  fifteen  specimens  agreeing  well  with  one  another.  Unlike  the 
typical  A.  argentaria,  they  are  ornamented  by  a  uniform  pattern,  clearly 
not  the  impression  of  a  surface  to  which  they  were  attached.  In  form  and 
size  they  do  not  differ  from  .4.  argentaria,  but  the  ornament  is  a  series  of 
radiating  ribs,  one  set  large,  flattened  on  top,  and  well  defined;  between 
these  are  interpolated  from  one  to  three  smaller  ribs.  In  most  cases  this 
alternation  is  well  defined ;  though  in  two  or  three  the  large  ribs  are  nearer 
in  size  to  the  small  ones.  On  the  typical  argentaria  this  radiation  is  never 
observed,  even  in  a  rudimentary  manner,  and  on  some  of  my  specimens  it 
begins  at  the  very  apex ;  but  on  several  the  first  half  inch  in  diameter,  or 
less,  of  the  shell  does  not  differ  from  argentaria,  while  after  that  the  ribs 
begin,  first  on  thread-like  lines,  finally  developing  to  full  size.  In  conse- 
quence of  this  I  feel  reluctant  to  separate  the  form  as  a  distinct  species, 
believing  that  more  material  will  merge  the  two.  I  therefore  content 
myself  with  proposing  the  name  A.  argentaria  var.  ornata." — Gabb,  1876. 

Type  Locality. — Pataula  Creek,  Georgia. 

Ligament  submarginal,  lodged  in  a  transverse  pit  directly  beneath  the 
umbone  of  the  left  valve ;  adductor  and  byssal  scars  grouped  within  an 
ovate  area  coated  with  lime  extending  from  the  ligament  pit  more  than 
half-way  to  the  ventral  margin  and  occupying  more  than  one-half  the 
width  of  the  shell,  major  byssal  scar  near  the  center  of  the  whitish  area, 
slightly  ovate  in  outline;  minor  byssal  scar  and  adductor  ventral  to  the 
major  cicatrix,  subequal  in  size,  semi-elliptical,  their  straight  faces  proxi- 
mate, the  adductor  the  posterior  of  the  two ;  major  and  minor  scars  united 
for  a  short  distance  along  the  dorsal  face  of  the  latter. 

Although  most  of  the  individuals  which  are  certainly  referable  to 
A.  argentaria  Conrad  develop  a  faint  radial  lineation,  none  in  the  abund- 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  613 

ant  material  from  the  Monmouth  of  Maryland  bridge  the  gap  between 
that  race  of  argentaria  and  the  costate  ornata  of  Gabb.  In  fact  the  dis- 
tance is  greater  between  Conrad's  species  and  Gabb's  than  between  Gabb's 
and  the  A.  forteplicata  n.  sp.  A.  ornaia  has,  however,  much  more  of  the 
laminar  argentaria  texture,  a  finer  and  less  differentiated  radial  sculpture 
and  a  relatively  stronger  concentric  sculpture  than  A .  forteplicata. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat  and  McNeys  Cor- 
ners, Prince  George's  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Ripley  Formation.  Exogyra  costata  zone. 
Extreme  top  of  zone,  Pataula  Creek,  Georgia. 

ANOMIA  FORTEPLICATA  n.  sp. 

Plate  XXXV,  Figs.  7-10 

Description. — Shell  nacreous,  moderately  large,  rudely  circular,  sub- 
circular  or  irregular  in  outline;  umbones  inconspicuous,  submarginal, 
medial  in  position,  apices  obtuse ;  external  surface  sculptured  with  fifteen 
to  forty  cordate  primary  radials  and  between  each  pair  of  primaries  one  to 
five  secondary  lirations  of  more  or  less  unequal  strength;  incremental 
sculpture  over-riding  the  radial  but  not  modifying  it  to  any  degree ;  liga- 
ment submarginal,  attached  beneath  the  umbone  in  the  left  valve ;  hinge 
armature  not  developed  ;  adductor  and  byssal  scars  grouped  within  an  area 
thinly  coated  Avith  lime,  occupying  the  medial  dorsal  half  of  the  shell ; 
scars  brownish  in  color,  three  in  number,  the  largest  of  the  three  the  major 
byssal  scar,  minor  byssal  scar  and  adductor  impression  being  subequal  and 
ventral  to  the  major  cicatrix  ;  ventral  margin  sharply  crenate  in  harmony 
with  the  external  ribbing,  the  plications  reflected  on  the  interior  of  the 
shell  in  some  individuals  almost  to  the  umbones ;  characters  of  right  valve 
not  known. 
Dimensions. 

Altitude  24  mm.,  latitude  24.5  mm.,  semi-diameter  6.6  mm. 

Altitude  23  mm.,  latitude  17.5  mm.,  semi-diameter  7.5  mm. 

Altitude  12.7  mm.,  latitude  14.5  mm.,  semi-diameter  3.5  mm. 


614  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Although  the  representatives  of  this  species  differ  so  widely  in  general 
aspect,  still  there  seems  to  be  no  reason  to  consider  these  differences  as 
more  than  individual  mutations  of  a  variable  species  in  a  variable  genus. 
The  ratio  between  the  number  of  costals  and  their  prominence  is  very 
constant,  those  individuals  in  which  the  primaries  are  few  in  number 
being  very  heavily  sculptured. 

Anomia  forleplicata  is  a  more  solid  shell  than  A.  ornata  Gabb,  with  a 
much  more  vigorous  radial  sculpture  and  a  relatively  more  feeble  con- 
centric. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  1  mile  west  of 
Friendly,  McNeys  Corners,  Prince  George's  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

D.  Dysodonta 

Superfamily  MYT1LACEA 
Family  MYTILIDAE 

Genus  MODIOLUS  Lamarck 
[Prodr.  Nouv.  Class.  Coq.,  1799,  p.  871 

Type. — Mytilus  modiolus  Linne. 

Shell  equivalve,  inequilateral,  transversely  or  obliquely  ovate  in  outline ; 
ligament  external,  opisthodetic ;  hinge  edentulous ;  anterior  muscle  impres- 
sion atrophied;  pallial  line  simple. 

The  genus  is  separated  from  Mytilus  by  the  character  of  the  beaks  which 
are  non-terminal,  wider  and  rounded  anteriorly.  It  has  a  long  geologic 
range,  at  least  from  the  beginning  of  the  Mesozoic  and  possibly  from  the 
Devonian.  The  recent  species  are  about  seventy  in  number  and  are  most 
abundant  in  the  tropical  seas.  Unlike  Mytilus,  the  representatives  of 
Modiolus  are  nest-builders  and  burrow  or  spin  a  woven  structure  from 
stones  and  fragments  of  shells. 

A.  Latitude  of  adult  shell  exceeding  20  mm. 

1.  Shell  obtusely  angulated  at  the  posterior  dorsal  extremity. 

Modiolus  burlingtonensis 

2.  Shell  smoothly  rounded  at  the  posterior  dorsal  extremity. 

Modiolus  sedesclarus 

B.  Latitude  of  adult  shell  not  exceeding  20  mm Modiolus  trigona 

Etymology:    Modiolus,  small  drinking  vase. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  615 

M.ODIOLUS    BURLINGTONENSIS  WMtfield 

Modiolus  burlingtonensis  Whitfleld,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix, 

p.  65,  pi.  xvii,  figs.  8,  9. 

Modiolus  burlingtonensis  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  12. 
Modiolus  burlingtonensis  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal., 

vol.  iv,  p.  505,  pi.  Iv,  figs.  18,  19. 

Description. — "  Shell  of  moderately  large  size,  very  ventricose,  and  with 
subparallel  dorsal  and  ventral  margins,  large  prominent  umbones  and 
incurved  beaks  situated  near  the  anterior  end  but  not  terminal,  the 
anterior  margin  perceptibly  extending  beyond  them  and  rounded. 
Umbonal  ridge  prominent  and  subangular,  especially  near  the  beaks,  and 
becoming  broader  and  more  rounded  posteriorly;  surface  of  the  valves 
strongly  constricted  and  sinuate  in  front  of  the  ridge  and  the  anterior 
surface  again  inflated:  cardinal  slope  comparatively  broad  and  slightly 
concave  toward  the  postero-cardinal  border.  Hinge  line  straight  and 
three-fifths  as  long  as  the  shell,  and  rather  strongly  impressed  in  the 
internal  cast ;  postero-cardinal  margin  rounding  rapidly  forward  from  the 
more  narrowly  rounded  posterior  extremity.  Surface  of  the  cast,  the  only 
condition  under  which  it  is  known,  apparently  smooth  or  marked  only  by 
irregular  concentric  lines  of  growth,  some  of  which  produce  undulations 
of  considerable  strength  on  the  casts.  On  one  individual  there  appear 
on  the  posterior  cardinal  slope  very  faint  indications  of  rather  coarse 
radiating  lines,  but  too  faint  to  warrant  the  statement  that  such  markings 
really  existed  on  the  shell."— Whitfield,  1885. 

Type  Locality. — Burlington  County,  New  Jersey. 

The  species  is  much  the  largest  of  any  of  the  Matawan  Modioli,  and  is 
represented  in  Maryland  by  only  a  couple  of  imperfect  casts. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAX  FORMATION.  Camp  U  &  I,  opposite  Post  192, 
Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Xatural  Sciences. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl, 
New  Jersey. 


616  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

MODIOLUS   TRIGONUS   n.    Sp. 

Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  3 

Description. — Shell  thin,  nacreous,  equivalve,  strongly  inequilateral, 
transversely  elongate,  suggesting  a  right  triangle  in  outline,  the  anterior 
margin  constituting  the  shorter  leg,  the  base  line  the  longer,  and  the 
posterior  keel  the  hypothenuse;  umbones  prominent,  acute,  prosogyrate, 
subterminal  in  position  ;  anterior  margin  squarely  truncate  in  front  of  the 
umbones;  posterior  dorsal  and  lateral  margins  gently  rounded,  merging 
into  one  another;  base  line  horizontal;  posterior  keel  obtuse,  persistent 
from  the  umbones  to  the  posterior  ventral  margin ;  area  behind  it  approxi- 
mately half  as  great  as  that  in  front  of  it;  external  surface  smooth  and 
lustrous,  excepting  for  feeble  incremental  striations. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  8.5  mm.,  latitude  14.5  mm.,  maximum  diam- 
eter 9  mm. 

The  species  is  described  from  a  cast  of  a  complete  individual,  to  one 
side  of  which  the  shell  substance  still  adheres.  The  angular  outline  is 
peculiarly  characteristic  and  nothing  approaching  it  has  been  observed 
elsewhere. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brooks  estate  near  Seat  Pleas- 
ant, Prince  George's  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

MODIOLUS  SEDESCLARUS  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXXVI,  Figs.  1,  2 

Description. — Shell  nacreous  in  texture,  exceedingly  thin  and  fragile, 
transversely  elongate,  .slightly  wider  posteriorly;  umbones  inflated, 
prosogyrate,  almost  but  not  quite  terminal  in  position;  anterior  end 
obscurely  truncate;  dorsal  margin  slightly  more  elevated  posteriorly; 
posterior  extremity  obliquely  rounded,  the  dorsal  margin  merging 
smoothly  into  the  lateral;  ventral  margin  straight,  not  constricted 
medially;  umbonal  ridge  very  prominent  but  evenly  rounded,  becoming 
broader  and  lower  toward  the  posterior  ventral  margin ;  external  surface 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  617 

smooth,  excepting  for  the  sharply  laminar  incremental  ridges  developed 
near  the  dorsal  and  anterior  margins  and  the  prominent  growth  lines  near 
the  ventral  margins ;  characters  of  interior  not  known. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  10  mm.,  latitude  22  mm.,  maximum  diameter 
7  mm. 

This  species  is  smaller  than  M.  burlingtonensis  Whitfield,  not  con- 
stricted along  the  medial  ventral  margin,  and  more  smoothly  rounded 
behind. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Genus  LITHOPHAGA  Bolten 
[Museum  Boltenianum,  1788,  p.  156] 

Type. — Mytilus  lithophagus  Linne. 

Shell  thin,  nacreous,  equivalve,  strongly  inequilateral,  transversely  elon- 
gated, more  or  less  cylindrical  in  outline ;  umbones  strongly  anterior,  but 
not  terminal ;  anterior  extremity  rounded ;  posterior  extremity  rostrate  or 
cuneiform ;  external  surface  smooth  or  feebly  sculptured  concentrically ; 
ligament  submarginal;  hinge  edentulous;  muscle  impressions  unequal, 
indistinct. 

The  genus  has  been  reported  from  strata  as  far  back  as  the  Carbonifer- 
ous. The  recent  species  number  less  than  fifty,  and  are  confined  to  the 
tropical  and  subtropical  waters. 

The  young  are  attached  by  a  byssus,  but  in  the  later  stages  usually 
perforate  coral  colonies,  the  shells  of  larger  bivalves  or  even  the  solid  rock. 
Two  of  the  five  subgenera  into  which  the  group  has  been  divided  are 
encrusted  with  a  dense  calcareous  covering  in  the  adult  stages.  The 
cavities  which  they  excavate  are  characteristically  flask-shaped  in  outline. 
The  perforations  in  the  columns  of  the  temple  of  Serapis  which  served 
Lyell  for  his  classic  illustration  of  changes  in  the  level  of  the  sea  were 
made  by  Lithophagae. 

Etymology:   Aitfos,  stone;  <t>ayeit>,  to  eat. 


618  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

A.  Shell  encrusted  with  concentrically  laminated  calcareous  covering. 

Lithophaga  ripleyana 

B.  Shell  not  encrusted. 

1.  Latitude  of  adult  shell  not  exceeding  18  mm. 

a.  Outline  subcylindrical. 

i.  Shell  occurring  in  hard  substances  especially  in  the  tests 

of  larger  bivalves Lithophaga  concha fodentis 

ii.  Shell  occurring  free  or  in  clay  tubes Lithophaga  julice 

b.  Outline  transversely  ovate Lithophaga  lingua 

2.  Latitude  of  adult  shell  exceeding  18  mm.;  outline  subcylindrical. 

Lithophaga  twitchclH 

LITHOPHAGA  EIPLEYAXA  Gabb 
Plate  XXXVI,  Figs.  4-6 

Lithophaga  ripleyanus  Gabb,  1862,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.  for  1861,  p. 

326. 
Lithophaga  ripleyanus  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and 

Jur.,  p.  10. 

Lithophaga  ripleyana  Gabb,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  311. 
Lithodomus  ripleyana  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  67, 

pi.  xvii,  figs.  4,  5  (ex  parte). 

Lithophaga  ripleyana  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  13. 
Lithophaga  ripleyana  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol. 

iv,  p.  512,  pi.  Ivi,  figs.  9-12  (ex  parte). 

Description. — "  Tube  subcylindrical,  nearly  straight,  gradually  taper- 
ing, broadest  on  the  dorsal  surface ;  opposite  face  narrow,  rounded ; 
extremity  abrupt,  rounded  and  faintly  subtrilobate.  Shell  subquadrate. 
Beaks  terminal,  and  projecting  beyond  the  buccal  end  of  the  shell,  very 
much  incurved,  so  as  to  appear  somewhat  spiral.  Umbones  broad,  slightly 
flattened  in  the  middle.  Cardinal  margin  straight  anteriorly,  depressed 
posteriorly,  merging  into  the  anal  border,  which  is  subtruncate  and  most 
prominent  above.  Basal  edge  broadly  emarginate.  Surface  marked  by 
numerous,  irregular,  concentric  lines." — Gabb,  1860. 

Type  Locality. — Big  Timber  Creek,  between  Gloucester  and  Red  Bank, 
New  Jersey. 

Form  gregarious,  rudely  cylindrical,  constricted  mesially;  protective 
covering  built  up  of  thin,  concentric  layers  of  calcite,  usually  conforming 
rather  closely  to  the  outline  of  the  shell ;  shell  itself  very  thin,  nacreous  in 
texture;  umbones  terminal,  prosogyrate,  well  rounded  at  their  tips; 
anterior  portion  inflated,  truncate;  shell,  in  the  majority  of  the  indi- 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  619 

viduals,  feebly  depressed  in  front  of  the  obscure  carina  which  extends 
from  the  umbones  toward  the  posterior  ventral  margin,  the  depression 
being  reflected  in  the  slight  concavity  of  the  base ;  posterior  end  strongly 
and  symmetrically  arcuate;  dorsal  margin  approximately  horizontal; 
external  surface  smooth  excepting  for  the  incremental  sculpture  which  is 
rather  conspicuous,  particularly  in  the  posterior  portion  of  the  shell; 
characters  of  interior  not  known. 

The  species  frequently  occurs  in  clusters,  the  individuals  being  attached 
at  the  posterior  extremity.  The  degree  of  medial  constriction  is  not 
constant. 

L.  ripleyana  Gabb  is  relatively  more  elongated  transversely  than  L. 
affinis  Gabb,  a  co-existent  species  over  much  of  the  area  of  its  occurrence, 
and  is  much  less  inflated. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAN  FORMATION.  Opposite  Post  239,  Post  236, 
Camp  Fox,  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  Delaware.  MONMOUTH  FOR- 
MATION. Bohemia  Mills,  Cecil  County;  Brightseat,  Brooks  estate  near 
Seat  Pleasant,  Friendly,  Prince  George's  County,  Maryland. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl, 
Wenonah  sand,  New  Jersey.  Monmoutli  Formation.  Navesink  marl,  New 
Jersey.  Ripley  Formation.  Exogyra  costata  zone,  Union  County,  Mis- 
sissippi. 

LlTHOPHAGA   CONCHAFODENTIS   n.    Sp. 

Plate  XXXVI,  Figs.  7-9 

Description. — Shell  nacreous  in  texture,  moderately  large  for  the  genus, 
subcylindrical  to  rectangular  in  outline,  exceedingly  thin  and  fragile; 
umbones  nearly  terminal,  small,  full  but  angular,  flattened  upon  their 
summits,  acute,  prosogyrate ;  posterior  area  cut  off  by  a  carina  which  per- 
sists from  the  umbones  to  the  posterior  basal  margin,  acute  near  the 
umbones,  but  evanescing  toward  the  base;  anterior  end  very  short  and 
obscurely  truncate ;  posterior  end  much  produced,  strongly  rounded  at  its 
extremity;  the  dorsal  and  ventral  margins  rudely  parallel,  the  dorsal 

41 


620  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

slightly  convex,  the  ventral  broadly  and  feebly  constricted ;  external  sur- 
face smooth  excepting  for  a  rather  vigorous  incremental  sculpture;  liga- 
ment submarginal,  opisthodetic ;  hinge  edentulous;  adductor  scars  and 
pallial  characters  obscure. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  5  ±  mm.,  latitude  13  ±  mm.,  semi-diameter 
3.5  ±  mm. 

The  remains  of  this  small  borer  are  found  in  the  tests  of  Exogyra  and 
Pycnodonte.  It  differs  from  L.  ripleyana,  which  it  most  strongly 
resembles,  not  only  in  its  habitat  but  also  in  the  less  inflated  valves  and 
less  produced  posterior  extremity. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

LITHOPIIAGA  JULIJE   (Lea) 
Plate  XXXVI,  Figs.  10,  11 

Modiola  Julia;  Lea,  1862,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.  for  1861,  p.  149. 
Modiolus  Julice  Meek,  1864,  Check  List.  Inv.  Fossils  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur., 

p.  11. 

Perna  Julite  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  726. 
Modiola  Julia  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  64,  pi.  xvii, 

fig.  6  (not  fig.  7). 

Modiolus  Julia  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  12. 
Modiolus  Julicc  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv,  p.  506 

(ex  parte,  description  and  figures  excluded). 

Description. — "  Testa  transverse  striata,  subrhomboidea,  subinflata, 
postice  oblique  truncata,  inferne  emarginata;  valvulis  fragillissimis;  nati- 
bus  prominulis,  fere  terminalibus.  Length  .23,  breadth  .36  of  an  inch." 
—Lea,  1862. 

Type  Locality. — Haddonfield,  New  Jersey. 

Shell  nacreous,  excedingly  thin  and  friable ;  transversely  ovate  in  out- 
line, compressed ;  umbones  placed  within  the  anterior  seventh  of  the  shell, 
not  prominent  but  evenly  rounded,  proximate,  incurved  and  slightly 
prosogyrate  ;  anterior  end  of  shell  feebly  expanding  in  front  of  the  beaks ; 
posterior  dorsal  margin  approximately  horizontal;  posterior  lateral  mar- 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  621 

gin  quite  strongly  rounded,  obliquely  produced  at  the  base ;  ventral  mar- 
gin somewhat  oblique  to  the  dorsal;  posteriorly  produced,  in  many  indi- 
viduals feebly  and  broadly  contracted  medially ;  basal  constriction  due  to 
the  broad  and  very  shallow  depression  of  the  valves  in  front  of  the  obtuse 
posterior  carina  which  is  initiated  at  the  umbones  and  most  prominent  at 
its  origin,  becoming  feebler  and  finally  evanescing  about  half-way  to  the 
posterior  ventral  margin;  external  surface  sculptured  with  sharp,  rather 
distant  and  irregularly  spaced  incremental  lirations  which  tend  to  become 
obsolete  upon  the  medial  portion  of  the  shell;  characters  of  interior  of 
shell  not  known. 

Casts  of  this  small  form  are  not  rare  in  the  Upper  Cretaceous  of  Mary- 
land, although  the  shell  is  so  thin  and  so  flaky  that  it  has  not  been  found 
possible  to  secure  any  fragments  large  enough  to  give  the  hinge  dentition, 
yet  the  exceedingly  thin  and  very  highly  nacreous  shell  and  its  general 
outline  suggest  Lithophaga  rather  than  Modiolus.  The  form  is  much 
more  compressed  than  L.  ripleyana  Gabb,  the  umbones  more  flattened  and 
the  posterior  carina  more  angular.  Furthermore  there  is  no  evidence 
that  a  calcareous  encrustation  was  ever  developed  as  in  the  Kipley  species, 
but  rather  that  it  buried  itself  in  the  soft  muds  near  the  shore. 

Whitfield's  restoration  of  Gabb's  type  is  probably  inaccurate  as  the 
material  is  much  crushed  and  the  original  outline  obscure. 

Occurrence. — MOXMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Brooks  estate  near 
Seat  Pleasant,  Prince  George's  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Xatural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl, 
and  Woodbury  clay,  New  Jersey. 

LITHOPHAGA  LINGUA  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  14 

Description. — Shell  small,  compressed,  not  very  thin,  transversely  and 
somewhat  obliquely  ovate  in  outline;  umbones  anterior,  almost  but  not 
quite  terminal,  well  rounded,  but  not  conspicuously  inflated,  proximate, 


622  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

incurved,  prosogyrate ;  valves  flattening  in  all  directions  away  from  the 
umbones ;  anterior  end  very  short,  rounded ;  posterior  end  obliquely  pro- 
duced along  the  obscurely  elevated  diagonal  from  the  umbones  to  the  pos- 
terior ventral  margin ;  posterior  dorsal  and  lateral  areas  relatively  very 
wide,  their  margins  forming  a  somewhat  asymmetrical  arc  connecting  the 
umbones  and  the  base ;  ventral  margin  slightly  oblique  with  a  feeble  sug- 
gestion of  a  mesial  constriction;  faint  concentric  sculpture  probably 
developed  on  external  surface;  characters  of  hinge  and  interior  not  known. 

Dimensions. — Maximum  altitude  5  mm.,  maximum  latitude  8  mm., 
maximum  diameter  3.5  mm. 

This  small  but  apparently  adult  Lithophaga  is  separated  from  the  co- 
existent members  of  the  same  genus  not  only  by  its  slight  dimensions  but 
even  more  readily  by  the  very  short  anterior  end  and  expanded  posterior 
end.  In  no  other  species  is  the  area  behind  the  diagonal  relatively  so 
wide  or  so  flaring.  The  peculiar  alate  aspect  thus  produced  is  not  repeated 
in  any  of  the  co-existent  species.  The  form  is  described  from  a  cast  of 
double  valves.  The  type  is  not  unique,  but  the  species  has  not  been 
observed  from  any  but  the  type  locality. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

LITHOPHAGA  TWITCHELLI  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXXVI,  Figs.  12,  13 

Description. — Shell  nacreous,  apparently  rather  thick,  large  for  the 
genus,  subcylindrical  in  outline ;  umbones  inflated,  incurved,  prosogyrate, 
proximate,  placed  within  the  anterior  tenth;  shell  inflated  along  the 
diagonal  from  the  umbones  to  posterior  ventral  margin,  broadly  and 
shallowly  depressed  between  this  obscure  carina  and  the  feebly  inflated 
anterior  end;  anterior  lateral  margin  obscurely  truncate,  posterior 
strongly  arcuate;  dorsal  margin  very  feebly  convex;  base  line  somewhat 
constricted  medially ;  external  surface  probably  smooth ;  characters  of 
interior  of  shell  not  known. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  623 

Dimensions. — Altitude  11.8  mm.,  latitude  21.8  mm.,  diameter  of 
double  valves  11.7  mm. 

Lithophaga  twitchelli  suggests,  at  first,  a  giant  L.  ripleyana  Gabb.  How- 
ever, L.  twitchelli  is  not  only  a  third  as  large  again  as  Gabb's  species,  but, 
furthermore,  the  valves  are  very  much  more  inflated,  particularly  along 
the  diagonal;  the  umbones  feebler  and  the  medial  depression  more  pro- 
nounced. Then,  too,  the  shell  is  much  heavier,  apparently,  and  there  is 
no  evidence  of  the  former  presence  of  an  encrustation. 

This  species  is  named  for  its  collector.  Dr.  Mayville  W.  Twitchell, 
Assistant  State  Geologist  of  New  Jersey. 

The  form  is  described  from  a  cast  of  the  double  valves  of  a  single  indi- 
vidual to  which  a  considerable  amount  of  shell  substance  still  adheres, 
although  the  external  surface  has  been  entirely  decorticated. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Eailroad  cut  west  of  Seat 
Pleasant,  Prince  George's  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Genus  CRENELLA  Brown 

[111.  Conch.  Gr.  Brit.,  1827,  pi.  xxxi,  figs.  12-14;  2d  ed.,  1844,  p.  75,  pi.  xxiii,  figs. 
12-14.     Not  Crenella  Sowerby] 

Type. — Mytilus  decussatus  Laskey. 

"  Shell  oblong-oval,  equilateral,  ventricose ;  beaks  obtuse,  slightly  turned 
to  one  side;  hinge  destitute  of  teeth  but  with  a  flattened,  horizontal, 
slightly  crenated  plate  on  one  side  of  the  hinge  in  each  valve ;  right  valve 
with  a  triangular,  horizontal,  projecting,  reflexed  plate,  and  the  left  one 
witli  an  oblique  plate,  both  of  which  are  a  little  crenated  externally ."- 
Brown,  1844. 

"  This  interesting  little  group  extends  through  the  Tertiary  and,  owing 
to  the  little  study  given  to  its  characters,  has  received  many  names.  The 
shell  is  usually  convex  and  ovoid,  with  more  or  less  incurved  beaks,  a 
nacreous  inner  layer,  thin  epidermis  which  adheres  closely  to  the  shell, 
and  a  fine  radial,  often  crossed  by  a  concentric  striation.  In  young  shells 
the  provinculum  is  exceptionally  well  developed,  sometimes  recalling  the 

Etymology:    Diminutive  of  crena,  notch. 


624  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

hinge  of  Nucula  by  its  strong  and  projecting  denticulations.  If  the  shell 
is  thin,  these  become  obsolete  with  growth,  but  in  some  species  are  replaced 
by  a  series  of  denticulations  directly  consequent  on  the  impingement  of 
the  external  sculpture  on  the  cardinal  margin,  thus  repeating  a  second 
time  in  the  same  individual  the  process  by  which  the  provinculum  was 
originally  initiated  in  its  ancestors.  At  least  that  is  the  way  in  which  the 
writer  interprets  the  facts.  When  the  shell  is  thick,  or  when  the  external 
sculpture  is  very  delicate,  no  secondary  denticulations  appear  in  the  adult, 
which  is  then  left  with  a  practically  unarmed  hinge  line.  The  appearance 
of  the  provinculum  is  not  dependent  on  the  existence  of  the  external 
sculpture,  but  the  secondary  denticulations  are  so  dependent.  The  exte- 
rior may  be  almost  perfectly  smooth  and  polished  with  only  microscopic 
striation;  finely  radially  striate  without  decussation  (like  C.  serica), 
decussate,  or  with  the  radial  sculpture  strong  and  divaricate.  Usually  the 
sculpture  is  uniformly  distributed  over  the  surface,  but  occasionally  there 
will  be  an  area  of  unstriated  separating  two  of  striated  surface,  as  in 
Modiolaria,  but  without  the  impressed  boundaries  of  the  latter  genus."- 
Dall,  1898.1 
This  genus  ranges  from  the  Cretaceous  to  the  Recent. 

A.  Adult  shell  not  exceeding  6  mm.  in  altitude Crenella  serica 

B.  Adult  shell  exceeding  6  mm.  in  altitude Crenella  elegantula 

CRENELLA  SERICA  Conrad 
Plate  XXXVI,  Figs.  16-18 

Crenella  (Stalagmium)  serica  Con.,  1860,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d 

ser.,  vol.  iv,  p.  281,  pi.  xlvi,  fig.  23. 
Crenella  (Stalagmium)  sericea  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  11. 
Crenella  serica  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv,  p.  510, 

pi.  Ivi,  figs.  7,  8. 

Description. — "  Longitudinally  oblong-ovate,  very  ventricose,  finely 
striated  concentrically  and  with  microscopic,  closely  arranged,  radiating 
lines;  summit  very  prominent.  Locality:  Eufaula,  Barbour  County, 
Alabama." — Conrad,  1860. 

1  Ball,  W.  H.,  Trans.  Wagner  Free  Inst.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  iii,  pt.  iv,  p.  802. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  625 

Shell  very  small  and  gibbous,  between  three  and  four  millimeters  in 
altitude,  the  interior  regularly  ovate  in  outline;  umbones  inflated, 
strongly  prosogyrate  and  incurved,  proximate  ;  external  surface  sculptured 
with  prominent  and  regularly  spaced  incrementals  and  resting  stages; 
radial  sculpture  microscopically  fine,  not  over-riding  the  concentric ;  liga- 
ment lodged  in  a  narrow  groove  running  backward  from  beneath  the 
apices  of  the  umbones ;  inner  margins  strongly  crenulate,  the  area  directly 
beneath  the  umbones  slightly  flattened  and  broadened  and  bearing  four  or 
five  pseudo-taxodont  denticles;  a  more  extended,  but  less  clearly  defined, 
area  developed  in  some  individuals  upon  the  medial  portion  of  the  pos- 
terior lateral  margin ;  muscle  scars  and  pallial  lines  indistinct.  Crenella 
serica  Con.  is  a  very  abundant  little  bivalve  in  the  Monmouth  of  Prince 
George's  County. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Brooks  estate  near 
Seat  Pleasant,  Friendly,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  Prince  George's  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  New  Jersey  Geological  Sur- 
vey, U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Marshalltown  clay  marl. 
New  Jersey.  Monmouth  Formation.  Eed  Bank  sand,  New  Jersey. 
Peedee  Sand.  North  and  South  Carolina.  Ripley  Formation.  Exogyra 
costata  zone,  Georgia ;  Eufaula,  Alabama.  Selma  Chalk.  Exogyra  costata 
zone,  Tombigbee  Eiver,  Sumter  County,  Alabama;  east-central  Missis- 
sippi ;  Alcorn,  Union  and  Tippah  counties,  Mississippi.  Extreme  top  of 
zone,  Pataula  Creek,  Georgia;  Lowndes  County,  Mississippi. 

CRENELLA  ELEGANTULA  Meek  and  Hayden 
Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  19 

Crenella  elegantula  Meek  and  Hayden,  1862,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila., 

for  1861,  p.  441. 
Crenella  elegantula  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and 

Jur.,  p.  11. 
Crenella  elegantula  Meek,  1876,  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Territories,  vol. 

ix,  p.  75,  pi.  xxviii,  figs.  6a-6c. 
Crenella  elegantula  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv,  p. 

511,  pi.  Ivi,  fig.  6. 


626  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Description. — "  Shell  small,  very  thin  and  pearly,  obliquely  ovato- 
cordate,  ventricose ;  postero-basal  and  basal  margins  rounded ;  dorsal 
border  sloping  posteriorly  with  an  arcuate  outline,  and  rounding  into  the 
anal  margin  behind;  anterior  border  rounding  obliquely  backwards  into 
the  base;  umbonal  region  of  both  valves  very  gibbous,  beaks  prominent, 
terminal,  pointed,  distinctly  incurved  and  directed  obliquely  forward  at  the 
extremities;  hinge  margin  smooth ;  free  border  minutely  crenulated.  Sur- 
face (as  seen  by  aid  of  a  magnifier)  beautifully  ornamented  by  extremely 
fine,  regular,  closely-arranged,  radiating  striae,  which  increase  chiefly  by 
bifurcation,  and  continue  of  'uniform  size  on  all  parts  of  the  shell ;  cross- 
ing these  are  numerous,  equally  fine,  but  much  less  distinct,  concentric 
lines,  and  occasional  stronger  marks  of  growth.  Length,  measuring 
obliquely  forward  and  upward  from  the  base  to  the  beaks,  0.55  in. ;  diam- 
eter, from  base  to  hinge,  measuring  at  right  angles  to  the  greatest  length, 
0.4  inch;  convexity,  0.37  inch.  This  beautiful  little  shell  is  very  closely 
allied  to  C.  sericea  of  Conrad,  but  differs  in  being  uniformly  more  broadly 
ovate  in  form,  and  in  having  less  elevated  and  less  distinctly  incurved 
beaks,  while  its  concentric  markings  are  not  near  so  strongly  defined."- 
Meek  and  Hayden,  1862. 

Type  Locality. — Deer  Creek,  near  North  Branch  of  the  Platte  Eiver, 
Nebraska. 

The  species  is  recognized  in  Maryland  from  casts  only.  It  is  more  than 
double  the  size  of  C.  serica  Conrad,  relatively  broader,  and  less  inflated 
and  less  prominently  sculptured  concentrically. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTII  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  New  Jersey  Geological  Sur- 
vey, U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Monmouth  Formation.  Tinton  beds.  New 
Jersey.  Ripley  Formation.  Exogyra  costata  zone,  ?  Owl  Creek,  Tippah 
County,  Mississippi.  Fox  Hills  Sandstone.  Western  Interior. 


MAEYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  627 

Family  DREISSENIIDAE 

Genus  DREISSENA  Van  Beneden 
[Ann.  Sci.  Nat,  ser.  2,  vol.  iii,  1835,  p.  193,  pi.  viii] 

Type. — Mylilus  polymorplius  Pallas. 

Equivalve,  inequilateral,  slightly  gaping  as  a  rule,  mytiliform  in  out- 
line ;  umbones  acute,  terminal,  bent  a  little  forward ;  anterior  area  differ- 
entiated by  a  more  or  less  obtusely  angulated  keel  which  runs  from  the 
umbones  to  the  anterior  ventral  margin ;  external  surface  smooth  or  incre- 
mentally sculptured ;  ligament  internal  or  submarginal,  lodged  in  a  shal- 
low groove,  which  extends  more  than  a  third  of  the  way  down  to  the  base: 
angle  between  the  umbones  bridged  by  a  transverse  septum  upon  which 
the  anterior  and  pedal  adductors  are  mounted  and  from  which,  in  the  right 
valve,  a  small  dentiform  process  sometimes  projects ;  posterior  adductor 
scar  moderately  large,  well  down  towards  the  base;  pallial  line  rather 
obscure,  entire. 

Dreissena  is  very  like  Mytilus  in  general  aspect,  so  much  so,  indeed,  that 
there  is  probably  a  considerable  amount  of  confusion  between  the  two 
genera  in  the  earlier  described  species.  Many  authorities  maintain  that 
the  genus  is  not  initiated  until  the  Early  Tertiary.  Henry  Woods,1  how- 
ever, has  reported  a  species,  I>reissensia  lanceolata  (Sowerby)  Woods  from 
the  Cretaceous  of  England,  and  has  so  adequately  figured  it  that  there 
can  be  no  doubt  about  the  correctness  of  his  determination. 

The  shell  differs  most  conspicuously  from  that  of  Mytilus  in  the  devel- 
opment of  the  septum  in  the  umbonal  angle  and  the  more  internal  liga- 
ment. The  animal  differs  from  that  of  Mytilus  in  the  closed  mantle  and 
the  two  distinct  siphons.  All  of  the  recent  species  are  denizens  of  fresh  or 
brackish  water. 


Etymology:    Named  in  honor  of  Dreissens,  a  Belgian  physician. 
1 1900,  Mon.  Cret.  Lamellibranchia,   England,  Paleontographical   Soc.,  Lon- 
don, pt.  ii,  p.  110,  pi.  xviii,  figs.  13-15;   pi.  xix,  figs.  1-11. 


628  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

DREISSENA  TIPPANA  Conrad 
Plate  XXXVII,  Figs.  8-11 

Dreissena  tippana  Conrad,  1858,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  Hi,  p. 

328,  pi.  xxxiv,  fig.  14. 
Dreissena  tippana  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur., 

p.  10. 

Description. — "  Falcate,  with  distinct  lines  of  growth;  front  excavated, 
the  margin  acutely  angular ;  the  dorsal  and  posterior  margin  form  a  regu- 
lar curve;  base  rounded;  beaks  acute." — Conrad,  1858. 

Type  Locality. — Owl  Creek,  Tippah  County,  Mississippi. 

Shell  thick,  prismatic,  strongly  falcate  in  outline,  evenly  convex, 
acutely  keeled  from  the  umbones  to  the  ventral  margin,  the  carinal  angle 
usually  more  than  90°  and  giving  to  the  front  view  of  the  double  valves  a 
canoe-shaped  outline;  outline  of  posterior  margin  evenly  rounded  from 
beaks  to  base;  external  surface  smooth  except  for  incremental  striations 
and,  toward  the  ventral  margin,  rather  pronounced  resting  stages;  liga- 
ment groove  rather  shallow  and  elongated,  hinge  edentulous;  umbonal 
septum  narrow  but  quite  high ;  character  of  muscle  impressions  and  pallial 
sinus  not  preserved ;  inner  margins  simple. 

In  Maryland  the  species  is  represented  chiefly  in  the  form  of  casts,  most 
frequently  of  the  double  valves,  to  which  portions  of  the  brown,  prismatic 
shell  substance  still  adhere,  although  at  some  localities  perfect  specimens 
have  been  collected.  The  form  differs  quite  widely  in  relative  proportions, 
but  it  does  not  seem  wise  to  regard  these  mutations  as  of  more  than  indi- 
vidual import. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAN  FORMATION.  Ulmstead  Point,  Anne  Arundel 
County.  MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  ?  Fredericktown,  Cecil  County; 
Brightseat,  Brooks  estate  near  Seat  Pleasant,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly, 
Prince  George's  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  Xational  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Ripley  Formation.  Exogyra  costata  zone, 
Georgia;  Eufaula,  Alabama;  Union  and  Tippah  Counties,  Mississippi. 
Extreme  top  of  zone,  Pataula  Creek,  Georgia ;  Chattahoochee  River,  Ala- 
bama. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  629 

order  ANOMALODESMACEA 
Superfamily  ANATINACEA 

Family  PHOLADOMYIDAE 

Genus  PHOLADOMYA  Sowerby 
[Genera  Recent  and  Fossil  Shells,  1825,  pp.  235,  236,  pi.  xxxvii] 

Type. — Plioladomya  Candida  Sowerby. 

"  The  following  generic  character  being  drawn  up  principally  from  the 
recent  specimen,  several  particulars  will  be  mentioned  in  it  which  cannot 
be  observed  in  the  fossils ;  there  is  not,  however,  the  smallest  doubt  as  to 
their  generic  identity.  Shell  very  thin,  rather  hyaline,  transverse,  ventri- 
cose ;  inside  pearly ;  posterior  side  short,  sometimes  very  short,  rounded ; 
anterior  side  more  or  less  elongated,  gaping;  upper  edge  also  gaping  a 
little ;  hinge  with  a  small  rather  elongated,  triangular  pit,  and  a  marginal 
lamina  in  each  valve,  to  the  outer  part  of  which  is  attached  the  rather 
short  external  ligament.  Muscular  impressions  two ;  these,  as  well  as  the 
muscular  impression  of  the  mantle,  in  which  there  is  a  large  sinus,  are 
indistinct.  This  shell  is  the  only  instance  we  have  ever  seen  in  which  the 
umbones  are  so  approximated  as  to  be  worn  through  by  the  natural  action 
of  the  animal  in  opening  and  closing  its  valves." — Sowerby,  1825. 

Equivalved  or  subequivalved,  inequilateral,  transversely  elongated  or 
subtrigonal,  gaping  posteriorly  and  sometimes  anteriorly  as  well ;  umbones 
inflated,  anterior ;  external  sculpture  radial,  often  more  or  less  nodose ; 
ligament  short,  external,  opisthodetic ;  cardinal  margin  often  reflected  to 
form  a  false  area  behind  the  umbones ;  hinge  edentulous  excepting  a  single 
subumbonal  tubercle  and  pit  in  each  valve;  muscle  impressions  obscure, 
two  in  number ;  pallial  sinus  profound. 

The  genus  was  initiated  early  in  the  lower  Lias,  and  though  it  culmi- 
nated later  in  the  Jurassic,  the  decline  was  not  marked  until  the  close  of 
the  Mesozoic.  The  Tertiary  representation,  however,  was  very  meager 
and  less  than  half  a  dozen  species  have  persisted  to  the  present  day.  As  in 
so  many  of  the  ancient  types,  the  few  survivors  have  retreated  to  unf avor- 

Etymology:  A  name  suggested  by  "  its  resemblance  to  shells  of  two  Lin- 
nean  genera,  the  Pholades  and  Mya." 


630  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

able  regions  where  the  struggle  for  existence  is  less  keen  and  they  do  not 
have  to  compete  with  more  virile  groups.  The  few  recent  forms,  including 
the  generic  type,  P.  Candida  Sowerby,  inhabit  the  ocean  depths,  some  of 
them  below  the  one  thousand  fathoms  line.  A  single  species  has  been 
recorded  off  the  Japan  coast,  one  from  off  the  Africa  coast  and  the  rest 
from  the  Antillean  region. 

A.  Outline  subcylindrical ;    umbones   broad,   rounded,   not   conspicuously 

high Pholadomya  occidentalis 

B.  Outline  ovate-trigonal;  umbones  relatively  narrow,  subangulated,  con- 

spicuously high Pholadomya  conradi 

PHOLADOMYA  OCCIDENTALIS  Morton 
Plate  XXXVII,  Figs.  1-3 

Pholadomya  occidentalis  Morton,  1833,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  1st  ser.,  vol.  xxiii, 

p.  292,  pi.  viii,  fig.  3. 
Pholadomya  occidentalis  Morton,  1834,  Syn.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Group,  U.  S., 

p.  68,  pi.  viii,  fig.  3. 
Pholadomya  occidentalis  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret. 

and  Jur.,  p.  14  (ex  parte). 

Pholadomya  occidentalis  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  727. 
Pholadomya  occidentalis  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix, 

p.  175,  pi.  xxiv,  figs.  1-3. 

Pholadomya  occidentalis  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  13. 
Pholadomya  occidentalis  Weller,  1907,  Geol.   Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal., 

vol.  iv,  p.  513,  pi.  Ivi,  figs.  1-3.      (Synonymy  excluded.) 

Description. — "  Oblong-angular,  ventricose  near  the  beaks ;  with 
twenty-five  to  thirty  narrow,  elevated,  subtortuous  costae,  having  broad, 
slightly  concave  intervening  spaces.  Length  2  inches,  breadth  3  inches. 
An  extremely  variable  species.  I  possess  five  specimens  (all  more  or  less 
broken),  in  all  of  which  there  is  a  difference  in  the  number  and  relative 
position  of  the  ribs." — Morton,  1833. 

Type  Locality. — Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal. 

"  The  dimensions  of  an  average-sized  specimen  are :  Length  about 
70  mm.,  height  47  mm.,  thickness  45  mm.  Shell  subovate  or  sub- 
elliptical  in  lateral  outline,  and  cordate  from  in  front.  Hinge  line 
straight,  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  shell ;  anterior  margin  rounding 
from  the  cardinal  extremity  into  the  basal  margin,  or  obliquely  subtrun- 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  631 

cate;  basal  margin  gently  convex,  becoming  straighter  posteriorly;  pos- 
terior margin  more  narrowly  rounded  than  the  anterior.  Beaks  large  and 
broad,  situated  from  one-fifth  to  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  shell  from 
the  anterior  extremity,  strongly  incurved  and  nearly  in  contact,  moder- 
ately elevated  above  the  hinge  line.  Valves  most  prominent  at  about 
their  mid-height  in  front  of  the  middle  of  the  shell;  from  this  point  the 
surface  curves  rather  abruptly  to  the  ventral  anterior  and  cardinal  mar- 
gins, and  much  more  gently  to  the  gaping  posterior  margin ;  the  cardinal 
margins  back  of  the  beaks  are  slightly  inflected  to  form  a  rather  distinct, 
concave  cardinal  area  of  moderate  width  on  each  valve.  Surface  of  each 
valve  marked  by  twenty-five  or  thirty  more  or  less  irregular  and  wavy, 
rounded,  radiating  costse  of  moderate  strength,  much  narrower  than  the 
intervening  depressions,  and  closer  together  in  the  middle  of  the  shell 
than  at  either  the  anterior  or  posterior  portions ;  in  the  middle  of  the  shell 
every  other  costa  on  large  individuals  has  usually  been  intercalated 
between  two  others  at  some  distance  below  the  beak;  the  shell  is  also 
marked  by  more  or  less  irregular,  concentric  undulations.  This  species 
is  one  of  the  most  characteristic  members  of  the  Merchantville  clay  marl 
fauna,  where  it  sometimes  occurs  in  considerable  numbers." — Weller, 
1907. 

The  species  is  not  known  from  Maryland,  but  it  occurs  in  the  form  of 
poorly-preserved  casts  along  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal  in  Dela- 
ware. It  is  readily  recognizable  by  the  well-rounded  gibbous  valves  and 
the  irregular  elevated  radial  lirse.  The  more  southern  and  apparently 
later  P.  Conradi  described  by  Conrad  under  the  name  of  P.  occidentalis 
has  been  accepted  as  a  synonym  by  the  later  workers,  although  the  two 
shells  are  obviously  distinct.  The  northern  form  runs  larger  than  the 
southern,  is  much  more  nearly  cylindrical  and  less  trigonal  in  outline,  the 
umbones  are  broader,  more  evenly  rounded,  set  farther  back  from  the  ante- 
rior extremity  and  very  much  less  prominent. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAX  FORMATION.  Posts  218  and  105,  Briar  Point, 
Post  156,  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  Delaware. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey. 


632  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Outside  Distribution.-— Magothy  Formation.  Cliffwood  clay,  New 
Jersey.  Matawan  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl,  Woodbury  clay, 
New  Jersey. 

PHOLADOMYA  CONRADI  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXXVIII,  Fig.  1 

Pholadomya  occidentalis  Conrad,  1860,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser., 

vol.  iv.,  p.  276. 
Pholadomya  occidentalis  Owen,  1860,  2d  Kept.  Geol.  Recon.  Ark.,  pi.  viii, 

fig.  9. 

Description. — "  Subovate,  very  inequilateral,  inflated  anteriorly ;  ribs 
about  twenty-five,  irregular,  prominent,  acute,  posteriorly  distant,  crenu- 
latecl  by  rugose  concentric  striae,  on  the  umbo  tuberculato-crenate ; 
summit  very  prominent;  anterior  margin  obliquely  truncated.  Length 
3£  inches,  height  2|  inches.'' — Conrad,  1860. 

Type  Locality. — Tippah  County,  Mississippi. 

Shell  very  thin  and  nacreous,  approximately  equivalve,  very  inequi- 
lateral ;  umbones  rather  narrow  and  compressed,  obtusely  angulated,  rising 
high  above  the  dorsal  margin,  almost  at  the  anterior  extremity ;  anterior 
end  broadly  and  very  feebly  arcuate;  posterior  end  symmetrically  pro- 
duced and  strongly  arcuate;  external  surface  sculptured  with  twenty-five 
or  twenty-six  sharply  elevated  radial  lirae,  beaded  in  the  umbonal  region 
by  the  intersecting  incrementals  and  minutely  undulated  by  the  growth 
sculpture  even  to  the  ventral  margin. 

Pholadomya  conradi  n.  sp.  has  been  confused  with  P.  occidentalis 
Morton,  so  characteristic  of  the  Xew  Jersey  and  Delaware  Matawan.  The 
later  species  (P.  conradi)  runs  smaller  and  is  less  inflated  in  general  out- 
line, while  the  very  high,  rather  narrow,  subangulated  umbones,  rising 
from  the  extreme  anterior  end  of  the  shell,  lend  it  an  aspect  that  is  very 
characteristic  and  quite  distinct  from  the  subcylindrical  outline  of  P.  occi- 
dantalis  Morton. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 


MARYLAND  .GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  633 

Outside  Distribution. — Ripley  Formation.  Exogyra  costata  zone, 
Eufaula,  Alabama ;  Union  and  Tippah  counties,  Mississippi.  Extreme 
top  of  zone,  Chattahoochee  River,  Alabama. 

Family  ANATINIDAE 

Genus  PER1PLOMYA  Conrad 
[Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  July,  1870,  vol.  vi,  p.  76] 

=  Leptomya  Conrad,  1867.    Not  Leptomya  A.  Adams,  1864. 

=  Plicomya  Stoliczka,  November,  1870. 

Type.— Periploma  appUcata  Conrad. 

"  Elongated,  inequivalve,  thin,  perlaceous,  gaping  anteriorly ;  hinge 
with  a  projecting  spoon-shaped  cartilage  process,  narrowing  gradually 
towards  the  inferior  end,  which  is  acutely  rounded;  this  process  joins  an 
oblique  callosity  which  extends  to  the  cardinal  margin ;  an  obsolete  rib  and 
fissure  run  obliquely  from  the  anterior  side  of  the  apex.  This  genus, 
which  is  allied  to  Anatina,  differs  from  it  in  having  a  tapering  cartilage 
process  attached  to  a  rib  or  support  which  joins  the  hinge  margin  ante- 
riorly; and  in  having  the  fissure  anterior  to  the  apex,  and  running 
obliquely  towards  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  ventral  margin.  This 
genus  is  known  in  this  country  only  by  one  species,  which  is  found  in  the 
Eipley  group  of  the  Cretaceous  era.  Judging  from  external  characters 
and  outline  of  the  shells,  I  should  suppose  that  d'Orbigny's  Periploma  robi- 
naldina,  P.  necomiensis  and  P.  simplex  are  species  of  Leptimya,  which 
genus  probably  became  extinct  with  the  Cretaceous  fauna.  The  gape  of 
the  anterior  is  moderate,  and  valves  but  slightly  reflexed,  in  which  respects 
it  differs  essentially  from  Anatina"1 — Conrad,  1867. 

FEUIPLOMYA  ELLIPTICA  Gabb 

Anatina  elliptica  Gabb,  1862,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.  for  1861,  p.  324. 
Anatina  elliptica  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur., 
p.  15. 

Etymology:  (?)A  name  suggested  by  the  resemblance  of  the  form  to 
Periploma  and  Mya. 

1  Conrad,  1867,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  iii,  p.  15. 


634  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Anatina  elliptica  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  727. 
Periplomya  elliptica  Gabb,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  305. 
Periplomya  elliptica  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  177, 

pi.  xxiii,  figs.  14,  15. 

Periplomya  elliptica  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  13. 
Periplomya  elliptica  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 
p.  522,  pi.  Ivii,  figs.  8-11. 

Description. — "  Shell  subelliptical,  equivalve,  nearly  equilateral ;  beak 
central,  pointing  posteriorly,  very  small,  umbones  small.  Cardinal  mar- 
gin slightly  convex.  Buccal  margin  broad,  nearly  straight  and  sloping 
inwards  towards  the  basal  edge,  which  is  very  broadly  rounded,  being 
nearly  straight  just  opposite  the  beaks.  Anal  extremity  hardly  more  than 
half  as  broad  as  the  buccal,  and  with  the  hinge  line  between  it  and  the 
beaks,  regularly  concave.  There  is  a  broadly  rounded  ridge  extending 
from  the  umbones  towards  the  anterior  basal  margin,  gradually  becoming 
obsolete  as  it  approaches  the  edge.  Shell  thin,  and  marked  on  the  surface 
by  small,  irregular  concentric  ridges.  Length  0.9  inch  (from  beaks  to  basal 
margin),  width  1.3  inch."— Gabb,  1862. 

Type  Locality. — Mullica  Hill,  New  Jersey. 

"  Shell  small,  inequivalve,  and  very  inequilateral,  subovate  in  outline, 
largest  across  the  anterior  side  of  the  beaks,  and  strongly  constricted  just 
behind  them,  the  posterior  end  being  narrowed  on  the  hinge  line  and  exca- 
vated at  this  point.  Valves  somewhat  ventricose,  the  right  one  less  con- 
vex than  the  left,  and  very  decidedly  depressed  in  the  central  region  and 
toward  the  basal  line,  showing  a  decided  twist  or  arcuation  of  the  valves  as 
seen  in  a  basal  view.  Anterior  end  broadly  rounded,  and  the  posterior 
pointedly  rounded.  Beaks  small,  appressed,  incurved,  and  apparently 
directed  backward,  as  is  usual  in  this  group  of  shells,  from  the  expansion 
of  inflation  of  the  anterior  side  of  the  hinge  line.  Cardinal  margin,  as 
seen  on  the  cast,  inflected  both  in  front  of  and  behind  the  beaks,  forming 
an  apparent  lunule  and  escutcheon  on  the  cast,  probably  produced  mainly 
from  a  thickening  of  the  hinge  plate  within.  Muscular  imprints  and 
pallial  line  and  hinge  not  observed." — Whitfield,  1885. 

A  single  imperfect  cast  has  been  referred  to  this  species.  It  shows, 
however,  the  compressed  valves,  the  acute  umbones  and  the  constriction 
behind  the  umbones  which  characterize  the  species. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  635 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brooks  estate  near  Seat  Pleas- 
ant, Prince  George's  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences. 

Outside  Distribution. — Manasquan  Formation.     ?  New  Jersey. 

Superfamily   ENSIPHONACEA 
Family  POROMYACIDAE 

Genus  LIOPISTHA   Meek 
[Check  List  Invt.  Foss.  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.,  1864,  p.  32] 

Type. — Cardium  elegantulum  Eoemer. 

"  Shell  equivalve,  inequilateral,  transversely  subovate,  being  usually 
narrower,  more  compressed,  and  often  subrostrate  behind,  and  ventricose 
in  the  central  and  umbonal  regions,  nearly  always  extremely  thin; 
extremities  rounded  in  outline,  the  posterior  side  usually  a  little  gaping ; 
surface  granular,  and  varying,  according  to  the  sections  and  species,  from 
radiately  costate  on  the  flanks  and  front  of  the  valves,  to  strongly  undu- 
late concentrically,  with  only  a  few  impressed,  radiating  lines  on  the 
middle,  or  rarely  nearly  smooth,  concentrically  striate,  or  furrowed,  with 
obsolescent  radiating  striae ;  dorsal  margins  generally  inflected  so  as  to 
form  a  sort  of  false  area  along  its  entire  length ;  hinge  with  two  promi- 
nent cardinal  teeth  projecting  out  at  right  angles  from  close  up  under 
the  hinge  line,  beneath  the  beak  of  the  right  valve  (the  posterior  tooth 
being  larger  and  compressed,  and  the  anterior  pointed),  and  one  promi- 
nent and  one  rudimentary  cardinal  tooth  under  that  of  the  left;  lateral 
teeth,  none;  ligament  external;  fulcra  short  and  erect.  Pallial  line 
unknown. 

" Liopistha  Meek  (typical). — Shell  transversely  subovate,  ornamented, 
excepting  on  the  posterior  dorsal  portions  of  the  valves,  by  regular,  simple, 
well-defined,  sometimes  subcrenate,  radiating  costa?." — Meek,  1876.1 

The  genus  is  restricted  in  its  distribution  to  the  Cretaceous. 

A.  Secondary  radial  sculpture  not  developed Liopistha  protexta 

B.  Secondary  radial  sculpture  developed Liopistha  alternata 

Etymology:  Xeios,  smooth;  S-n-iffOei',  behind. 
1  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Terr.,  vol.  ix,  p.  227. 

42 


G36  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

LIOPISTHA  PKOTEXTA  Conrad 
Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  15 

Cardium,  protextum  Conrad,  1853,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol. 

ii,  p.  275,  pi.  xxiv,  fig.  12. 
Fragilia  protexta  Conrad,  1860,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol. 

iv,  p.  275. 
Papyridea  (Liopistha)  protexta  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  12. 

Liopistha  protexta  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  726. 
Liopistha  protexta  Meek,  1876,  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Territories,  vol. 

ix,  p.  227;  text  figs.  20-24. 
Liopistha  protexta  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  140, 

pi.  xx,  figs.  1-3. 
Liopistha  inflata  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  142, 

pi.  xx,  figs.  4,  5. 

Liopistha  protexta  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  13. 
Liopistha  protexta  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  526,  pi.  Iviii,  figs.  4-6. 

Description. — "  Suboval  or  subtriangular,  inequilateral,  ventricose ; 
ribs  about  twenty-eight  in  number,  narrow,  rounded,  obsolete  on  the 
posterior  subraargin;  posterior  extremity  obliquely  truncated;  beaks 
prominent ;  basal  margin  rounded ;  umbonal  slope  undefined ;  posterior 
end  gaping.  (A  cast.)  " — Conrad,  1853. 

Type  Locality. — Burlington  County,  New  Jersey. 

Shell  of  moderate  size  and  rather  heavy  for  the  genus,  gaping  pos- 
teriorly, transversely  ovate-trigonal  in  outline,  evenly  inflated,  the  maxi- 
mum diameter  falling  near  the  medial  portion  of  the  shell;  umbones 
evenly  rounded,  the  apices  proximate,  incurved  and  feebly  opisthogyrate, 
set  a  little  in  front  of  the  median  vertical  and  well  up  above  the  dorsal 
margins;  anterior  and  posterior  dorsal  slopes  very  gentle,  the  posterior 
a  little  more  produced  and  not  quite  so  low  as  the  anterior ;  anterior  end 
well  rounded,  posterior  end  obscurely  truncate;  base  line  strongly  and 
symmetrically  arcuate;  external  surface  sculptured  with  twenty-six  to 
thirty-five  angular  radials,  approximately  uniform  in  size  and  spacing 
over  the  medial  portion  of  the  shell,  separated  by  slightly  wider  concave 
interspaces;  radials  diminishing  in  prominence  anteriorly  but  persistent 
almost  to  the  margin,  evanescing  much  more  abruptly  posteriorly,  leav- 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  637 

ing  the  posterior  sixth  of  the  shell  smooth;  incremental  sculpture  over- 
running the  radials  and  minutely  nodulating  them  in  the  umbonal 
region,  imbricating  them  away  from  the  umbones ;  characters  of  interior 
not  known. 

Liopistha  protexia  Conrad  is  abundant  and  widespread  in  the  Upper 
Cretaceous  of  the  East  Coast  and  Gulf.  For  that  reason  and  because  its 
stratigraphic  distribution  is  apparently  restricted  it  has  been  used  by 
Stephenson 1  as  the  guide  fossil  for  the  so-called  Liopistha  protexta  sub- 
zone  which  he  has  traced  through  Georgia,  Alabama  and  Mississippi. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Bohemia  Mills,  Cecil  County; 
Millersville,  Anne  Arundel  County;  Brightseat,  Brooks  estate  near  Seat 
Pleasant,  railroad  cut  1  mile  west  of  Seat  Pleasant,  2  miles  south  of  Oxon 
Hill,  Prince  George's  County,  Maryland.  EANCOCAS  FORMATION. 
Noxontown  Pond,  Delaware. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  ?  Wenonah  sand,  New 
Jersey.  Monmouth  Formation.  Navesink  marl,  Eed  Bank  sand  and 
Tinton  beds,  New  Jersey.  Peedee  Formation.  North  and  South  Caro- 
lina. Ripley  Formation.  Exogyra  costata  zone,  Eufaula,  Alabama; 
Chickasaw,  Lee,  Pontotoc,  Union,  Tippah  and  Alcorn  counties,  Mississippi. 
Extreme  top  of  zone,  Pataula  Creek,  Georgia;  Chattahoochee  River,  Ala- 
bama. Selma  Formation.  Exogyra  costata  zone,  Wilcox  County,  Ala- 
bama ;  east-central  Mississippi. 

LIOPISTHA  ALTERNATA  Weller 

Liopistha  alternata  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 
p.  527,  pi.  Iviii,  figs.  7-9. 

Description. — "  The  dimensions  of  an  average  left  valve  are :  Length 
22  mm.,  height  15.5  mm.,  convexity  7  mm.  Shell,  exclusive  of  the  pro- 
jecting beaks,  subelliptical  in  outline.  Beaks  central,  or  in  some  speci- 
mens apparently  a  little  back  of  the  center,  their  apices  pointed,  elevated 

1  Prof.  Paper,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  81. 


638  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

above  the  hinge  line,  strongly  incurved  and  nearly  or  quite  in  contact. 
Antero-cardinal  slope  slightly  concave  or  nearly  straight ;  anterior  margin 
rather  sharply  rounded ;  basal  margin  broadly  and  regularly  convex ;  pos- 
terior margin  rather  sharply  rounded  above  to  the  posterior  extremity  of 
the  hinge  line ;  post-cardinal  slope  more  concave  than  the  anterior.  Valves 
ventricose  or  inflated  in  the  umbonal  region,  the  surface  curving  abruptly 
to  the  cardinal  margin,  convex  to  the  anterior  and  ventral  margins,  more 
or  less  compressed  to  the  postero-cardinal  extremity;  slightly  gaping  pos- 
teriorly. Surface  marked  with  forty  or  more  angular,  radiating  costa?  in 
adult  shells,  the  alternate  ones  being  conspicuously  larger.  The  smaller 
costae  are  intercalated  between  the  larger  ones  and  do  not  reach  the  beak, 
so  that  in  very  young  shells  the  alternation  of  costae  does  not  exist ;  upon 
the  posterior,  more  or  less  compressed  portion  of  the  valves  the  costae  are 
nearly  or  quite  obsolete.  Distinct  impressions  of  the  external  surface  of 
the  shells  show  them  to  be  marked  by  fine,  indistinct  lines  of  growth ; 
they  also  show  each  costa,  both  the  larger  ones  and  the  smaller  ones,  to  be 
surmounted  by  a  row  of  fine  tubercles  or  short  spines,  whose  distance 
apart  is  less  than  the  spaces  between  the  costse;  the  radiating  lines  of 
tubercles  are  also  present  upon  the  posterior  non-costate  portion  of  the 
shell.  This  species  can  be  easily  distinguished  from  /,.  profe.rta  by  the 
alternating  costae  and  the  more  central  position  of  the  beaks.  These  two 
species  have  never  been  observed  associated  in  the  same  fauna,  /,.  aHernata 
being  characteristic  of  the  Merchantville,  while  L.  protexta  is  especially 
characteristic  of  the  Navesink." — Weller,  1907. 

The  occurrence  in  Maryland  is  restricted  to  a  single  broken  valve,  but 
it  is  sufficient  to  show  the  diagnostic  development  of  a  secondary  radial 
lineation. 

Occurrence.— MATAWAN  FORMATION.  Summit  Bridge,  Chesapeake 
and  Delaware  Canal,  Delaware. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  New  Jersey  Geological  Sur- 
vey, U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl, 
New  Jersey.  Eutaw  Formation  (Tombigbee  sand  member).  Exogyra 
ponderosa  zone,  Mortoniceras  subzone,  Georgia :  Perry  County.  Alabama. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  639 

Family  CUSPIDAR1DAE 

Genus  CUSPIDARIA  Nardo 
[Ann.  Sci.,  Lombardo  Veneto,  vol.  x,  1840,  p.  49] 

Ty/ic. — Tellina  cuspidata  Olivi. 

Shell  minutely  pyriform  in  outline,  feebly  inequivalve,  strongly  inequi- 
lateral, the  anterior  portion  of  the  shell  inflated,  the  posterior  abruptly 
constricted  and  compressed;  squarely  truncate,  gaping. 

"  The  shells  of  Cuspidaria  possess  an  internal  ligament,  received  in 
each  valve  in  a  more  or  less  differentiated  groove  or  fossette,  which  may 
project  from  the  umbonal  angle  of  the  hinge  margin,  or  be  more  or  less 
adherent  to  the  anterior  or  posterior  slope  of  this  angle.  They  may  have 
one  anterior  and  one  posterior  cardinal  and  lateral  tooth  in  valve,  any 
one  of  which  (or  all  in  the  genus  ?  Myonera)  may  be  entirely  absent. 
Beside  the  teeth  the  hinge  is  reinforced  in  many  cases  by  a  buttress 
extending  in  a  direction  vertical  to  the  valve  from  the  hidden  surface  of 
the  hinge  margin,  posterior  to  the  umbonal  angle.  This  buttress  may 
consist  of  the  vertical  plate  above  mentioned  and  a  thickened  rib  curving 
round  in  front  of  the  posterior  muscular  scar,  and  then  directed  poste- 
riorly, becoming  almost  immediately  obsolete.  Or  the  posterior  muscular 
insertion  may  be  elongate  and  narrow,  and  the  buttress  take  the  form  of  a 
"  clavicle  "  or  myophore,  elongated,  parallel  with  the  posterior  hinge 
margin  and  separating  the  two  posterior  muscular  scars.  The  muscles  are 
not  always  inserted  upon  the  buttress,  but  may  be  above  and  in  front  of 
it.  Its  purpose  would  seem  to  be  that  of  strengthening  the  valve,  almost 
always  thin  and  fragile,  against  sudden  contractions  of  the  muscles,  and 
to  support  the  cardinal  border,  and  especially  the  strong  posterior  lateral 
tooth  found  in  many  species.  When  this  tooth  is  found  in  a  species  which 
has  no  posterior  lateral  in  the  other  valve,  the  valve  which  has  a  tooth  shows 
the  buttress  stronger  than  the  other,  indicating  its  function  as  a  support 
for  the  tooth ;  but  when  elongated  and  clavicular  there  is  little  difference 
between  the  buttresses  of  opposite  valves,  indicating  that  in  such  cases 
the  function  is  the  strengthening  of  the  valve  itself.  The  presence  of 
the  buttress  is.  in  my  opinion,  important  only  in  a  minor  degree,  except 

Etymology:    Cuspis,  cuspidis;  a  lance,  a  point. 


640  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

when  it  takes  the  clavicular  form,  as,  in  different  species  of  the  same  group, 
and  even  in  individuals  of  the  ^ame  species,  its  size  and  prominence  vary 
very  greatly.  Adriatic  specimens  of  the  typical  species,  C.  cuspidata, 
show  a  strong  buttress;  British  specimens  of  the  same  species  often  show 
it  faintly  or  not  at  all,  while  otherwise  well  developed.  The  names 
Naera,  Rhinomya,  Aulacophora,  Spathophora,  and  Trophidophora,  among 
those  which  have  been  applied  to  members  of  this  group,  by  Gray,  Adams, 
and  Jeffreys,  are  all  preoccupied  in  zoological  nomenclature,  some  of  them 
several  times  over. 

"  The  characters  of  radiating  and  concentric  sculpture  in  this  group 
have  no  more  than  a  specific  value ;  there  are  few  species  where  they  tire 
not  more  or  less  combined  in  the  external  ornamentation.  The  surface 
may  be  polished,  smooth,  wrinkled,  sulcate,  or  granulous.  The  anterior 
muscular  scar  is  double  or  single,  the  posterior  scar  double,  in  all  the 
specimens  I  have  seen  where  the  scars  could  be  made  out." — Dall,  1886. ' 

The  genus  was  initiated  in  the  Mesozoic  and  persists  in  the  recent  seas 
as  one  of  the  characteristic  deep  water  forms.  One  species,  C.  lucifuga 
Fischer,  has  been  reported  from  over  2500  fathoms. 

A.  Latitude  of  adult  shell  not  exceeding  8  mm.;  anterior  portion  of  shell 

not  evenly  inflated,  tending  to  flatten  toward  the  anterior  lateral  and 
ventral  margins Cuspidaria  ampulla 

B.  Latitude  of  adult  shell  exceeding  8   mm.;    anterior   portion  of  shell 

evenly  inflated,  not  flattened  toward  the  anterior  lateral  and  ventral 
margins Cuspidaria  cucurbita 

CUSPIDARIA  AMPULLA  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXXVII,  Figs.  6,  ? 

Description. — Shell  small,  even  for  the  genus,  thin,  approximately 
equivalve,  strongly  inequilateral,  highly  inflated  in  the  umbonal  region 
and  the  medial  portion  of  the  disk,  flattening  a  little  toward  the  anterior 
and  ventral  margins  of  the  shell  and  abruptly  compressed  posteriorly; 
umbones  inflated  even  to  their  apices,  proximate,  incurved,  feebly  opistho- 
gyrate,  rising  well  above  the  dorsal  margin,  a  little  in  front  of  the  median 
horizontal;  anterior  dorsal  margin  steeply  descending;  posterior  dorsal 

1  Bull.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.,  Harvard  Coll.,  1886,  p.  292. 


MAEYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  641 

margin  feebly  excavated ;  anterior  lateral  margin  rounding  obliquely  into 
the  base;  posterior  very  short  and  squarely  truncate;  base  line  smoothly 
convex  in  the  anterior  and  medial  portion,  rapidly  ascending  and  very 
feebly  concave  behind  the  median  vertical ;  external  sculpture  very  feeble, 
little  more,  indeed,  than  irregular  incremental  striations;  character  of 
hinge  and  interior  not  known. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  4.75  mm.,  latitude  6.75  mm.,  diameter,  4  mm. 

It  is  separated  from  Cuspidaria  cucurbita  n.  sp.  by  its  smaller  size  and 
less  produced  and  less  evenly  inflated  anterior  end.  The  type  is  unique. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

CUSPIDARIA  CUCURBITA  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXXVII,  Figs.  4,  5 

Description. — Shell  of  moderate  size  for  the  genus,  oblique,  minutely 
gourd-shaped;  subequivalved,  the  right  valve  a  little  the  more  inflated; 
umbones  gibbous,  incurved,  the  apices  proximate  and  opisthogyrate,  placed 
a  little  behind  the  median  horizontal;  anterior  dorsal  margin  gently 
sloping ;  lateral  margin  obscurely  truncate ;  posterior  portion  of  shell 
abruptly  contracted  and  compressed,  behind  the  umbones ;  posterior  dorsal 
margin  feebly  excavated,  the  short  lateral  margin  squarely  truncate ;  base 
line  arcuate  in  the  anterior  and  medial  portion,  rapidly  ascending  pos- 
teriorly; characters  of  surface  and  interior  not  known. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  7  mm.,  latitude  10.5  mm.,  maximum  diameter 
of  double  valves  6  mm. 

The  cast  of  the  double  valves  from  which  the  shell  is  described  suggests 
in  its  outline  a  miniature  drinking  gourd,  the  evenly  inflated  anterior  and 
medial  portion  forming  the  cup,  the  abruptly  constricted  posterior  por- 
tion the  neck.  The  species  is  probably  a  close  relative  of  Cuspidaria  ven- 
tricosa  Meek  and  Hayden,  but  it  is  much  more  oblique  than  the  latter,  and 
differs  further  in  that  the  base  line  is  not  excavated  at  the  rostrum.  From 
Cuspidaria  ampulla  n.  sp.  it  is  separated  not  only  by  the  larger  size  but 


642  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

by  the  more  produced  and  much  more  evenly  inflated  anterior  portion  of 
the  shell. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAN  FORMATION.  Three-quarters  of  a  mile  south- 
east of  Ulmstead  Point,  Anne  Arundel  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

order  TELEODESMACEA 

Superfamily  CYPR1CARDIACEA 
Family  PLEUROPHORIDAE 

Genus  VENIELLA  Stoliczka 
(Mem.  Geol.  Survey  of  India,  Cret.  Fauna  S.  India,  1871,  vol.  iii,  p.  189) 

=  Venilia  Morton  1833,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  1st  ser.,  vol.  xxiii,  p.  294.  Xot 
Venilia  Dupouch  1829,  a  Lepidopteran  genus. 

Type. — Venilia  conradi  Morton. 

"  Shell  ventricose,  inflated,  with  the  beaks  outwardly  incurved,  more  or 
less  distant,  a  long  narrow  ligamental  furrow  running  from  them  pos- 
teriorly, situated  above  strong  fulcra;  hinge  with  two  cardinal  and  one 
posterior  lateral  tooth  in  each  valve;  right  valve  with  the  supra-posterior 
cardinal  tooth,  generally  bifid  anteriorly  with  a  hook-like  downward  bent 
prolongation,  infero-anterior  cardinal  smaller,  lamelliform,  or  more  or  less 
tubercular,  separated  from  the  other  tooth  by  a  more  or  less  horizontally 
extending  flexuous  groove  into  which  the  infero-anterior  cardinal  tooth 
of  the  left  valve  fits ;  the  supero-posterior  cardinal  of  this  valve  is  moder- 
ately prolonged,  single  or  indistinctly  bifid." — Stoliczka,  1871. 

The  shell  is  rude  and  heavy  and,  as  a  rule,  subtrapezoidal  or  quadrate 
in  outline  with  a  more  or  less  clearly  differentiated  lunule  and  escutcheon 
and  an  angulated  posterior  keel.  Irregular  concentric  sculpture  is  usually 
developed,  but  it  is  rarely  more  than  a  modification  of  the  heavy  incre- 
mentals.  The  adductor  impressions,  particularly  the  anterior,  are  distinct 
or  even  excavated,  as  is  so  frequently  the  case  in  the  heavy  bivalves.  The 
pallial  line  is  entire. 

The  Cretaceous  apparently  marks  the  initiation  and  the  culmination 
of  Veniella,  although  it  survived  in  diminished  numbers  into  the  Tertiary. 

Etymology:  A  modification  of  Morton's  pre-occupied  Venilia,  the  name  of 
one  of  the  nymphs  of  Roman  mythology. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  643 

VENIELLA  CONRADI   (Morton)   Stoliczka 
Plate  XXXVIII,  Figs.  2-7 

Venilia  conradi  Morton,   1833,   Am.   Jour.    Sci.,    1st   ser.,   xxiii,   p.   294,   pi. 

viii,  figs.  1,  2. 
Venilia  conradi  Morton,  1834,  Syn.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Group,  U.  S.,  p.  67,  pi. 

viii,  figs.  1,  2. 

Venilia  trigona  Gabb,  1862,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  for  1861,  p.  324. 
Venilia  conradi  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur., 

p.  13. 
Venilia  trigona  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur., 

p.  13. 

Venilia  conradi  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  727. 
Goniosoma  inflata  Conrad,  1869,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  v,  p.  44,  pi.  i,  fig.  10. 
Venilia  elevata  Conrad,  1870,  Ibidem,  vol.  vi,  p.  74,  pi.  iii,  figs.  7,  7a. 
Veniella  conradi  Stoliczka,  1871,  Mem.  Geol.  Survey  of  India,  Pal.,  Cret. 

Fauna  Southern  India,  vol.  iii,  p.  190. 
Veniella  conradi  Meek,  1876,  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Territories,  vol.  ix,  p. 

148,  text  figures  9-11. 
Veniella  conradi  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  144, 

pi.  xix,  figs.  8-10. 

Veniella  trigona  Whitfield,  1885,  Ibidem,  p.  149,  pi.  xix,  figs.  11-14. 
Veniella  inflata  Whitfield,  1885,  Ibidem,  p.  147,  pi.  xix,  figs.  4,  5. 
Veniella  elevata  Whitfield,  1885,  Ibidem,  p.  148,  pi.  xix,  figs.  6,  7. 
Veniella  conradi  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  13. 
Veniella  trigona  Johnson,  1905,  Ibidem. 
Veniella  elevata  Johnson,  1905,  Ibidem. 
Veniella  inflata  Johnson,  1905,  Ibidem. 
Veniella  conradi  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv,  p. 

534,  pi.  Iviii,  figs.  18,  19. 
Veniella  trigona  Weller,  1907,  Ibidem,  p.  537,  pi.  lix,  figs.  1-3. 

Description. — "  Trigonal,  ventricose,  concentrically  sulcated ;  beaks 
long  and  incurved;  diameter  an  inch  and  a  half." — Morton,  1833. 

Type  Locality. — New  Jersey. 

Shell  thick,  heavy,  prismatic,  rudely  cordate  or  trigonal  in  outline ; 
umbones  very  prominent,  inflated  to  their  very  apices,  which  are  turned 
inward  and  forward,  and  placed  in  the  adult  forms  within  the  anterior 
third;  posterior  carina  strongly  denned,  persisting  from  the  umbones  to 
the  posterior  ventral  margin ;  lunule  very  wide,  differentiated  by  a  faintly 
incised  line  and  the  evanescence  of  the  heavy  concentric  sculpture; 
escutcheon  suggested  by  an  obscure  keel  running  from  the  umbones  to  the 
extremity  of  the  dorsal  margin  at  a  distance  a  little  more  than  midway 


644  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

between  the  posterior  carina  and  the  hinge  margin ;  escutcheon  much  more 
sharply  denned  in  the  young  forms  than  in  the  adults ;  anterior  portion 
of  shell  smoothly  rounded,  even  nasute  in  the  young;  base  line  approxi- 
mately horizontal;  posterior  dorsal  and  distal  margins  merging  into  one 
another  in  the  adults,  the  lateral  margin  squarely  truncate  in  the  young ; 
external  surface  broadly  corrugated  in  the  umbonal  region,  the  summits 
of  the  obtuse  ridges  thus  formed  crowned  with  sharp  laminar  plates  uni- 
form in  thickness  throughout  their  extent,  although  the  altitude  attained 
sometimes  approaches  a  centimeter;  laminae  often  broken  away  leaving 
only  a  faint  scar  which  is  soon  eradicated  by  exposure;  the  number  of 
processes  thus  developed  rarely  exceeding  five;  ventral  portion  of  adult 
shell  evenly  rounded  and  sculptured  only  with  heavy  growth  lines  and 
crowded  resting  stages;  ligament  external,  opisthodetic,  seated  upon  a 
short  but  rather  stout  nymph;  hinge  plate  heavy,  two  cardinals  in  the 
right  valve,  the  anterior  trigonal  and  placed  opposite  the  lateral,  the  pos- 
terior robust,  obliquely  elongated  and  compressed,  feebly  sulcated 
medially;  a  stout  rounded  anterior  lateral  tubercle  developed  on  the 
ventral  side  of  the  hinge  plate  near  the  anterior  cardinal ;  posterior  lateral 
grooved,  profound,  the  inner  surfaces  finely  striated  transversely;  two 
cardinals  present  also  in  the  left  valve,  both  of  them  posteriorly  produced, 
the  anterior  stout  and  feebly  sulcated,  the  posterior  laminar  and  united 
with  the  basal  margin ;  anterior  lateral  sharp,  trigonal  with  a  deep  pocket 
behind  it  for  the  reception  of  the  corresponding  lateral  in  the  right  valve ; 
posterior  lateral  elevated,  produced;  muscle  impressions  distinct,  the 
anterior  excavated ;  pallial  line  entire. 

The  young  of  the  species  are  subquadrate  in  outline  and  when  fully 
armed  present  a  very  different  aspect  from  the  cordate  adults  from  which 
the  laminar  plates  have  been  broken  away  and  all  traces  of  them  obliter- 
ated. However,  all  the  changes  in  outline  and  sculpture  may  be  observed 
in  a  single  individual  so  that  there  is  no  doubt  of  the  absolute  identity 
of  the  V.  conradi  and  V.  trigona. 

Even  though  there  were,  Morton's  well-figured  type  is  a  fully  adult 
form  with  all  the  characters  of  the  individual  described  later  by  Gabb 
under  the  name  of  V.  trigona. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  645 

The  species  is  unusually  abundant  and  well  preserved  at  Brightseat, 
Prince  George's  County. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  ?  Good  Hope  Hill,  District  of 
Columbia.  MATAWAN  FORMATION.  Post  157,  Chesapeake  and  Delaware 
Canal,  Delaware;  Ulmstead  Point,  Anne  Arundel  County,  Maryland. 
MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  ?  Millersville,  Anne  Arundel  County;  Bohemia 
Mills,  right  bank  of  Bohemia  Creek  near  Scotchman's  Creek,  Cecil  County ; 
east  of  mouth  of  Turner's  Creek,  Kent  County ;  Brightseat,  railroad  cut 
west  of  Seat  Pleasant,  Brooks  estate  near  Seat  Pleasant,  1  mile  west  of 
Friendly,  McNeys  Corners,  Fort  Washington,  Prince  George's  County, 
Maryland. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl, 
Wenonah  sand,  New  Jersey.  Monmouth  Formation.  Navesink  marl, 
Eed  Bank  sand  and  Tiiiton  beds,  New  Jersey.  Black  Creek  Formation. 
North  and  South  Carolina.  Eutaw  Formation  (Tombigbee  sand  mem- 
ber) .  Exogyra  ponderosa  zone,  Mortoniceras  subzone,  Georgia ;  Prentiss 
County,  Mississippi.  Transition  beds,  Eutaw  to  Selma.  Exogyra  pon- 
derosa zone,  Mortoniceras  subzone,  Dallas  County,  Alabama.  Ripley  For- 
mation. Exogyra  ponderosa  zone,  Barbour  County,  Alabama.  Extreme 
top  of  zone,  Pataula  Creek,  Georgia.  Selma  Formation.  Exogyra  pon- 
derosa zone,  Lee  County,  Mississippi.  Exogyra  costata  zone,  Wilcox 
County,  Alabama;  east-central  Mississippi. 

Superfamily  ASTARTACEA 
Family  CRASSATELLITIDAE 

Genus  CRASSATELLINA   Meek 
[Hayden,  2d  Kept.  Geol.  Survey,  Territories,  1871,  p.  300] 

Type. — Crassatellina  oblonga  Meek. 

"  Shell  transversely  trapezoidal,  equivalve,  inequilateral,  with  free 
margins  closed  and  smooth  within;  hinge  with  two  cardinal  teeth,  and 
one  elongated  anterior  and  one  posterior  lateral  tooth  in  each  valve; 

Etymology:    Diminutive  of  Crassatella. 


646  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

anterior  cardinal  tooth  of  the  left  valve  trigonal,  and  deeply  emarginato 
below ;  posterior  very  much  compressed,  oblique,  and  somewhat  elongated ; 
cardinal  teeth  of  right  valve  diverging,  with  a  triangular  pit  between  for 
the  reception  of  the  larger  triangular  tooth  of  the  other  valve;  anterior 
one  small,  oblique,  and  connected  at  its  upper  end  with  the  posterior 
extremity  of  the  anterior  lateral ;  posterior  larger,  oblique,  longitudinally 
furrowed,1  and  perhaps  emarginated  below,  while  just  behind  and  above 
it  there  is  a  narrow  oblique  slit,  or  pit,  for  the  reception  of  the  thin 
anterior  cardinal  of  the  other  valve ;  lateral  teeth  elongated  parallel  to  the 
cardinal  margins ;  the  anterior  one  of  the  right  valve,  and  the  posterior  of 
the  left,  apparently  continued  so  as  to  connect  with  the  upper  ends  of  the 
cardinal  teeth ;  ligament  external ;  pallial  line  simple. 

"  The  typical  species  of  this  genus  has  the  general  external  appearance 
of  a  Crassatella,  from  which  genus,  however,  it  is  clearly  removed  by  its 
hinge  characters,  though  evidently  belonging  to  the  same  family.  Its 
muscular  impressions  are  faintly  defined,  as  is  also  the  case  with  the 
pallial  line,  which  latter,  however,  can  be  followed  so  far  back  as  to  leave 
little  or  no  doubt  that  it  is  really  simple.  The  larger  trigonal  cardinal 
tooth  of  the  left  valve  is  probably  sometimes  so  deeply  emarginate  as  to 
give  it  an  A-shape."— Meek,  1876.2 

Meek's  belief  in  the  identity  of  the  two  genera  has  been  sustained  by 
later  paleontologists.  There  is  no  record  of  the  group  from  other  than 
Cretaceous  strata. 

CRASSATELLINA  CAROLINENSIS  (Conrad)   Meek 
Etea  carolinensis  Conrad,  1875,  Kerr's  Geol.  of  North  Carolina,  App.,  p.  6, 

pi.  i,  fig.  14. 
Crassatellina  carolinensis  Meek,  1876,  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Territories, 

vol.  ix,  pp.  119,  120. 

Etea  carolinensis  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  14. 
Etea  carolinensis  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  541,  pi.  lix,  figs.  4-6. 

Description. — "  Shell  suboval,  short,  equilateral,  compressed,  with  dis- 
tinct lines  of  growth ;  posterior  end  truncated,  nearly  direct." — Conrad, 
1875. 

1  The  furrow  of  this  tooth  is  too  strongly  defined  in  fig.  3d,  of  plate  2. 
3  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Territories,  vol.  ix,  pp.  119,  120. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  647 

Type  Locality.— Snow  Hill,  North  Carolina. 

"  The  dimensions  of  a  shell  of  average  size,  preserving  both  valves,  are : 
Length  33  mm.,  height  22.5  mm.,  thickness  14  mm.  Length  of  the  largest 
individual  observed,  14  mm.  Shell  very  oblique  and  inequilateral,  the 
beaks  obtuse,  slightly  incurved,  situated  about  three-eighths  of  the  entire 
length  of  the  shell  from  the  anterior  extremity.  Anterior  margin  some- 
what narrowly  rounded  and  passing  into  the  basal  margin ;  basal  margin 
moderately  convex  anteriorly,  becoming  straight  or  usually  slightly  con- 
cave posteriorly;  posterior-basal  extremity  acutely  angular;  posterior 
margin  rather  short,  obliquely  truncate;  postero-dorsal  margin  straight, 
except  near  the  beak  where  it  becomes  slightly  convex,  making  an  angle 
of  about  136°  with  the  truncate  posterior  margin.  Surface  of  the  shell 
marked  with  a  sharply  angular  or  subcarinate,  usually  straight,  umbonal 
ridge  passing  from  the  beak  to  the  postero-basal  extremity  of  the  shell; 
postero-dorsal  slope  concave  from  the  umbonal  ridge  to  the  cardinal  mar- 
gin, where  the  shell  is  sharply  inflected  to  form  a  large  and  nearly  flat 
escutcheon ;  in  front  of  the  umbonal  ridge  a  broad,  more  or  less  indefinite 
depression  passes  from  the  beak  to  the  sinuosity  in  the  posterior  portion 
of  the  ventral  margin ;  in  front  of  the  beak  the  surface  is  inflected  to  form 
a  rather  large  and  broad  lunule.  Entire  surface  of  the  shell  covered  with 
strong,  concentric  lines  of  growth  which  are  more  or  less  irregular  in  the 
strength  of  their  development.  Hinge  of  right  valve  with  a  large  bifid 
cardinal  tooth  directed  obliquely  backwards  from  beneath  the  beak,  and  a 
much  smaller  simple  one  directed  forward;  between  these  two  teeth  is  a 
deep  triangular  pit,  and  behind  the  posterior  one  is  a  much  narrower  pit ; 
two  large  lateral  teeth  are  present,  one  in  front  and  one  behind  the  beak, 
the  anterior  one  is  nearer  the  beak  with  a  broad  and  deep  pit  between  it 
and  the  hinge  line,  the  posterior  one  is  more  elongate  and  slender,  and  is 
also  separated  from  the  hinge  line  by  a  deep  pit.  The  hinge  of  the  left 
valve  has  two  cardinal  teeth,  a  large  bifid  one  immediately  beneath  the 
beak  and  a  thin,  very  oblique  one  behind,  with  a  large,  oblique,  triangular 
pit  between  the  two ;  there  are  two  strong  lateral  teeth,  one  in  front  and 
one  behind,  the  anterior  one  being  nearer  the  beak  and  usually  stronger 
but  not  so  much  extended  longitudinally  as  the  posterior  one.  Muscular 


648  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

impressions  large  and  strong,  of  abdut  equal  size ;  pallia!  line  parallel  with 
the  truncated  posterior  margin  for  a  short  distance  below  the  posterior 
muscular  impression,  then  bending  abruptly  forward  and  continuing  sub- 
parallel  with  the  shell  margin." — Weller,  1907. 

CrassatelUna  carolinensis  Conrad  is  represented  in  Maryland  and  Dela- 
ware by  a  single  imperfect  cast.  The  species  is  apparently  one  of  the  most 
reliable  guide  fossils  of  the  Exogyra  ponderosa  zone. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAN  FORMATION.  Post  105,  Chesapeake  and  Dela- 
ware Canal,  Delaware. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Marshalltown  clay  marl, 
New  Jersey.  Black  Creek  Formation.  North  and  South  Carolina. 
Pcedee  Formation.  North  and  South  Carolina.  Eutaw  Formation. 
Basal.  Exogyra  ponderosa  zone,  Eussell  County,  Alabama.  (Tombigbee 
sand  member).  Mortoniceras  subzone,  Georgia;  Eussell  County,  Ala- 
bama; Prentiss  County,  Mississippi.  Eipley  Formation.  Exogyra  pon- 
derosa zone,  Barbour  County,  Alabama.  Exogyra  costata  zone,  Union 
County,  Mississippi.  Extreme  top  of  zone,  Pataula  Creek,  Georgia.  Selma 
Formation.  Exogyra  costata  zone,  east-central  Mississippi. 

Genus  CRASSATELL1TES  Kriiger 
[Arch.  Neuest.  Entd.  Urwelt,  vol.  ii,  1828,  4661 

Type. — Crassatella  gibbosula  Lamarck. 

"  Shell  solid,  inequilateral,  slightly  inequivalve,  usually  subtrigonal, 
the  posterior  end  longer ;  valves  closed,  the  ligament  and  resilium  adjacent 
and  internal ;  hinge  of  three  cardinals  in  the  right  valve,  of  which  the  pos- 
terior is  more  or  less  effaced  by  the  resilium,  and  two  in  the  left  valve  ;  the 
anterior  edge  of  the  right  and  the  posterior  edge  of  the  left  hinge  margin 
grooved  to  receive  the  edge  of  the  opposite  valve,  which  is  bevelled  to 
serve  as  a  lateral  lamina ;  sculpture  chiefly  concentric  and  often  obsolete 
except  near  the  umbones." — Dall,  1903.1 

Etymology:    Crassus,  thick,  heavy. 

1  Trans.  Wagner  Free  Inst.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  iii,  pt.  vi,  pp.  1466,  1467. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  649 

The  genus  originated,  apparently,  in  the  Cretaceous,  culminated  in  the 
Tertiary,  and  is  represented  in  the  Recent  faunas  by  some  thirty  or  forty 
species  confined,  for  the  most  part,  to  the  tropical  seas.  In  the  East  Coast 
and  Gulf  Eocene,  and  in  the  East  Coast  Miocene,  the  genus  is  one  of  the 
most  prolific  and  conspicuous  of  any  of  the  bivalves. 

A.  Outline  ovate  or  ovate-trigonal,  not  conspicuously  produced  along  the 

posterior  keel. 

1.  External  surface  incrementally  sculptured  but  not  more  or  less 

regularly  lineated  from  umbones  to  base. 

a.  Shell  very  heavy,  especially  in  the  umbonal  region;  posterior 

carina  usually  prominent Crassatellites  vadosus 

b.  Shell  not  very  heavy  and  uniform  in  weight;  posterior  carina 

not  very  prominent Crassatellites  subplanus 

2.  External  surface  more  or  less  regularly  lineated  from  umbones 

to  base Crassatellites  linteus 

B.  Outline  alate,  conspicuously  produced  along  the  posterior  keel. 

Crassatellites  pteropsis 

CRASSATELLITES  VADOSUS   (Morton)   Johnson 
Plato  XXXIX,  Figs.  1-4 

Crassatella  vadosa  Morton,  1834,  Syn.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Group,  U.  S.,  p.  66, 

pi.  xiii,  fig.  12. 
Crassatella  ripleyana  Conrad,  1858,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser., 

vol.  iii,  p.  327,  pi.  xxxv,  fig.  3. 
Crassatella  vadosa  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Foss.,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur.. 

p.  11. 
Crassatella  vadosa  Stoliczka,  1871,  Mem.  Geol.  Survey  of  India,  Pal.  Indica, 

Cret.  Faunas  Southern  India,  vol.  iii,  p.  295. 

Crassatella  vadosa  Gabb,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  310. 
Crassatella  vadosa  Conrad,  1878,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  726. 
Crassatella  vadosa  "Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  116. 

pi.  xvii,  figs.  12-15. 

Crassatellites  vadosus  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  14. 
Crassatellites  ripleyana  Johnson,  1905,  Ibidem. 
Crassatellites  subplanus  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol. 

iv,  p.  553  (ex  parte),  pi.  Ixi,  figs.  1,  2(?). 

Description. — "  Ovato-triangular,  slightly  compressed ;  with  about 
thirty  distinct,  concentric  stria?.  Length  one  inch  and  a  quarter ;  breadth 
one  inch." — Morton,  1834. 

Type  Locality. — Prairie  Bluff,  Alabama. 

Shell  of  medium  size,  thick,  heavy,  rudely  trigonal  in  outline;  anterior 
and  lateral  margins  rounded,  posterior  more  or  less  produced  and  trun- 


650  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

cated,  ventral  margin  approximately  horizontal ;  umbones  orthogyrate  or 
turned  a  little  forward,  proximate,  often  thickened,  flattened  upon  their 
summits,  placed  back  from  the  anterior  margin  a  distance  of  one-third  the 
total  latitude;  lunule  broadly  lenticular,  sharply  denned,  the  portion  in 
the  left  valve  a  trifle  broader  and  more  feebly  striated  by  the  incrementals 
than  that  of  the  right;  escutcheon  more  sharply  defined,  broader  and  a 
trifle  larger  in  the  right  valve  than  in  the  left ;  posterior  area  outlined  by 
an  obtuse  ridge  passing  from  the  umbones  to  ths  posterior  ventral  margin  ; 
external  surface  sculptured  with  low,  concentric  ridges  close  set  but 
irregular  in  arrangement,  suggesting  an  exaggerated  incremental  sculp- 
ture ;  a  few  pronounced  resting  stages,  usually  developed  toward  the  ven- 
tral margin ;  radial  sculpture  manifested  only  in  the  sharp  denticulations 
on  the  inner  margins ;  hinge  plate  very  heavy,  ligament  pit  a  small  scoop- 
shaped  affair,  extending  obliquely  backward  from  directly  beneath  the  tips 
of  the  umbones;  cardinals  two  in  number  in  the  left  valve,  three  in  the 
right,  the  anterior  cardinal  of  the  right  very  thin  and  laminar,  and  fused 
at  the  base  with  the  dorsal  margin,  the  middle  cardinal  heavy,  trigonal, 
transversely  striated;  the  posterior  cardinal  laminar  largely  effaced  by 
the  resilium,  originating  near  the  base  of  the  anterior  cardinal  and  diverg- 
ing from  it  at  an  angle  of  approximately  60°,  cardinals  of  the  left  valve 
much  more  nearly  equal  than  those  of  the  right,  the  posterior  rather  thin, 
just  under  the  umbones  where  it  forms  the  anterior  margin  of  the 
ligament  pit,  but  expanding  rapidly  toward  its  ventral  extremity;  left 
cardinals  striated  on  their  inner  faces,  separated  by  a  deep  trigonal  pit 
for  the  reception  of  the  right  anterior  cardinal ;  small  sulcus  near  the  base 
of  the  left  posterior  cardinal  provided  for  the  laminar  posterior  cardinal 
of  the  right  valve;  no  trace  of  true  laterals  developed  but  the  posterior 
dorsal  margin  of  the  right  valve  and  the  anterior  dorsal  margin  of  left  valve 
bevelled  to  function  as  laterals  and  received  in  grooves  in  the  opposite 
valves;  muscle  impressions  subequal,  placed  near  the  median  horizontal, 
the  anterior  more  deeply  excavated  than  the  posterior ;  anterior  pedal  scar 
very  distinct,  set  under  the  hinge  plate  a  little  dorsal  to  the  anterior 
adductor;  pallia!  line  entire;  inner  margins  finely  crenulated  from  the 
ventral  extremity  of  the  lunule  to  the  ventral  extremity  of  the  escutcheon. 


MAJIYLAXD  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  G51 

C.  vadosus  Morton  shows  a  wide  range  of  variation  in  age  characters. 
The  young  are  thin,  rather  compressed  and  truncated  but  not  produced 
posteriorly ;  with  increasing  age  the  form  becomes  apparently  more  inflated 
because  of  the  umbonal  thickening,  and  obliquely  produced  posteriorly. 
(Plate  XXXII,  Fig.  3.) 

Conrad's  C.  ripleyana  is  doubtless  a  synonym,  which  includes  the  larger 
and  heavier  individuals.  The  young  are  quite  uniform  in  outline  and 
sculpture,  but  after  the  form  has  passed  the  typical  C.  vadosus  stage  there 
is  a  strong  tendency  for  it  to  become  produced  posteriorly  and  to  develop 
a  rather  heavy  carina  with  the  concomitant  medial  depression  stage  rep- 
resented by  the  (7.  ripleyana.  The  species  differs  constantly  from  C.  sub- 
planus  in  the  heavier,  less  compressed  and  more  inequilateral  shell,  the 
less  prominnent  keel  and  the  much  heavier  and  more  trigonal  hinge  plate. 

Although  the  species  has  not  been  reported  from  New  Jersey  it  would 
be  by  no  means  surprising  if  the  numerous  casts  from  the  Monmouth, 
which  have  been  referred  to  C.  subplanus  Conrad,  would  find  their  true 
affinities  with  C.  vadosus  Morton,  which  is  by  far  the  most  abundant  rep- 
resentative of  the  genus  in  Maryland  and  constitutes,  indeed,  one  of  the 
major  factors  in  the  Monmouth  fauna. 

Occurrence. — MOXMOUTH  FORMATIOX.  ?  Millersville,  Anne  Arundel 
County.  Brightseat,  railroad  cut  west  of  Seat  Pleasant,  Brooks  estate  near 
Seat  Pleasant,  Fort  Washington,  Prince  George's  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Monmouth  Formation.  Navesink  marl,  and 
Tinton  beds,  New  Jersey.  Ripley  Formation.  Exogyra  costata  zone, 
Union  and  Tippah  counties,  Mississippi.  Selma  Formation.  Exogyra 
costata  zone,  Wilcox  County,  Alabama;  east-central  Mississippi. 

CRASSATELLITES  SUBPLAXUS   (Conrad)   Johnson 

Crassatella  subplana  Conrad,   1853,  Jour.   Acad.   Nat.   Sci..   Phila.,  2d  ser., 

vol.  ii,  p.  274,  pi.  xxiv,  fig.  9. 
Crassatella  subplana  Meek,  1864,  Check.  List  Inv.  Foss.,  N.  A.  Cret.  and 

Jur.,  p.  11. 


652  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Crassatella  subplana  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.   S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p. 

121,  pi.  xviii,  figs.  14-16. 

Crassatellites  subplanus  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  14. 
Crassatellites  subplanus  Weller,   1907,   Geol.    Survey   of  New   Jersey,   Pal., 

vol.  iv,  p.  553  (ex  parte,  synonymy  excluded.) 

Description. — "  Subtriangular,  compressed  or  plano-convex ;  anterior 
margin  obtusely  rounded ;  posterior  extremity  subtruncated ;  posterior 
basal  margin  straight  or  slightly  contracted ;  disk  marked  with  numerous 
prominent  acute  concentric  ridges  and  fine  concentric  lines." — Conrad, 
1853. 

Type  Locality. — Arneytown,  New  Jersey. 

"  The  dimensions  of  a  small  specimen,  a  nearly  perfect  right  valve,  are : 
Length  36  mm.,  height  28  mm.,  convexity  6  mm.  Large  individuals  grow 
to  a  length  of  50  mm.  or  more.  Shell  broadly  subovate  in  outline,  beak 
obtuse,  situated  about  one-third  the  length  of  the  shell  from  the  anterior 
extremity.  Antero-cardinal  margin  straight  or  slightly  concave,  sloping 
downward  from  the  beak ;  anterior  margin  rounding  into  the  basal  margin, 
moderately  convex  throughout  to  the  postero-basal  extremity,  which  is 
obtusely  subangular ;  posterior  margin  short,  truncated  nearly  vertically  or 
slightly  inclined;  postero-cardinal  margin  gently  convex,  sloping  down- 
ward from  the  beak  and  meeting  the  posterior  margin  in  an  obtuse  angle. 
Surface  of  the  shell  with  an  obtusely  angular  umbonal  ridge,  which  passes 
from  the  beak  to  the  postero-basal  angle  in  nearly  a  straight  line,  the  post- 
cardinal  slope  slightly  concave  to  the  cardinal  margin ;  the  post-cardinal 
margin  sharply  inflected  to  form  a  rather  deeply  excavated  escutcheon ; 
antero-cardinal  margin  inflected  to  form  a  deep  but  rather  ill-defined 
lunule.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  regular,  somewhat  imbricating, 
concentric  lines  of  growth,  and  often  by  a  few  broader  concentric  undula- 
tions towards  the  margin.  Hinge  of  the  right  valve  with  a  strong  car- 
dinal tooth  transversely  striate  on  its  anterior  surface,  directly  beneath  the 
beak.  Behind  it  is  a  very  large  and  broad  triangular  pit,  with  a  much 
smaller  secondary  pit  just  behind  the  lower  end  of  the  tooth ;  in  front  of 
the  cardinal  tooth  is  a  small  triangular  pit  about  equal  in  size  to  the 
secondary  pit  behind,  and  in  front  of  this  pit  a  low,  obscure,  tooth-like 
ridge  extends  obliquely  forward  to  the  upper  margin  of  the  anterior  mus- 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  653 

cular  scar.  Muscular  impressions  strong  and  about  equal  in  size.  Inner 
margin  of  the  free  edge  of  the  shell  crenate.  The  above  description  is 
based  largely  upon  a  very  perfect  right  valve  from  the  Marshalltown  clay 
marl  near  Swedesboro." — Weller,  1907. 

The  species  has  a  very  meager  representation  in  Maryland,  and  is,  appa- 
rently restricted  in  its  distribution  to  the  Matawan.  It  differs  from 
C.  vadosus  Morton,  so  prolific  in  the  Monmouth  of  Maryland  and  the  Gulf, 
in  its  more  compressed  valves,  less  anterior  umbones,  and  much  lighter 
shell,  with  the  consequently  thinner  hinge  plate  and  less  pronounced  pos- 
terior keel. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAN  FORMATION.  Ulmstead  Point,  ?  Arnold 
Point,  Anne  Arundel  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Marshalltown  clay  marl, 
Wenonah  sand,  New  Jersey.  Monmouth  Formation.  ?  Navesink  marl, 
?  Eed  Bank  sand,  ?  Tinton  beds,  New  Jersey. 

CRASSATELLITES  LINTEUS   (Conrad)  Johnson 
Plate  XXXIX,  Figs.  6,  7 

Crassatella  lintea  Conrad,  1860,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol. 
iv,  p.  279,  pi.  xlvi,  fig.  5. 

Crassatella  lintea  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  North  America, 
Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  11. 

Crassatella  lintea  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  726. 

Crassatellites  linteus  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  14. 

Crassatellites  subplanus  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal., 
vol.  iv,  p.  553,  pi.  Ixi,  figs.  3,  4  (ex  parte,  synonymy  and  figs.  1,  2  ex- 
cluded.) 

Description. — "  Subovate  or  subtriangular,  convex,  inequilateral ;  disk 
concentrically  ridged  and  finally  striated,  slightly  contracted  near  the 
umbonal  slope,  which  is  rounded;  posterior  extremity  subtruncated ;  apex 
slightly  prominent;  posterior  dorsal  line  nearly  straight,  very  oblique; 
margin  within  finely  crenulated;  lunule  long  and  lanceolate." — Conrad, 
1860. 

Type  Locality. — Alabama. 


654  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Shell  rather  small  for  the  genus  and  rather  thin,  compressed,  subovate 
to  ovate-trigonal  in  outline ;  umbones  rising  a  little  above  the  dorsal  mar- 
gin, their  apices  acute  and  prosogyrate,  slightly  anterior  in  position; 
lunule  and  escutcheon  clearly  differentiated  but  very  narrow  because  of 
the  compression  of  the  valves;  anterior  end  broadly  and  symmetrically 
rounded  in  front  of  the  umbones;  posterior  dorsal  margin  gently  sloping; 
lateral  margin  obscurely  and  obliquely  truncate :  base  line  rounding 
smoothly  into  the  anterior  lateral  margin,  obtusely  angulated  at  the  union 
with  the  posterior ;  posterior  keel  obscure  but  persistent  from  the  umbones 
to  the  posterior  ventral  margin,  better  defined  by  the  change  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  growth  lines  than  by  any  variation  in  the  plane ;  external  sur- 
face sculptured  with  a  very  irregular  concentric  lineation,  sharpest  and 
most  regular  in  the  umbonal  region,  and  occasional  more  or  less  accentu- 
ated growth  lines  and  resting  stages;  ligament  external,  lodged  beneath 
the  umbones,  the  resilium  buttressed  ventrally  by  the  posterior  cardinal 
which  it  has  largely  effaced;  medial  right  cardinal  stout,  trigonal,  sub- 
umbonal,  transversely  striated  laterally;  anterior  cardinal  laminar;  hinge 
dentition  in  left  valve  restricted  to  two  subequal  cardinals,  the  posterior  a 
little  the  larger,  both  of  them  striated  upon  tbeir  inner  faces;  no  trace  of 
laterals  developed  but  anterior  margin  of  left  valve  and  posterior  margin 
of  right  valve  bevelled  to  function  as  laterals  and  received  in  shallow 
sockets  in  the  corresponding  valve ;  muscle  impressions  distinct,  impressed 
in  the  adults,  placed  high  up  at  the  distal  extremities  of  the  hinge ;  pallial 
line  simple,  distinct,  rather  distant  from  the  base  line. 

C.  linteus  Conrad  has  been  considered,  without  justification,  as  the 
young  of  some  of  the  clearly  allied  and  larger  forms,  such  as  C.  vadosus  and 
C.  subplanus.  Aside  from  the  fact  that  it  shows  no  evidence  of  imma- 
turity, the  shell  is  thinner  and  more  compressed  and  much  less  strongly 
carinated  posteriorly  than  C.  vadosus  of  the  same  size.  The  resemblance 
to  C.  subplanus  is  more  striking,  but  the  concentric  sculpture  is  finer  and 
more  sharply  impressed  in  the  former,  and  as  a  rule,  the  umbones  are 
set  farther  forward  and  are  more  strongly  prosogyrate. 

C.  linteus  has  a  distribution  in  Maryland  very  similar  to  that  of 
vadosus.  but  is  very  much  less  prolific. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  655 

Occurrence. — MOXMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Brooks  estate  near 
Seat  Pleasant,  Friendly,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  Fort  Washington, 
Prince  George's  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  Xew  Jersey  Geological  Survey. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Marshalltown  clay  marl, 
Wenonah  sand,  Xew  Jersey.  Monmouth  Formation.  Xavesink  marl, 
Red  Bank  sand,  Tinton  beds,  Xew  Jersey. 

CRASSATELLITES  PTEROPSIS  Conrad 
Plate  XXXIX,  Fig.  5 

Crassatella  pteropsis  Conrad,   1860,  Jour.  Acad.   Nat.   Sci.,   Phila.,  2d  ser., 

vol.  iv,  p.  279,  pi.  xlvi,  fig.  9. 

Crassatella  pteropsis  Gabb,  1860,  Ibidem,  p.  395,  pi.  Ixviii,  fig.  28. 
Crasatella  pteropsis  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils  N.  A.,  Cret  and  Jur., 

p.  11. 
Crassatella  (Pachythd'rus)  pteropsis  Conrad,  1869,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  v, 

pp.  47,  48. 
Crassatella   (Pachythtrrus)   pteropsis  Conrad,  1872,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci., 

Phila.,  p.  50,  pi.  i,  fig.  1. 
Crassatella  pteropsis  Gabb,  1876,  Ibidem,  p.  310. 

Description. — "  Aliform,  very  inequilateral,  convex  anteriorly,  poste- 
riorly contracted ;  umbonal  slope  slightly  carinated  below  the  umbo ;  pos- 
terior side  rostrated ;  surface  with  minute  concentric,  impressed  lines, 
very  fine  and  closely  arranged  on  the  umbo  and  summit ;  margin  within 
finely  crenulated." — Conrad,  1860. 

Type  Locality. — Owl  Creek,  Tippah  County,  Mississippi. 

Shell  rather  thin  and  compressed,  not  very  large,  very  inequilateral, 
posteriorly  produced  and  alate  in  outline ;  umbones  flattened  upon  their 
summits,  orthogyrate,  proximate,  set  back  from  the  anterior  extremity  a 
distance  of  approximately  one-third  the  latitude;  lunule  and  escutcheon 
sharply  defined,  narrowlv  lenticular,  subequal  in  size,  the  portion  of  the 
lunule  in  the  right  valve  and  of  the  escutcheon  in  the  left  valve  shorter, 
narrower  and  more  strongly  sculptured  incrementally  than  the  corre- 


656  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

spending  portion  in  the  opposite  valve ;  anterior  end  of  the  shell  broadly 
rounded;  posterior  end  obliquely  produced  along  an  obtuse  keel  which 
extends  from  the  umbones  to  the  posterior  ventral  margin ;  area  in  front 
of  the  keel  broadly  and  feebly  depressed,  area  behind  it  obliquely  flattened ; 
posterior  dorsal  margin  evenly  and  steeply  sloping  to  a  point  opposite  the 
pallial  line  where  it  is  obtusely  truncated;  ventral  margin  gently  arcu- 
ate anteriorly,  slightly  constricted  in  front  of  the  carina;  external 
surface  sculptured  in  the  umbonal  region  with  sharp  concentric  ridges, 
close  set  and  regularly  spaced,  merging  ventrally  into  an  irregular  incre- 
mental sculpture;  posterior  keel  smooth  excepting  for  faint  incrementals 
and  a  few  sharp  ridges  at  the  very  apices  of  the  umbones  ;  radial  sculpture 
absent;  hinge  rather  frail,  three  cardinals  in  the  right  valve,  two  in  the 
left;  a  laminar  anterior,  a  moderately  robust  medial  and  an  exceedingly 
thin,  laminar  posterior  cardinal  in  the  right  valve,  subequal  and  moder- 
ately heavy  anterior  and  medial  cardinals  in  the  left;  inner  cardinal  faces 
transversely  striated ;  posterior  dorsal  margin  of  right  valve  and  anterior 
dorsal  margin  of  left  valve  bevelled  to  function  as  laterals,  received  in  the 
opposite  valve  by  corresponding  grooves ;  anterior  and  posterior  muscle  and 
pedal  adductor  scars  distinct;  pallial  line  entire;  inner  margins  very 
finely  crenate. 

The  species  is  conspicuous  among  all  other  representatives  of  the  genus 
in  the  Upper  Cretaceous  of  Maryland  by  reason  of  the  alate  outline  and 
the  sharp  concentric  sculpture  in  the  umbonal  region. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAN  FORMATION.  Ulmstead  Point,  Anne  Arundel 
County.  MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  railroad  cut  west  of  Seat 
Pleasant,  Brooks  estate  near  Seat  Pleasant,  Friendly,  1  mile  west  of 
Friendly,  'McNeys  Corners,  Prince  George's  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Black  Creek  Formation.  North  and  South 
Carolina.  Ripley  Formation.  Exogyra  costata  zone,  Eufaula,  Alabama ; 
Owl  Creek,  Tippah  County,  Mississippi.  Extreme  top  of  zone,  Pataula 
Creek,  Georgia;  Chattahoochee  River,  Alabama. 


MAEYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  657 

Superfamily  CARDITACEA 
Family  CARDITIDAE 

Genus  VENERICARDIA  Lamarck 
[Syst.  des  Anim.  sans  Vert.,  1801,  p.  123 J 

Type. — Venericardia  imlricata  Lamarck. 

Shell  closed;  rounded,  trigonal  or  cordate;  umbones  anterior,  prosogy- 
rate;  lunule  small  but  deep;  escutcheon  narrow  and  elongate;  sculpture 
dominantly  radial;  ligament  external,  opisthodetic,  parivincular ;  hinge 
dentition  in  the  right  valve  consisting  of  three  oblique  cardinals ;  in  the 
left  valve  of  two;  laterals  of  both  valves  absent  or  very  feeble;  muscle 
impressions  strongly  defined;  pallial  line  entire;  inner  margins  crenate. 

The  genus  was  initiated  in  the  Cretaceous;  the  Eecent  representatives 
are,  for  the  most  part,  inhabitants  of  cooler  waters. 

VEXERICARDIA  ?  INTERMEDIA  (Whitfield) 

Cardita  intermedia  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  209, 

pi.  xxviii,  figs.  14,  15. 
Cardita  intermedia  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  565,  pi.  Ixii,  figs.  6-8. 

Description. — "  Form  of  cast  transversely  elliptical,  or  transversely 
ovate,  exclusive  of  the  beaks,  largest  at  the  posterior  end.  Valves  very 
ventricose,  with  strong  projecting  beaks,  which  in  this  condition  are 
moderately  distant.  Hinge  line  arcuate.  Anterior  end  narrowly  rounded ; 
posterior  end  more  broadly  rounded;  basal  margin  strongly  curved, 
muscular  scars  on  the  cast  small  but  distinct;  margin  of  the  cast  showing 
indications  of  ten  or  twelve  rather  strong  radiating  ribs  between  the 
muscular  scars.  This  is  a  very  ventricose  form,  and  has  had  strong, 
enrolled,  subanterior  beaks,  which  have  been  directed  slightly  upwards  as 
well  as  forward."— Whitfield,  1885. 

The  form  referred  to  this  species  is  an  inside  cast  to  which  a  bit  of  the 
shell  substance  still  adheres  in  the  umbonal  region.  It  seems  a  trifle  more 

Etymology:  So-called  because  of  a  supposed  combination  of  the  characters 
of  Venus  and  Cardium. 


658  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

compressed  than  Whitfield'a  type  but  this  may  be  due  merely  to  the  con- 
ditions of  preservation. 

Occurrence. — RAXCOCAS  FORMATION.  South  feeder  Noxontown  Pond, 
Delaware. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Columbia  University. 

Outside  Distribution. — Eancocas  Formation.  ?  Yincentown  sand, 
Manasquan  marl,  Xew  Jersey. 

Superfamily  LUCINACEA 
Family  LUC1N1DAE 

Genus  MYRTAEA  Turton 
[Conchy.  Insul.  Britt,,  1822,  p.  133] 

Type. — Venus  spinifera  Montagu. 

"  Shell  elongate-oval  or  subrectangular,  moderately  convex  or  com- 
pressed, dorsal  areas  obsolete,  the  sculpture  of  the  disk  chiefly  concentric 
and  lamellar;  the  sculpture  less  pronounced  in  the  middle  of  the  disk  and 
frequently  exhibiting  a  serrate  appearance  when  the  lamellae  cross  the 
bounding  carina  of  lunule  or  escutcheon ;  internally  with  the  left  laterals 
usually  obsolete  and  only  one  right  cardinal  tooth ;  cardinals  entire ;  liga- 
ment and  resilium  deep-set  but  not  internal;  anterior  adductor  scar 
lucinoid  but  rather  short ;  inner  margins  entire. 

"  This  group  is  paralleled  in  Pliacoicles  by  several  others  which  want  the 
anterior  right  cardinal  in  the  adult,  but  in  Myrtcea  the  single  right  car- 
dinal seems  to  be  normal,  while  in  the  subdivisions  of  Phacoides  its 
absence  is  due  to  degeneration  during  the  growth  of  the  individual  or  to 
the  dynamic  results  of  the  inthrusting  of  the  lunule,  which  occupies  the 
space  where  the  anterior  cardinal  would  otherwise  develop." — Dall,  1903.1 

The  genus  is  reported  from  strata  as  old  as  the  Jurassic.  There  has 
been  a  tendency  to  indiscriminately  assign  all  lucinoids  to  Lucina,  and  it 
is  probable  that  the  occurrence  of  Myrtcea  in  the  Mesozoic  strata  has  been 
underestimated. 

'Trans.  Wagner  Free  Inst.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  iii,  pt.  v,  p.  1357. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  659 


STEPHEN  SONI  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXXIX,  Figs.  10,  11 

Description.  —  Shell  small,  equivalve,  inequilateral,  valves  compressed 
transversely,  oblong  to  subrectangular  in  outline;  lunule  narrow,  elon- 
gated, distinctly  impressed  and  further  differentiated  by  the  absence  of 
surface  sculpture;  escutcheon  not  denned;  umbones  small,  broadly  but 
feebly  inflated,  the  apices  flattened,  acute  and  prosogyrate,  slightly  over- 
topping the  dorsal  margin  a  little  front  of  the  median  horizontal  ;  anterior 
dorsal  margin  slightly  constricted  and  feebly  excavated  in  front  of  the 
umbones  ;  posterior  dorsal  margin  gently  sloping  ;  anterior  lateral  margin 
broadly  arcuate,  the  posterior  widely  truncate  ;  base  line  feebly  convex  ; 
external  surface  sculptured  with  fine  crowded,  closely  over-lapping  con- 
centric lamella,  attached  along  their  ventral  margins,  the  dorsal  margins 
free  and  slightly  raised  near  the  anterior  and  posterior  extremities  of  the 
shell  ;  ligament  submarginal,  opisthodetic  ;  hinge  armature  rather  feeble,  a 
single  triangular  cardinal  in  the  right  valve  ;  posterior  cardinal  and  ante- 
rior and  posterior  laterals  obsolete;  left  valve  armed  with  two  slender, 
divergent  cardinals,  the  laterals  appearing  as  short,  incipient  laminar  proc- 
esses near  the  distal  extremities  of  the  hinge  plate;  muscle  scars  unequal, 
the  anterior  elongated,  the  posterior  smaller  and  irregular  in  outline  ; 
pallial  line  simple,  distinct. 

Dimensions.  —  Altitude  6.5  mm.,  latitude  7  mm.,  semi-diameter  2  mm. 

Type  Locality.  —  One  mile  west  of  Friendly,  Prince  George's  County. 

Named  in  honor  of  Dr.  L.  W.  Stephenson  of  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

Occurrence.  —  Mox  MOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Brooks  estate  near 
Seat  Pleasant,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  Prince  George's  County. 

Collection.  —  Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Genus  PHACOIDES  Blainville 
[Manual  Malacology,  vol.  i,  1825,  p.  550] 

Type.  —  Lucina  jamaicensis  Lam. 

Shell  more  or  less  lenticular;  compressed,  as  a  rule,  or  slightly  tumid; 
umbones  low,  subcentral,  erect  or  prosogyrate;  sculpture  dominantly  con- 

Etymology:  0a/c6s,  lentil;  ei'5-s.  like. 


660  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

centric;  anterior  and  posterior  dorsal  areas  usually  differentiated;  luiiule 
frequently  profound;  escutcheon  obsolete;  ligament  external,  often  deeply 
sunken;  normal  dentition  of  right  valve  consisting  of  a  simple  anterior 
cardinal,  a  bifid  posterior  cardinal  and  anterior  and  posterior  laterals; 
normal  dentition  of  left  valve  consisting  of  a  bifid  anterior  cardinal,  a 
simple  posterior  cardinal,  and  anterior  and  posterior  lateral  grooves; 
laterals  and  less  frequently  the  cardinals  often  obsolete;  muscle  impres- 
sions strongly  marked,  the  anterior  elongate,  the  posterior  oval ;  inner 
margins  smooth  or  crenulated ;  pallial  line  entire. 

The  genus  is  abundantly  represented  in  the  Tertiaries,  the  Mesozoic, 
and,  if  it  be  made  to  include  the  Prolucina  of  Ball,  may  be  traced  as  far 
back  as  the  Silurian.  The  living  species  number  more  than  one  hundred, 
and  though  they  are  most  prolific  in  the  tropics,  they  are  present  in  the 
temperate  seas  as  well. 

PHACOIDES  NOXONTOWXENSIS  n.  sp. 
Plate  XXXIX,  Figs.  8,  9 

Description. — Shell  of  moderate  size,  compressed,  subcircular ;  umbones 
nearly  central,  acute,  prosogyrate,  not  very  prominent,  dorsal  slopes 
gentle,  the  anterior  a  little  less  so  than  the  posterior;  lateral  margins 
broadly  rounded;  base  line  strongly  and  symmetrically  arcuate;  external 
surface  sculptured  with  acutely  elevated  concentric  lamina?,  regularly 
spaced,  probably  about  twenty-five  in  number,  and  between  them  very  faint 
secondary  striations;  ligament  external,  opisthodetic,  lodged  in  a  mar- 
ginal groove  elongated  parallel  to  the  dorsal  margin;  dentition  obscure, 
but  two  small  diverging  cardinals  are  distinctly  present  in  each  valve; 
laterals  apparently  not  developed;  character  of  muscle  scars  and  pallial 
line  not  known. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  26  mm.,  latitude  26±mm.,  diameter  3.5  mm. 

This  species  is  another  of  those  Rancocas  bivalves  represented  by 
abundant  fragments.  The  concentric  sculpture  is  so  well  characterized, 
however,  that  even  a  scrap  showing  the  regularly  arranged,  acutely  ele- 
vated laminae  is  recognizable.  As  the  species  constitutes  so  important  a 
factor  in  the  Rancocas  fauna  it  does  not  seem  wise  to  disregard  it  alto- 
gether, even  though  the  material  is  so  ill-preserved. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  661 

Occurrence. — KANCOCAS  FORMATION.  South  feeder  ISToxontown  Pond, 
Delaware. 

Collection.— Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Genus  TENEA  Conrad 
[Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  vi,  1870,  p.  72] 

Type. — Tenea  parilis  Conrad. 

"  A  V-shaped  tooth  under  the  apex  of  the  left  valve,the  anterior  lobe 
of  which  is  continued  along  the  margin  anteriorly,  forming  a  long,  deep 
pit  above  it;  one  distant  very  oblique  cardinal  tooth  posterior  to  the  apex. 
Hight  valve:  Two  cardinal  teeth  united  above;  anterior  one  falcate,  with 
a  pit  on  each  side ;  posterior  one  curved  and  directed  obliquely  backward." 
—Conrad,  1870. 

The  genus  in  its  known  distribution  is  confined  to  the  Cretaceous. 

TENEA  PARILIS  Conrad 

Mysia  (Diplodonte)  parilis  Conrad,  1860,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d 

ser.,  vol.  iv,  p.  278,  pi.  xlvi,  fig.  16. 

Tenea  parilis  Conrad,  1870,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  vi,  p.  73,  pi.  iii,  fig.  12. 
Tenea  parilis  Conrad,  1875,  Kerr's  Geol.  of  North  Carolina,  App.,  p.  8,  pi.  ii, 

fig.  25. 
Tenea  parilis  Tryon,  1884,  Syst.  and  Struct.  Conch.,  vol.  iii,  p.  216,  pi.  cxix, 

fig.  72. 
Dosinia  gabbi  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  161,  pi. 

xxii,  figs.  4,  5. 
Tenea  pinguis  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  163,  pi. 

xxii,  figs.  1,  2   (not  T.  pinguis  Conrad). 

Tenea  parilis  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  15. 
Tenea  parilis  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv,  p.  572, 

pi.  Ixiii,  figs.  1-6. 

Description. — "  Shell  suborbicular,  equilateral,  ventricose,  direct ;  sur- 
face entire ;  hinge-  with  the  anterior  cardinal  channel  very  profound."- 
Conrad,  1860. 

Type  Locality. — Tippah  County,  Mississippi. 

Shell  thin,  fragile,  ovate  in  outline,  moderately  convex,  slightly  inequi- 
lateral, lunule  and  escutcheon  not  defined  ;  umbones  inflated  to  their  very 

Etymology:    Corruption  of  tenuis,  thin. 


662  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

apices,  proximate,  incurved  and  prosogyrate,  placed  a  little  in  front  of  the 
median  vertical ;  anterior  and  ventral  margins  well  rounded,  merging 
gradually  into  one  another,  the  outline  of  the  posterior  margin  sometimes 
rounded,  sometimes  obscurely  truncate  obliquely ;  external  surface  smooth 
excepting  for  faint  incremental  striations  which  are  least  feeble  near  the 
posterior  extremity;  ligament  opisthodetic,  lodged  in  a  submarginal 
groove  extending  backward  for  some  distance  from  the  tips  of  the 
umbones ;  hinge  plate  narrow,  very  fragile ;  armature  in  the  right  valve 
consisting  of  a  thin,  laminar,  hook-shaped  cardinal  directly  beneath  the 
umbones,  its  posterior  arm  vertically  directed,  its  anterior  arm  approxi- 
mately horizontal ;  right  posterior  cardinal  slender,  laminar,  obliquely 
elongated,  parallel  to  the  dorsal  margin ;  anterior  lateral  developed  as  a 
thin  plate  proximate  to  and  directly  facing  the  anterior  portion  of  the 
hooked  cardinal;  hinge  of  left  valve  consisting  of  an  anterior  A -shaped 
cardinal  which  fits  between  the  left  anterior  lateral  and  the  vertical  arm  of 
the  cardinal  hook  of  the  right  valve;  a  very  thin,  laminar,  medial  cardinal 
which  is  accommodated  between  the  anterior  lateral  and  the  horizontal 
arm  of  the  hook,  and  a  thin,  laminar,  obliquely  elongated,  posterior  car- 
dinal; muscle  scars  small,  not  very  distinct,  placed  high  up  near  the  distal 
extremities  of  the  dorsal  margins ;  pallial  sinus  narrow,  but  quite  deep, 
steeply  ascending;  inner  margins  simple. 

This  species  occurs  very  abundantly  in  the  form  of  casts  in  the  Mon- 
mouth  of  Prince  George's  County,  but  the  shell  is  so  exceedingly  thin  and 
so  readily  flaked  off  that  it  is  seldom  possible  to  secure  a  perfect  indi- 
vidual. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Good  Hope  Hill,  District  of 
Columbia.  MAT  AW  AX  FORMATION.  Post  105,  Chesapeake  and  Delaware 
Canal,  Delaware;  ?  Ulmstead  Point,  Anne  Arundel  County,  Maryland. 
MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Fredericktown,  Cecil  County ;  Brightseat, 
Brooks  estate  near  Seat  Pleasant,  McNeys  Corners,  Friendly,  2  miles  south 
of  0-xon  Hill,  ?  Fort  Washington,  Prince  George's  County,  Maryland. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  Xew  Jersey  Geological  Survey. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  663 

Outside  Dixtrilmlion. — 'Magothy  Formation.  Cliffwood  clay,  Xew 
Jersey.  Mataican  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl,  Woodbury  clay, 
Wenonah  sand,  Xew  Jersey.  Monmouth  Formation.  Xavesink  marl, 
Eed  Bank  sand,  Tinton  beds,  Xew  Jersey. 

Superfamily  CARDIACEA 
Family  CARDIIDAE 

Genus  CARDIUM  Linne 
[Systema  Naturae,  ed.  x,  1758,  p.  678] 

Type. — Cardium  costatum  Linne. 

Shell  usually  subequilateral,  closed,  or  slightly  gaping,  globose,  the 
united  valves  subcordate  laterally;  umbones  prominent,  almost  straight 
or  with  a  slight  anterior  twist ;  true  lunule  and  escutcheon  absent ;  sculp- 
ture dominantly  radial ;  ribs  often  granulose,  spinose  or  imbricated  ;  orna- 
mentation of  lateral  areas  particularly  of  the  posterior,  often  differing 
from  that  of  the  disk;  ligament  external,  opisthodetic ;  hinge  character- 
ized, with  a  few  exceptions,  by  two  cardinals,  of  which  the  ventral  is  the 
stronger,  and  one  of  two  posterior  and  one  of  two  anterior  lateral  lamella? 
in  each  valve;  cardinals  more  or  less  twisted;  muscle  impressions  sub- 
equal;  pallial  line  simple  or  slightly  sinuous  posteriorly:  internal  basal 
margins  serrate. 

The  cardiums  form  a  conspicuous  element  in  the  faunas  of  Cretaceous 
and  Tertiary.  They  are  rather  fragile,  as  a  rule,  and  not  well  adapted  to 
preservation.  The  external  sculpture  is  frequently  formed  from  a  super- 
ficial shelly  layer  which  readily  breaks  away  leaving  no  scar  upon  the 
polished  surface  beneath.  For  this  reason  it  is  difficult  to  tell  when  one  is 
dealing  with  a  perfectly  fresh  specimen.  The  recent  representatives,  the 
so-called  cockles,  number  about  two  hundred  species  and  are  most  abund- 
ant in  the  warmer  waters. 

A.  External  sculpture  not  spinose. 

1.  Altitude  of  adult  shell  not  exceeding  40  mm.;  posterior  area  flat- 

tened; margins  sharply  serrate Cardium  eufalensc 

2.  Altitude  of  adult  shell  exceeding  40  mm.;   posterior  area  not  flat- 

tened; margins  not  sharply  serrate Cardium  spillmani 

Etymology:   Kapdia,  heart. 


664  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

B.  External  sculpture  spinose;  margins  not  serrate. 

1.  Altitude   and   latitude   approximately  equal;    outline   subequilat- 

eral Cardium  dumosum 

2.  Altitude  greater  than  the  latitude;  outline  inequilateral. 

a.  Anterior  abductor  muscle  scar  inconspicuous  or  obscure. 

Cardium  tenuistriatum 

b.  Anterior  abductor  muscle  scar  conspicuous ....  Cardium  kiimmeli 

CARDIUM  EUFALENSE  Conrad 
Plate  XL,  Figs.  1,  2 

Cardium  eufalense  Conrad,  1860,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol. 

iv,  p.  282,  pi.  xlvi,  fig.  13. 
Cardium  eufalense  Meek,   1864,   Check  List   Inv.   Fossils,   North   America, 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  12. 
Cardium  (Trachycardium)  eufalense   Conrad,    1868,    Cook's    Geol.    of    New 

Jersey,  p.  726. 
Cardium  (Trachycardium)  eufalense   Gabb,    1876,    Proc.    Acad.    Nat.    Sci., 

Phila.,  p.  310. 
Not  Cardium  eufalense  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix, 

p.  132,  pi.  xx,  figs.  17-19. 
Cardium  eufalense  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  577,  pi.  Ixiii,  figs.  17-20. 

Description. — "  Obliquely  ovate,  rather  thick  in  substance,  profoundly 
ventricose;  ribs  about  thirty-eight,  smooth,  prominent,  acutely  rounded, 
on  the  posterior  slope  angular,  compressed  or  carinated ;  summit  promi- 
nent; beaks  contiguous." — Conrad,  1860. 

Type  Locality. — Eufaula,  Alabama. 

Shell  rather  small  for  the  genus,  obliquely  cordate  in  outline,  inflated, 
the  maximum  diameter  above  the  median  horizontal ;  umbones  tumid,  ele- 
vated above  the  dorsal  margin,  the  apices  incurved  and  feebly  prosogy- 
rate,  subcentral  in  position ;  dorsal  margins  approximately  straight,  the 
posterior  slightly  more  pronounced  than  the  anterior;  anterior  lateral 
margin  obscurely  truncate,  rounding  rather  abruptly  into  the  dorsal  mar- 
gin and  much  more  broadly  into  the  ventral ;  posterior  area  conspicuously 
flattened,  the  lateral  margin  squarely  truncate;  base  line  obliquely  arcu- 
ate ;  external  surface  sculptured  with  thirty-five  to  forty  vigorous  radials, 
crowded  and  inclined  to  be  flattened  upon  their  summits  in  the  umbonal 
region,  V-shaped  and  separated  by  interspaces  of  approximately  equal 
width  toward  the  ventral  margins;  costse  twelve  to  fourteen  in  number 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  665 

upon  the  posterior  slope,  narrower  and  more  distinctly  spaced  than  upon 
the  anterior  and  medial  portions ;  incremental  sculpture  obscure,  except- 
ing for  an  occasional  resting  stage  near  the  umbonal  margin;  ligament 
external,  opisthodetic,  mounted  on  short,  thickened  nymphs;  cardinals 
two  in  number  in  each  valve,  the  anterior  very  stout  and  conical,  springing 
from  directly  beneath  the  umbones,  the  posterior  mere  tubercles  at  the 
extremities  of  the  nymphs;  short  but  prominent  anterior  and  posterior 
laterals  developed  in  the  left  valve,  a  double  anterior  and  a  single  posterior 
in  the  right;  muscle  scars  rather  indistinct  placed  high  up  near  the 
extremities  of  the  dorsal  margins,  the  posterior  somewhat  elongated ;  pal- 
lial  line  obscure,  ventral  and  lateral  margins  sharply  serrate. 

This  species  is  the.  most  abundant  representative  of  its  genus  within 
the  area  under  discussion.  It  is  rather  smaller  than  the  co-existing 
species  and  is  best  characterized  by  the  flattening  of  the  posterior  portion 
of  the  shell  and  the  truncation  of  the  posterior  lateral  margin.  The 
costals  are  somewhat  tubular  in  structure  so  that  when  the  outer  layer 
of  the  shell  surface  is  removed,  as  it  frequently  is  by  weathering,  the  inter- 
costal areas  appear  as  flat-topped  elevations  separated  by  concave  depres- 
sions. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Good  Hope  Hill,  District  of 
Columbia.  MATAWAN  FORMATION.  ?  Post  105,  Chesapeake  and  Dela- 
ware Canal,  Delaware;  three-quarters  of  a  mile  southeast  of  Ulmstead 
Point,  Ulmstead  Point,  Gibson's  Island,  north  shore  Round  Bay,  Severn 
River,  Anne  Arundel  County,  Maryland.  MONMOUTH  FORMATION. 
Bohemia  Mills,  Fredericktown,  Cecil  County;  Brightseat,  Brooks  estate 
near  Seat  Pleasant,  Friendly,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  McNeys  Corners, 
Prince  George's  County,  Maryland. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  New  Jersey  Geological  Sur- 
vey, IT.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — MataiL-an  Formation.  Wenonah  sand,  New 
Jersey.  Blade  Creel:  Formation.  North  and  South  Carolina.  Eutaw 
Formation  (Tombigbee  sand  member).  Exogyra  ponderosa  zone,  Mor- 
toniceras  subzone,  Blufftown,  Georgia.  Ripley  Formation.  Exogyra  pon- 
derosa zone,  Georgia :  Barbour  County,  Alabama.  Exogyra  costata  zone, 


666  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Georgia ;  Eufaula,  Alabama ;  Union  and  Tippah  counties,  Mississippi. 
Extreme  top  of  zone,  Pataula  Creek,  Georgia;  Chattahoochee  River,  Ala- 
bama. 

C AUDI  I'M  SPILLMAXI  Conrad 

Cardium  (Leevicardium)  spillmani  Conrad,  1858,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila., 

2d  ser.,  vol.  iii,  p.  326,  pi.  xxxiv,  fig.  3. 
Cardium  (Liocardium)  spillmani  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils  N.  A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  13. 
Cardium  (Protocardium)  perelongatum   Whitfield,   1885,   Mon.   U.   S.   Geol. 

Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  136,  pi.  xx,  figs.  20-22;  pi.  xxi,  figs.  4,  5. 
Pachycardium  burlingtonense  Whitfield,  1885,  Ibidem,  p.  138,  pi.  xxi,  figs.  6,  7. 
Cardium  (Lcevicardium)  perelongatum  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 

Phila.,  p.  15. 

Cardium  (Lcevicardium)  burlingtonense  Johnson,  1905,  Ibidem,  p.  15. 
Cardium  (Lcevicardium)  spillmani  Johnson,  1905,  Ibidem,  p.  15. 
Cardium  spillmani  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  583,  pi.  Ixiv,  figs.  9-11. 

Description. — "  Oblong  or  profoundly  elevated,  inequilateral,  pro- 
foundly ventricose ;  umbo  and  summit  elevated  ;  beaks  nearly  contiguous ; 
surface  with  distant  irregular  grooves  on  the  anterior  side,  and  three  to 
five  radiating  slightly  impressed  furrows  on  the  umbonal  slope." — Conrad. 
1858. 

Type  Locality. — Owl  Creek,  Tippah  County,  Mississippi. 

"  The  dimensions  of  a  nearly  perfect  internal  cast  are :  Height  87  mm., 
width  55  mm.,  thickness  60  mm.  Shell  more  or  less  narrowly  subovate  in 
lateral  view,  and  cordate  in  end  view.  Hinge  line  rather  short,  arched, 
extending  further  downward  in  front  than  behind ;  anterior  margin  con- 
vex, the  curvature  becoming  greater  below;  basal  margin  regularly 
rounded;  posterior  margin  longer  and  straighter  than  the  anterior,  usu- 
ally slightly  convex,  sometimes  straight  or  slightly  sinuate  in  the  casts  a 
little  above  the  middle.  Beaks  situated  back  of  the  middle  of  the  hinge 
line,  strongly  elevated  above  it  in  the  casts,  pointed,  incurved,  and  dis- 
tinctly curved  forward.  Umbones  prominent,  the  most  prominent  portion 
of  the  shell  being  in  an  oblique  line  from  the  beaks  to  the  postero-basal 
margin,  this  umbonal  prominence  being  not  at  all  angular.  The  posterior 
slope  much  more  abrupt  than  the  anterior,  its  surface  conspicuously 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  667 

impressed  above  the  middle  of  the  shell  about  half-way  between  the 
top  of  the  umbonal  prominence  and  the  posterior  cardinal  extremity. 
Muscular  impressions  large,  the  anterior  ones  deeply  impressed,  the  pos- 
terior ones  scarcely  or  not  at  all  differentiated  from  the  surface  of  the  casts. 
The  left  valve  with  two  strong  cardinal  teeth  beneath  the  beak  with  a  pit 
between,  right  valve  with  a  single  cardinal  tooth;  anterior  lateral  teeth 
more  remote  from  the  cardinal  teeth  than  the  posterior  ones,  and  also 
apparently  much  stronger.  Inner  free  margin  of  the  valves  crenate  along 
the  posterior  margin,  smooth  along  the  basal  and  anterior  margins.  Sur- 
face of  the  shell  marked  by  radiating  ribs  upon  the  posterior  slope,  which 
in  the  internal  casts  at  least,  continue  only  from  the  margin  up  to  the 
umbonal  prominence;  central  and  anterior  portions  of  the  shell  marked 
by  concentric  lines  of  growth  only.  Both  of  the  species  described  by  Whit- 
field  from  New  Jersey  as  Cardium  perelongatum  and  Pachycardium  bur- 
lingtonense,  are  certainly  internal  casts  of  the  shell  described  by  Conrad 
from  Mississippi  as  Cardium  spillmani,  the  example  to  which  the  last  two 
names  was  applied  being  an  exceptionally  broad  specimen.  The  species 
is  for  the  most  part  restricted  to  the  Navesink  marl,  where  it  attains  its 
maximum  size.  The  specimens  which  have  been  rarely  noticed  in  the 
Merchantville  clay  are  usually  small,  although  Whitfield's  P.  burling- 
tonense  is  a  very  large  example." — Weller,  1907. 

The  species  is  represented  in  Maryland  merely  by  imperfect  casts,  one 
of  which  must  have  been,  when  perfect,  fully  115  mm.  in  altitude. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAN  FORMATION.  Post  105,  Chesapeake  and  Dela- 
ware Canal,  Delaware.  MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Bohemia  Mills,  Great 
Bohemia  Creek,  1  mile  southeast  of  Bohemia  Mills,  right  bank  of  Bohemia 
Creek  between  Scotchman's  Creek  and  Bohemia  Ferry  Bridge,  Cecil 
County,  Maryland. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.    Merchantville  clay  marl, 

New  Jersey.    Monmouth  Formation.    Navesink  marl,  New  Jersey.  Black 

Creek   Formation.      North   and    South    Carolina.      Peedee   Formation. 

North  and  South  Carolina.      Eutaw  Formation  (Tombigbee  sand  mem- 

44 


G68  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

her).  Exogyra  ponderosa  zone,  Mortoniceras  subzone,  Blufftown,  Geor- 
gia; Prentiss  County,  Mississippi.  Ripley  Formation.  Exogyra  costata 
zone,  Georgia;  Eufaula,  Alabama;  Lee,  Union  and  Tippah  counties,  Mis- 
sissippi. Extreme  top  of  zone,  Pataula  Creek,  Georgia.  Selma  Forma- 
tion. Exogyra  costata  zone,  Wilcox  County,  Alabama;  east-central  Mis- 
sissippi. 

CAEDIUM  DUMOSUM  Conrad 

Cardium  (Criocardium)  dumosum  Conrad,  1870,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  vi, 

p.  75. 
Cardium  (Criocardium)  dumosum  Whitfleld,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 

vol.  ix,  p.  133,  pi.  xx,  figs.  9  and  ?  13  (not  figs.  10-12). 
Cardium  dumosum  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  15. 
Cardium  dumosum  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  590,  pi.  Ixv,  figs.  7-10. 

Description. — "  Cordate  equilateral,  ventricose ;  umbo  broad ;  summit 
very  prominent;  ribs  very  numerous,  small,  closely  arranged,  convex; 
interstices  furnished  with  numerous  long  slender  spines ;  posterior  mar- 
gin subtruncated  or  slightly  convex ;  height  1-J  inch ;  length  the  same."- 
Conrad,  1870. 

Type  Locality. — Haddonfield,  New  Jersey. 

The  spinose  cardiums,  C.  Jciimmeli  Weller,  C.  dumosum  Conrad  and 
C.  tenuistriatum  Whitfield,  are  represented  in  Maryland  merely  by  casts  of 
the  interior  or  fragments  of  casts  of  the  exterior.  Weller  has  admirably 
differentiated  the  three  species  from  material  in  a  better  state  of  preserva- 
tion than  any  available  from  Maryland,  and  his  diagnoses  have  been 
quoted  at  considerable  length. 

"  The  dimensions  of  a  large  individual  are :  Height  18  mm.,  width 
18  mm.,  convexity  of  one  valve  6  mm.  Shell  subcircular  in  outline,  but 
slightly  inequilateral,  moderately  convex.  Beaks  situated  at  about  the 
middle  of  the  hinge  line,  rather  small  and  incurved ;  umbones  prominent, 
the  anterior  and  posterior  cardinal  slopes  about  equally  steep ;  shell  slightly 
compressed  at  both  cardinal  extremities.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked 
with  about  fifty-four  rounded  radiating  costa?,  with  interspaces  of  about 
equal  width;  from  the  bottom  of  every  third  interspace  on  the  central 
portion  of  the  shell  there  arises  a  row  of  laterally  flattened  spines  1  to 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  669 

2  mm.  in  length,  their  distance  apart  being  about  equal  to  the  space 
occupied  by  two  costas;  the  two  intervening  interspaces  are  occupied  by 
rows  of  much  smaller  tubercles  a  little  compressed  laterally,  situated  at 
intervals  about  one-third  the  distance  between  the  spines  in  each  row. 
On  the  anterior  and  posterior  slopes  of  the  shell  several  rows  of  spines 
alternate  with  single  rows  of  tubercles.  The  longest  spines  occur  upon  the 
posterior  cardinal  slope."— Weller,  1907. 

The  species  is  represented  in  Maryland  chiefly  by  casts  of  the  interior, 
although  a  few  fragments  of  the  exterior  surface  have  been  preserved 
both  in  the  form  of  casts  and  of  the  original  shell.  The  casts  are  isloated 
from  those  of  C.  kummeli  and  C.  tenuistriatum  Whitfield  by  their  rela- 
tively broader,  more  globose  and  much  more  nearly  equilateral  outline. 
It  is  by  far  the  most  abundant  of  the  three  species  within  the  area  under 
discussion. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAN  FORMATION.  ?  Post  105,  Chesapeake  and 
Delaware  Canal,  Delaware.  MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat, 
Brooks  estate  near  Seat  Pleasant,  2  miles  southwest  of  Oxon  Hill,  Prince 
George's  County,  Maryland. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Woodbury  clay,  Weno- 
nah  sand,  New  Jersey.  Monmouth  Formation.  Eed  Bank  sand,  New 
Jersey.  Eutaw  Formation  (Tombigbee  sand  member).  Exogyra  pon~ 
derosa  zone,  Prentiss  County,  Mississippi.  Ripley  Formation.  Exogyra 
costata  zone,  Union  and  Tippah  counties,  Mississippi. 

CARDIUM  TENUISTRIATUM   (Whitfield)  Weller 

Cardium  eufalensis  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  132, 

pi.  xx,  figs.  18,  19  (not  fig.  17).     (Not  C.  eufalense  Conrad,  1860.) 
Cardium  (Criocardium)  dumosum  Whitfield,    1885,   Ibidem,   p.   133,   pi.   xx, 

figs.  10-12  (not  figs.  9  and  ?  13).     (Not  C.  dumosum  Conrad,  1870.) 
Cardium  (Criocardium)  multiradiatum  Whitfield,  1885,  Ibidem,  p.  135,  pi. 

xxi,  figs.  1-3.      (Not  C.  multiradiatum  Gabb,  1860.) 

Fragum  tenuistriatum  Whitfield,  1885,  Ibidem,  p.  139,  pi.  xx,  figs.  15,  16. 
Cardium  tenuistriatum  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol. 

iv,  p.  591,  pi.  Ixv,  figs.  13-19. 


670  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Description. — "  Shell  below  a  medium  size,  irregularly  trapezoidal  or 
subtriangular  in  outline,  highly  ventricose  and  sharply  angular  along  the 
posterior  umbonal  ridge,  with  a  nearly  vertical  postero-cardinal  slope. 
Beaks  large,  prominent  and  attenuated,  projecting  considerably  above  the 
hinge  line.  Anterior  side  of  the  shell  short  and  regularly  rounded ;  pos- 
terior vertically  truncate  and  the  basal  line  oblique,  being  prolonged 
below  toward  the  posterior  umbonal  angle.  Surface  marked,  on  the  body 
of  the  shell  at  least,  by  very  fine,  semi-obsolete,  radiating  striae,  the  pos- 
terior cardinal  slope  not  showing  evidences  of  striations  on  the  cast,  the 
only  condition  under  which  it  has  been  observed.  Hinge  features 
unknown. 

"  The  shell  has  all  the  generic  features  of  the  genus  Fragum,  as  far  as 
can  be  determined  from  the  external  form,  while  the  striations  of  the  sur- 
face are  much  finer  than  is  usually  the  case;  but  no  ornamentation  can 
be  detected  on  the  striations,  and  the  features  of  the  hinge  are  not  visible. 
It  is  the  only  form  of  similar  character  yet  known  to  me  in  the  formations 
of  the  state."— Whitfield,  1885. 

Type,  Locality.— Marlborough,  New  Jersey. 

"The  dimensions  of  an  internal  cast  are:  Height  44  mm.,  width 
37  mm.,  thickness  35  mm.  Large  examples  sometimes  attain  a  height  of 
over  60  mm.  Shell  irregularly  subovate  in  lateral  view  and  cordate  in 
end  view.  Hinge  line  arcuate;  anterior  and  basal  margins,  from  the 
extremity  of  the  hinge  line  to  the  middle  of  the  basal  margin,  describing 
a  nearly  regular,  arcuate  curve;  postero-basal  margin  curving  more 
sharply  around  the  postero-basal  extremity  of  the  shell  into  the  posterior 
margin;  posterior  margin  -much  straighter  than  the  anterior,  usually 
gently  convex  but  sometimes  nearly  or  quite  straight.  Beaks  situated  at 
about  the  middle  of  the  hinge  line,  rather  prominent,  elevated,  pointed 
and  incurved,  considerably  more  prominent  in  the  casts  than  in  the  speci- 
mens with  the  shell  preserved.  Valves  gibbous,  most  prominent,  but  not 
angular,  along  a  line  from  the  beaks  to  the  postero-basal  extremity,  the 
posterior  slope  more  abrupt  than  the  anterior.  Muscular  impressions 
rather  large,  the  posterior  one  scarcely  impressed  and  often  scarcely  dis- 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  671 

tinguishable  upon  the  casts;  the  anterior  ones  more  strongly  impressed. 
Each  valve  with  a  strong,  somewhat  curved  cardinal  tooth  beneath  the 
beak,  with  a  pit  for  the  reception  of  the  tooth  of  the  opposite  valve  ;  in  each 
valve  is  a  single  anterior  and  posterior,  rather  strong,  lateral  tooth,  some- 
what remote  but  nearly  equidistant  from  the  cardinal  tooth.  The  inner 
free  margin  of  the  valves  is  crenate.  Externally  the  shell  is  marked  by 
flat,  radiating  costs  wider  than  the  interspaces;  from  the  interspaces  rise 
rows  of  laterally  compressed  spinules  or  tubercles  which  are  longer  and 
stronger  upon  the  anterior  and  posterior  slopes  towards  the  hinge  extrem- 
ities ;  on  the  central  portion  of  the  shell  each  third  row  of  processes  is 
more  conspicuous  than  the  two  intervening  rows,  the  spines  being  longer 
and  larger,  one  of  them  occupying  the  space  of  two  or  three  of  the  smaller 
ones  of  the  intervening  rows,  the  smaller  ones  sometimes  being  scarcely 
more  than  tubercles  but  little  elevated  above  the  surface  of  the  ribs  of  the 
shell ;  upon  the  anterior  and  posterior  slopes  of  the  shell  the  rows  of  larger 
and  smaller  spines  alternate,  there  being  but  a  single  row  of  smaller  spines 
between  the  larger  ones. 

"  This  species  is  by  far  the  commonest  and  most  widely  distributed 
Cardium  in  the  Cretaceous  faunas  of  Xew  Jersey.  It  exhibits  considerable 
variation,  especially  in  the  straightness  of  the  posterior  margin  of  the 
shell  and  in  the  prominence  of  the  postero-basal  extremity,  but  the  casts 
can  almost  always  be  easily  recognized  by  the  strong  convexity  or  gib- 
bosity of  the  valves,  and  the  abrupt  posterior  slope  as  compared  with  the 
anterior.  The  surface  markings  of  the  shell  most  closely  resemble  those 
of  G.  dumosum,  but  the  radiating  costfe  are  comparatively  broader  and 
natter  with  narrower  interspaces,  and  consequently  the  spines  upon  the 
surface  are  more  compressed  laterally.  C.  dumosum  is  also  more  nearly 
equilateral,  with  less  convex  valves  than  this  species,  and  does  not  attain 
so  large  a  size. 

"  It  has  been  a  matter  of  much  difficulty  to  determine  to  what  species 
this  common  shell  should  be  referred.  Previous  to  the  publication  of 
Whitfield's  monograph  it  seems  usually  to  have  been  referred  to  C.  multi- 
radiatum,  or  to  G.  eufalense.  Whitfield  has  apparently  illustrated  dif- 


672  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

fcrent  individual  internal  casts  of  the  species  under  four  different  spe- 
cific heads.  His  figures  18  and  19  of  C.  eufalense  represent  a  more 
than  usually  gibbous  cast  of  this  species,  the  true  C.  eufalense  being 
a  fundamentally  different  shell  without  the  spines  rising  from  the  inter- 
spaces between  the  ribs,  and  consequently  not  even  a  member  of  the  sub- 
genus  Criocardium.  Whitfield' s  figures  10  and  11  of  C.  dumosum  repre- 
sent a  more  than  usually  rounded  form  of  the  species  under  discussion, 
the  specimen  is  larger,  more  convex  and  has  a  steeper  posterior  slope  than 
the  true  C.  dumosum.  Figure  12  of  the  same  author,  an  enlargement  to 
illustrate  the  surface  characters  of  C.  dumosum,  also  proves,  upon  exami- 
nation of  the  specimen,  to  be  taken  from  a  member  of  the  species  under 
consideration;  the  illustration  is  not  an  accurate  representation  of  the 
characters  of  the  specimen,  the  costse  being  too  narrow,  the  interspaces 
too  wide,  and  the  spines  not  enough  compressed  laterally.  The  internal 
cast  used  by  Whitfield  as  the  original  for  his  figures  1  and  2  of  C.  multi- 
radiatum  seems  to  be  a  member  of  this  species  also;  a  specimen  in  the 
recent  collections  of  the  Survey  from  the  Navesink  marl  near  Crawfords 
Corner  agrees  almost  exactly  with  this  illustration,  and  it  is  undoubtedly 
a  member  of  the  species  under  discussion.  The  enlarged  illustration, 
figure  3,  given  to  represent  the  surface  characters  of  this  same  species,  is 
much  overdrawn,  the  original  mould  from  which  the  gutta-percha  impres- 
sion was  taken  being  altogether  too  imperfect  to  show  to  what  species  it 
belongs."— Weller,  1907. 

The  casts  of  C.  tenuistriatum  Whitfield  are  readily  separable  from  those 
of  C.  dumosum  Conrad  by  the  much  higher  relative  altitude  and  the  trun- 
cated posterior  margin.  The  resemblance  to  the  casts  of  C.  kiimmeU 
Weller  is  much  closer,  but  the  umbones  are  somewhat  less  elevated  and 
less  acute  and  the  anterior  adductor  muscle  scar  much  less  prominent. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAN  FORMATION.  Park  Point,  and  ?  Ulmstead 
Point,  Anne  Arundel  County.  MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  ?  Jones  farm, 
Burklow's  Creek,  Cecil  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Columbia  Univerisity,  Xew 
Jersey  Geological  Survey. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  673 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation..  Merchantville  clay  marl, 
Marshalltown  clay  marl,  Wenonah  sand,  New  Jersey.  Monmouth  Forma- 
tion. Navesink  marl,  New  Jersey. 

CARDIUM  KUMMELI  Weller 

Cardium  kummeli  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 
p.  585,  pi.  Ixvi,  figs.  1-3. 

Description. — "  The  dimensions  of  a  rather  small  internal  cast  of  a 
right  valve  are :  Height  45  mm.,  width  34  mm.,  convexity  17.5  mm. 
Large  individuals  sometimes  attain  a  height  of  70  mm.  or  more.  Shell 
subovate  in  lateral  view,  cordate  in  end  view.  Beaks  of  the  internal  casts 
greatly  elevated  above  the  hinge  line,  pointed  and  incurved.  Hinge  line 
arcuate;  anterior  margin  regularly  rounded  from  the  extremity  of  the 
hinge  line  to  the  middle  of  the  basal  margin ;  postero-basal  margin  a  little 
more  sharply  rounded;  posterior  margin  convex,  a  little  straighter  than 
the  anterior.  Valves  strongly  convex  or  gibbous,  most  prominent,  but 
not  at  all  angular,  along  an  oblique  line  from  the  beaks  to  the  postero- 
basal  extremity,  the  posterior  slope  more  abrupt  than  the  anterior.  Mus- 
cular impressions  large,  the  anterior  ones  deeply  impressed  above,  the  pos- 
terior one  scarcely  differentiated  from  the  general  surface  of  the  casts. 
Hinge  characters  not  seen.  Inner  free  margins  of  the  valves  apparently 
not  crenate.  Shell  substance  thick,  rugose  externally.  The  surface  mark- 
ings consist  of  strongly  elevated,  rounded,  radiating  costae,  narrower  than 
the  interspaces;  on  a  specimen  about  55  mm.  in  length  the  distance 
between  these  ribs  from  center  to  center  at  the  middle  portion  of  the  shell 
margin  is  about  2  mm.  or  a  little  less.  Each  third  interspace  is  occupied 
by  a  row  of  strong  and  thick  spines  rising  1  or  2  mm.  above  the  tops  of  the 
costee  when  complete,  subcircular  in  cross-section,  their  bases  occupying 
the  entire  width  of  the  furrow,  the  space  between  successive  spines  being 
about  equal  to  the  thickness  of  the  spines  themselves ;  in  some  cases  the 
bases  of  the  spines  are  thickened  longitudinally  so  that  they  occupy  essen- 
tially the  entire  furrow,  in  which  case  the  two  bounding  costse  with  the 
row  of  spines  rising  from  the  intervening  furrow  appear  to  form  alto- 
gether one  broad  rib  supporting  a  row  of  strong  spines.  The  two  furrows 


674  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

intervening  between  the  rows  of  strong  spines  are  each  occupied  by  a  row 
of  very  much  smaller,  laterally  compressed  spines  whose  bases  are  more 
or  less  connected. 

"  There  is  considerable  variation  shown  in  the  surface  markings  of 
different  individuals  of  this  species,  and  the  extremes  might  be  taken  as 
the  representatives  of  distinct  species  or  even  of  distinct  subgenera.  In 
its  typical  form,  as  seen  in  the  Tinton  beds,  the  species  exhibits  clearly  the 
characteristics  of  the  subgenus  Criocardium,  the  rows  of  spines  rising 
from  the  interspaces  betwen  the  radiating  costa3  of  the  shell.  In  some 
specimens  the  bases  of  the  larger  spines  or  nodes  are  confluent  and  appear 
to  entirely  fill  the  interspace  occupied  by  them,  so  that  the  two  bounding 
costae  with  the  row  of  spines  together  seem  to  constitute  a  single  broad  rib 
crowned  with  a  row  of  strong  nodes.  At  the  same  time  the  rows  of  secon- 
dary nodes  are  sometimes  confluent  at  their  bases  and  form  a  continuous 
secondary  rib,  perhaps  nodose  on  top,  and  about  equaling  in  height  and 
size  the  primary  costas,  so  that  there  seem  to  be  three  costae  of  nearly  equal 
size  in  the  broad  interspace  between  the  rows  of  large  nodes  and  their 
included  bounding  costae.  In  the  extreme  development  of  the  rows  of 
secondary  nodes  their  bases  are  confluent  and  they  increase  in  size  and 
height  so  as  to  occupy  the  whole  of  the  interspaces,  obliterating  entirely 
the  primary  costae,  so  that  the  surface  of  the  shell  is  apparently  marked  by 
radiating  rows  of  tubercles  which  apparently  do  not  rise  from  interspaces 
between  costae,  but  directly  from  the  surface,  each  third  row  being  much 
larger  and  stronger  than  the  two  intervening  ones. 

"  It  is  possible  that  larger  collections  of  more  perfectly  preserved 
material  than  is  now  available  would  show  that  more  than  one  species  has 
been  included  under  this  head,  but  so  far  as  can  be  determined  from 
present  collections,  all  these  forms  seem  to  run  together.  The  typical 
form  of  the  species,  however,  is  that  in  which  the  nodes  rise  distinctly  from 
the  interspaces,  showing  the  characters  clearly  of  the  subgenus  Crio- 
cardium, and  which  has  been  recognized  only  in  the  Tinton  beds. 

"  In  its  somewhat  elongate  and  slender  form,  the  species  in  the  form 
of  internal  casts  somewhat  resembles  the  casts  of  C.  spillmani  and  they 
have  sometimes  been  so  identified.  It  does  not  grow  so  large  as  that 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  675 

species,  however,  it  lacks  the  radiating  ribs  usually  impressed  upon  the 
posterior  slope  of  C.  perelongatum,  and  the  anterior  muscular  scar  is  not 
so  low  in  position. 

"  In  the  collections  of  the  National  Museum  at  Washington  this  species 
is  represented  by  numerous  examples  from  the  South,  which  have  usually 
been  referred  to  C.  dumosum.  These  southern  specimens  are  perfectly  pre- 
served shells  which  are  smaller  than  the  usual  examples  from  the  Tinton 
beds  in  New  Jersey,  but  their  surface  markings  are  identical  with  those 
of  the  type  specimen.  The  species  differs  from  C.  dumosum  in  its  more 
elongate  form  and  in  the  much  coarser  surface  markings.  C.  tippana  is 
another  allied  form  in  which  the  surface  markings  are  fully  as  coarse  as  in 
C.  kiimmeli,  but  there  is  only  a  single  row  of  smaller  tubercles  between 
the  larger  ones  in  that  species,  instead  of  two  as  in  C.  kummeli." — 
Weller,  1907. 

Type  Locality. — Beers  Hill  Cut,  New  Jersey. 

The  casts  of  C.  Tcummeli  are  characterized  by  higher,  more  acute 
umbones  than  those  of  either  C.  dumosum  or  C.  tenuistriatum.  It  is 
further  differentiated  from  C.  dumosum  by  the  relatively  higher  altitude, 
the  less  equilateral  outline  and  the  more  prominent  anterior  adductor 
muscle  scar. 

Occurrence. — MATA WAIST  FORMATION.  Camp  Fox,  Post  236,  Post  218, 
Camp  U  &  I,  Post  196,  one-eighth  of  a  mile  west  of  Summit  Bridge, 
Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  Delaware;  1  mile  west  of  Chesterfield, 
Anne  Arundel  County,  Maryland.  MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Two  miles 
west  of  Delaware  City,  on  John  Higgins  farm,  DelaAvare;  Brooks  estate 
near  Seat  Pleasant,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  Prince  George's  County, 
Maryland. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  New  Jersey  Geological  Sur- 
vey, U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Monmouth  Formation.  Navesink  marl,  Tinton 
beds,  New  Jersey.  Ripley  Formation.  Exogyra  costata  zone,  Eufaula, 
Alabama;  Quitman,  Union  and  Tippah  counties,  Mississippi.  Extreme 
top  of  zone,  Pataula  Creek,  Georgia;  Barbour  and  Henry  counties,  Ala- 
bama. 


676  SYSTEMATIC  PALEOXTOLOGY 

Superfamily  VENERACEA 

Family  VENERIDAE 

Genus  DOSINIA  Scopoli 

[Introd.  ad  Hist.  Nat.  1777,  p.  399] 

Type. — Dosinia  africana  Hanley. 

"  Animal  with  a  large  arcuate  foot  and  closely  united  siphons.  Com- 
plete dental  formula  (the  posterior  right  cardinal,  being  extremely  thin, 

is  often  broken  off,  eroded,  or  obsolete)  L'  0101010.010        The  thick 

E.  1010101.101 

middle  cardinals  are  often  bifid  or  excavated.  Valves  suborbicular,  gen- 
erally compressed,  with  a  long  and  strong  ligament  seated  in  a  groove  and 
enfolding  a  heavy  resilium,  lunule  small,  impressed ;  escutcheon  narrow, 
nearly  linear  or  absent;  hinge  plate  broad  and  thick,  valve  margins 
smooth ;  pallial  sinus  rather  long  and  usually  acute,  anterior  lateral  teeth 
nearly  obsolete  and  usually  simple;  sculpture  usually  of  elegantly  con- 
centric grooves  and  interspaces,  sometimes  raised  into  lamella  at  the 
borders  of  the  lunule  and  escutcheon,  crossed  rarely  with  weak  radial 
threads;  coloration  of  the  recent  species  rarely  disposed  in  patterns  and 
usually  pale,  many  species  being  white.  The  periostracum  is  usually  thin 
and  polished."— Ball,  1903.1 

The  genus  was  initiated  in  the  Cretaceous  but  not  very  well  represented. 
The  rather  large  and  rotund  shells  are,  however,  very  much  in  evidence  in 
the  Tertiary  and  Eecent  faunas.  The  Becent  species  number  about  one 
hundred,  and  have  an  almost  universal  distribution  in  the  temperate  and 
warmer  waters. 

DOSINIA  OBLIQUATA  Conrad 

Dosinia  obliguata  Conrad,  1860,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  278,  pi.  xlvi,  fig.  2. 
Dosinia  oUiquata  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur., 

p.  13. 

Description. — "  Lentiform,  very  oblique ;  beaks  almost  terminal ; 
minute,  concentric,  regular,  closely  arranged,  impressed  lines  on  the 
anterior  side." — Conrad,  1860. 

Etymology:    Dosin,  a  Sengalese  name  used  by  Adanson  as  a  specific  name. 
1  Trans.  Wagner  Free  Inst.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  iii,  pt.  vi,  p.  1227. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  677 

Type  Locality. — Owl  Creek,  Tippah  County,  Mississippi. 

Conrad's  figure  somewhat  belies  his  description.  The  shell  is  rather 
small  and  thin,  subcircular  and  feebly  convex;  the  umbones  are  rather 
gibbous  for  the  genus,  the  apices  acute  and  prosogyrate,  rising  above  the 
dorsal  margin  and  approximately  central,  not  terminal  in  position.  The 
area  of  maximum  inflation  extends  obliquely  backward  from  the  umbones 
to  the  posterior  ventral  margin  widening  toward  the  base,  thus  giving 
to  the  shell  the  characteristically  oblique  aspect  which  inspired  the  name. 
The  anterior  end  is  broadly  and  symmetrically  rounded,  the  posterior 
obscurely  truncated,  the  base  line  arcuate.  The  external  surface  is  sculp- 
tured with  very  fine,  overlapping  concentric  laminae,  most  sharp  and  most 
regular  in  th  eumbonal  region  and  along  the  anterior  margin.  The  char- 
acters of  the  interior  are  not  known. 

The  species  is  represented  in  Maryland  by  a  single  imperfect  valve. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brooks  estate  near  Seat  Pleas- 
ant, Prince  George's  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Outside  Distribution. — Ripley  Formation.  Exogyra  costata  zone, 
Tippah  County,  Mississippi. 

Genus  CYCLINA  Deshayes 
[Traite  Elem.,  vol.  i,  1849,  p.  623] 

Type. — Venus  sinensis  Gmelin  =  Venus  chinensis  Gmelin. 

"  The  dental  formula  is   L-  010101Q.    The  fourth,  or  posterior,  right 

E.  1010101 

cardinal  is  nearly  obsolete;  the  one  in  front  of  it  and  the  anterior  left 
cardinal  are  bifid.  The  shell  is  suborbicular,  nearly  equilateral,  and 
plump;  the  ligament  uncovered  but  deep-set;  there  is  neither  a  defined 
lunule  nor  escutcheon,  the  sculpture  is  faint  and  chiefly  concentric,  feebly 
reticulated  by  radial  stria ;  the  hinge  plate  is  broad,  the  inner  margins  of 
the  valves  crenulate,  the  pallial  sinus  moderate  in  size,  acutely  angular  in 
front,  and  obliquely  ascending.  There  is  no  trace  of  lateral  teeth;  the 
periostracum  is  polished  and  translucent,  the  coloration  tinted,  without 

Etymology:  /a'/cXcs,  circle. 


678  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

a  distinct  pattern.  The  typical  forms  are  denizens  of  China,  Japan,  and 
Korea.  The  two  American  forms  which  have  been  referred  to  this  genus 
by  Deshayes  are  discussed  under  the  head  of  Cyclinella,  and  are  probably 
allied  to  Mysia.  They  differ  conchologically  by  having  smooth  inner 
margins  to  the  valves,  a  defined  lunule,  no  trace  of  the  fourth  right  car- 
dinal tooth,  and  purely  concentric  sculpture." — Ball,  1903.1 

CYCLINA  PARVA  n.  sp. 
Plate  XLI,  Figs.  5,  G 

Description. — Shell  porcellanous,  rather  heavy  for  its  small  size,  sub- 
circular  in  outline,  moderately  inflated,  the  maximum  convexity  above 
the  median  horizontal;  umbones  subcentral,  rather  prominent,  with  fine 
prosogyrate  apices  placed  a  little  in  front  of  the  median  vertical ;  lunule 
and  escutcheon  not  differentiated ;  dorsal  margins  obliquely  truncate,  the 
anterior  shorter  and  more  gently  sloping  than  the  posterior;  anterior 
extremity  broader  and  smoothly  rounded;  posterior  extremity  obscurely 
truncate ;  base  line  evenly  arcuate ;  external  surface  smooth,  excepting  for 
faint  concentric  striations  and  two  or  three  well  defined  resting  stages,  the 
striae  least  feeble  toward  the  lateral  and  ventral  margins,  but  absent  alto- 
gether in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  umbones;  ligament  external,  opis- 
thodetic,  mounted  on  a  rather  short  and  slender  nymph ;  cardinals  three 
in  number  in  each  valve,  radiating  fan-like  from  beneath  tin-  umbones, 
the  anterior  cardinal  in  the  right  valve  thin,  laminar  and  somewhat  pro- 
duced, the  middle  cardinal  stouter,  widening  ventrally,  the  posterior 
obliquely  produced  and  asymmetrically  bifid;  anterior  and  medial  car- 
dinal of  the  left  valve  united  beneath  the  umbones,  the  anterior  slender, 
laminar,  elongated,  the  medial  shorter,  slightly  elongated  and  stouter,  the 
posterior  very  slender  and  not  very  much  produced ;  adductor  scars  rela- 
tively large,  narrow  but  elongated,  placed  well  up  near  the  extremities  of 
the  hinge  line;  pallial  sinus  distinct,  acutely  angulated  at  about  90°,  the 
breadth  and  depth  approximately  equal;  pallial  line  distant;  inner  ven- 
tral margins  simple. 

1  Trans.  Wagner  Free  Inst.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  iii,  pt.  vi,  p.  1234. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  679 

Dimensions. — Altitude  3.7  mm.,  latitude  4  mm.,  semi-diameter  1.4  mm. 

Type  Locality. — Brooks  estate  near  Seat  Pleasant,  Prince  George's 
County. 

This  small  Yenerid  is  quite  unique  in  the  molluscan  faunas  of  the 
East  Coast  Upper  Cretaceous. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Brooks  estate  near 
Seat  Pleasant,  Friendly,  McNeys  Corners,  Prince  George's  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Genus  MERETRIX  Lamarck 
[Prodrome  Nouv.  Class.  Coq.,  1799,  p.  85] 

Type. — Venus  Meretrix  Linne. 

"  Shell  trigonal,  plump,  subequilateral,  thin,  smooth,  with  a  vernicose 
periostracum  and  a  peculiar  olivaceous  tone  of  coloration;  lunule  and 
escutcheon  not  distinctly  defined ;  cardinals  three  in  each  valve,  with  well- 
marked  anterior  laterals;  the  middle  left  and  two  anterior  right  cardinals 
entire,  smooth,  the  others  grooved  or  bifid;  right  nymph  and  posterior 
left  cardinal  corrugated ;  dorsal  margins,  beyond  the  hinge  plate,  grooved 
to  receive  the  edge  of  the  opposite  valve;  internal  margins  smooth,  the 
pallial  line  with  a  shallow  arcuate  flexuosity  but  no  angular  sinus." — 
Ball,  1903.1 

The  genus  was  initiated  in  the  Cretaceous.  The  recent  species  are  most 
abundant  in  the  Pacific. 

MERETRIX  CRETACEA  (Conrad)  Weller 

Mora  cretacea  Conrad,  1870,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  vi,  p.  72,  pi.  iii,  fig.  8. 
Mora  cretacea     Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  167,  pi. 

xxiii,  figs.  16,  17. 

Mora  cretacea  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  16. 
Meretrix  cretacea  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  608,  pi.  Ixvili,  figs.  4-7. 

Etymology:     The  specific  name  of  the  type. 

1  Trans.  Wagner  Free  Inst.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  iii,  pt.  vi,  p.  1259. 


680  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Description. — "  Subtriangular,  subequilateral,  convex;  end  margins 
acutely  rounded;  umbo  slightly  prominent;  lunule  lanceolate,  slightly 
defined  by  an  impressed  line;  ventral  margin  rounded." — Conrad,  1870. 

Type  Locality. — Haddonfield,  New  Jersey. 

"  Shell  below  medium  size,  the  dimensions  of  an  average  example  are : 
Height  16.5  mm.,  approximate  length  23  mm.,  convexity  of  one  valve 
5  mm.;  somewhat  triangularly  subelliptical  in  outline.  Valves  moder- 
ately convex,  beaks  small,  situated  anterior  to  the  middle ;  antero-cardinal 
margin  concave ;  anterior  margin  rather  sharply  rounded  above,  curving 
more- gently  below  and  passing  without  interruption  into  the  broadly 
rounded  ventral  margin;  posterior  margin  rather  short,  obscurely  sub- 
truncate;  post-cardinal  margin  long,  gently  convex,  meeting  the  antero- 
cardinal  margin  at  the  beak  in  an  angle  of  120°.  Postero-cardinal  mar- 
gin somewhat  inflected,  especially  towards  the  beak;  antero-cardinal 
margin  inflected  in  front  of  the  beak  to  form  a  shallow  lunule  of  moderate 
width.  Surface  of  shell  marked  by  more  or  less  irregular,  concentric 
lines  of  growth  only.  Hinge  of  the  left  valve  with  three  cardinal  teeth 
diverging  from  beneath  the  beak,  the  two  anterior  ones  of  about  equal 
length,  extending  directly  beneath  the  beak  with  a  triangular  pit  between 
them,  the  posterior  one  much  more  oblique  and  more  elongate.  In  front 
of  the  cardinal  teeth  is  a  single  low  lateral  beneath  the  lunule  and  parallel 
with  the  shell  margin.  In  the  right  valve  there  are  two  divergent,  bifid 
cardinal  teeth  with  a  pit  beneath  the  lunule  for  the  reception  of  the  ante- 
rior lateral  tooth  of  the  oposite  valve." — Weller,  1907. 

The  only  evidence  of  the  former  presence  of  this  species  in  Maryland 
and  Delaware  is  a  single  imperfect  cast  from  the  Chesapeake  and  Dela- 
ware Canal. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAN  FOKMATIOX.  Summit  Bridge,  Chesapeake 
and  Delaware  Canal,  Delaware. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Woodbury  clay,  Mar- 
shalltown  clay  marl,  New  Jersey. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  681 

Genus  ANTIGONA  Schumacher1 
[Essai,  1817,  pp.  51,  154] 

Type. — Antigona  lamellaria  Schumacher. 

"  Shell  smaller  and  more  trigonal,  less  rotund  than  Cytherea  s.  s. ;  the 
left  anterior  lateral  lamellifonn  and  larger,  with  a  perceptible  socket  in 
the  right  valve ;  the  posterior  right  cardinal  broad  and  deeply  bifid ;  pal- 
lia! sinus  small,  triangular." — Ball,  1903.2 

Subgenus  APHRODINA  Conrad 
[Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  iv,  1869,  p.  246] 

Type. — Meretrix  tippana  Conrad. 

"  Shell  rounded  or  suboval,  striated  or  sulcated ;  hinge  in  the  left  valve 
with  three  diverging  cardinal  teeth,  the  anterior  tooth  as  thick  as  the 
middle  one  or  thicker,  and  a  straight,  compressed,  transversely  rugose 
lateral  tooth  parallel  with  the  margin  of  the  shell  above  it;  pallial  sinus 
deep,  and  similar  to  that  in  Caryatis  Boemer." — Conrad.  1868. 

"  Shell  concentrically  striated,  with  a  circumscribed  lunule,  but  no 
defined  escutcheon;  inner  margins  smooth;  pallial  sinus  ample,  free, 
ascending,  rather  rounded  in  front;  hinge  with  three  cardinals  in  each 
valve,  the  right  posterior  cardinal  bifid ;  an  elongate  anterior  lateral  cor- 
rugated on  both  sides  and  received  into  a  corrugated  pit  in  the  right  valve ; 
nymphs  plain." — Ball,  1903.3 

ANTIGONA  (APHRODINA)  TIPPANA  Conrad 
Plate  XL,  Figs.  3,  4 

Meretrix  tippana  Conrad,  1858,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol. 

iii,  p.  326,  pi.  xxxiv,  fig.  18. 
Dione  tippana  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur., 

p.  13.. 

Etymology:   Antigone,  daughter  to  CEdipus. 

1  Cytherea  Bolten,  1798,  (part)  Mus.  Boltenianum,  ed.  i,  p.  177;  1819,  ed.  ii, 
p.  124.     Venus  puerpera  Linnaeus.     Not  Cytherea  Fabricius   (Diptera),  1795, 
Lamarck,  1806,  nor  H.  and  A.  Adams,  1856. 

Callista  Fischer,  1887,  Man.  de  Conch.,  p.  1084.  Venus  verrucosa  Linn6. 
Not  Callista  Morch,  1853. 

2  Trans.  Wagner  Free  Inst.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  iii,  pt.  vi,  p.  1273. 

3  Trans.  Wagner  Free  Inst.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  iii,  pt.  vi,  p.  1272. 


682  SYSTEMATIC  PALEOXTOLOGY 

Aphrodina  tippana  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  727. 
Aphrodina  tippana  Conrad,  1869,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  iv,  p.  246,  pi.  xviii, 

fig.  5. 
Aphrodina  tippana  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  154, 

pi.  xxii,  figs.  6,  7. 

Aphrodina  tippana  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  16. 
Meretrix  tippana  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv,  p. 

607,  pi.  Ixviii,  figs.  1,  2  (ex  parte). 

Description. — "  Subtriangular,  obsoletely  striated  concentrically ;  ante- 
rior sides  slightly  compressed,  with  an  ascending  basal  margin,  extremity 
rather  acutely  rounded,  distant  from  the  apex ;  base  a  little  prominent  in 
the  middle,  subtruncated  on  either  side;  posterior  end  but  slightly  more 
obtuse  than  the  anterior;  beaks  prominent." — Conrad,  1858. 

Type  Locality. — Owl  Creek,  Tippah  County,  Mississippi. 

Shell  rather  large  and  heavy,  ovate-trigonal  in  outline,  evenly  but 
strongly  inflated ;  lunule  narrow,  elongated,  denned  by  an  impressed  line ; 
area  behind  the  umbones  somewhat  flattened  but  escutcheon  not  differenti- 
ated ;  umbones  rather  prominent  by  reason  of  their  position  at  the  apex  of 
an  angle  of  a  little  more  than  90°  ;  umbones  evenly  rounded  but  not 
strongly  inflated,  the  apices  incurved,  prosogyrate,  slightly  anterior  in 
position ;  anterior  extremity  strongly  arcuate,  even  a  little  nasute  in  front 
of  the  lunule ;  posterior  dorsal  margin  obliquely  arcuate,  the  lateral  mar- 
gin obscurely  truncate ;  ventral  margin  convex,  more  strongly  upcurved  in 
front  than  behind ;  external  surface  concentrically  striated  with  a  vigorous 
incremental  sculpture  which  becomes  increasingly  prominent  toward  the 
ventral  margin;  ligament  external,  opisthodetic,  mounted  011  rather  a 
slender  nymph  which  extends  a  little  less  than  half-way  down  the  dorsal 
margin ;  cardinals  three  in  number  in  each  valve,  the  anterior  cardinal  of 
the  right  valve  short  and  slender,  the  middle  cardinal  trigonal,  the  poste- 
rior laminar  and  elongated,  anterior  cardinal  of  the  left  valve  trigonal  and 
stouter  than  that  of  the  right,  the  middle  cardinal  rather  short  and  slender, 
the  posterior  elongated  parallel  to  the  nymph,  a  single  short  lateral  elon- 
gated parallel  to  the  lunular  margin  in  the  right  valve,  received  in  a  double 
socket  in  the  left;  muscle  impressions  distinct  but  not  conspicuous,  the 
anterior  semi-elliptical,  the  posterior  subcircular ;  pallia!  line  distinct,  the 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  683 

sinus  linguiform  and  obliquely  ascending  almost  but  not  quite  to  the 
median  horizontal. 

Aphrodina  tippana  Conrad  is  one  of  the  most  widely  distributed  and 
most  characteristic  species  of  the  Exogyra  costata  zone.  Weller  has  deter- 
mined some  casts  from  the  Matawan  of  New  Jersey  by  this  name,  but  they 
seem  to  show  at  least  a  subspecific  difference  in  the  shorter,  relatively 
higher  outline  and  the  less  produced,  more  broadly  rounded  posterior  end. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Magothy  Formation.  New  Jersey.  Ripley 
Formation.  Exogyra  costata  zone,  Union,  Tippah  and  Alcorn  counties, 
Mississippi;  Georgia;  Eufaula,  Alabama.  Extreme  top  of  zone,  Chatta- 
hoochee  River,  Georgia. 

Genus  LEGUMEN  Conrad 
[Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  iii,  1858,  p.  325] 

Type. — Lcgumen  ellipticus  Conrad  =  L.  planulatum  Conrad. 

"  Shell  equivalve,  very  inequilateral,  flattened ;  hinge  with  two  very 
slender  teeth  in  the  right  valve  under  the  beak,  and  one  posterior,  very 
oblique,  prominent,  lamelliform  tooth." — Conrad,  1858. 

Legumen  like  the  associated  Leptosolen  occurs  most  frequently  in  the 
form  of  casts,  but  it  is  readily  differentiated  from  the  latter  by  the  rela- 
tively greater  altitude,  the  ellipsoidal  rather  than  cylindrical  outline,  and 
particularly  by  the  absence  of  a  sulcus  across  the  umbones. 

The  genus,  though  quite  abundant  locally,  has  a  restricted  distribution 
within  the  Cretaceous. 

A.  Altitude  of  shell  not  more  than  half  the  latitude Legumen  planulatum 

B.  Altitude  of  shell  equal  to  or  greater  than  half  the  latitude 

Legumen  carolinense 

Etymology:    Legumen,  a  bean. 
45 


684  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

LEGUMEN  PLANULATUM  Conrad 
Plate  XL,  Figs,  5-7 

Solemya  planulata  Conrad,  1853,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol. 

ii,  p.  274,  pi.  xxiv,  fig.  11. 

Legumen  ellipticus  Conrad,  1858,  Ibidem,  vol.  iii,  p.  325,  pi.  xxxiv,  fig.  19. 
Legumen  appressus  Conrad,  1858,  Ibidem,  p.  325. 
Legumen  appressa  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.   and 

Jur.,  p.  15. 

Legumen  elliptica  Meek,    1864,  Ibidem. 
Legumen  planata  Meek,  1864,  Ibidem. 

Legumen  ellipticus  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  727. 
Legumen  appressus  Conrad,  1868,  Ibidem. 

Legumen  planulatus  Gabb,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  304. 
Legumen  planulatum  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p. 

184,  pi.  xxv,  figs.  3,  4. 

Legumen  appressum  Whitfield,  1885,  Ibidem,  p.  185,  pi.  xxv,  figs.  6-8. 
Legumen  ellipticum  Whitfield,  1885,  Ibidem,  p.  184,  pi.  xxv,  fig.  5. 
Legumen  planulatum  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  17. 
Legumen  appressum  Johnson,  1905,  Ibidem. 
Legumen  ellipticum  Johnson,  1905,  Ibidem. 
Legumen  planulatum  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol. 

iv,  p.  612,  pi.  Ixix,  figs.  3-7. 

Description. — "  Elliptical,  compressed,  sides  flattened ;  end  margins 
rounded;  hinge  and  basal  margins  nearly  parallel." — Conrad,  1853. 

Type  Locality. — Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey. 

Shell  very  thin  and  porcellanous,  much  compressed,  transversely  ellip- 
soidal in  outline,  slightly  expanding  posteriorly;  dorsal  and  ventral  mar- 
gins subparallel;  posterior  extremity  strongly  arcuate,  anterior  end  of 
shell  slightly  constricted  directly  in  front  of  the  umbones;  the  lateral 
margin  evenly  and  strongly  convex;  lunule  and  escutcheon  not  defined; 
umbones  very  low  and  compressed  with  sharp  and  prosogyrate  apices 
placed  within  the  anterior  third;  external  surface  adorned  with  a  sharp 
incremental  sculpture,  almost  obsolete  in  the  umbonal  region  and  along 
the  extreme  dorsal  margin,  sharpest  and  most  regular  near  the  anterior 
ventral  margin;  radial  sculpture  not  developed;  ligament  submarginal, 
seated  on  a  nymph  not  quite  half  as  long  as  the  posterior  dorsal  margin ; 
cardinals  three  in  number  in  each  valve ;  the  anterior  and  middle  cardinals 
of  the  right  valve  thin,  laminar  and  rather  short,  diverging  beneath  the 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  685 

umbones  at  rather  a  small  angle;  the  posterior  cardinal  also  thin  and 
laminar,  finely  bifid,  much  elongated  and  set  close  under  the  nymph  to 
which  it  is  approximately  parallel ;  anterior  cardinal  of  left  valve  thin  and 
laminar,  but  quite  prominent,  fitting  between  the  anterior  and  middle 
cardinals  of  the  right  valve ;  the  middle  and  posterior  cardinals  of  the  left 
valve  laminar  and  elongated,  the  posterior  more  produced  and  narrowly 
sulcate,  both  of  them  placed  far  back  under  the  dorsal  margin  and  diverg- 
ing from  one  another  and  from  the  ligament  nymph  at  a  very  small  angle 
in  order  that  they  may  receive  the  posterior  cardinal  of  the  right  valve ; 
muscle  impressions  small,  obscure;  pallia!  line  running  close  to  the 
ventral  margin;  sinus  short,  broad,  acutely  angulated  at  its  anterior 
extremity. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAX  FORMATION.  Three-quarters  of  a  mile  south- 
west of  Ulmstead  Point,  Anne  Arundel  County.  MOXMOUTH  FORMATION. 
Freeman's  Creek,  Kent  County ;  Brightseat,  Brooks  estate  near  Seat  Pleas- 
ant, Friendly,  McNeys  Corners,  2  miles  south  of  Oxon  Hill,  Prince 
George's  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Xatural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl, 
Woodbury  clay,  Wenonah  sand,  New  Jersey.  Monmouth  Formation. 
Xavesink  marl,  Red  Bank  sand,  New  Jersey.  Black  Creek  Formation. 
North  and  South  Carolina.  Eutaw  Formation  (Tombigbee  sand  mem- 
ber). Exogyra  ponderosa  zone,  Mortoniceras  subzone,  Georgia.  Ripley 
Formation.  Exogyra  ponderosa  zone,  Barbour  County,  Alabama.  Exo- 
gyra costata  zone,  Schley  County,  Georgia ;  Euf aula,  Alabama ;  Union  and 
Tippah  counties,  Mississippi.  Extreme  top  of  zone,  Pataula  Creek, 
Georgia.  Selma  Formation.  Exogyra  costata  zone,  Wilcox  County,  Ala- 
bama ;  east-central  Mississippi. 

LEGUMEN  CAROLINENSE  (Conrad) 

Baroda  carolinensis  Conrad,  1875,  Kerr's  Rept.  Geol.  Survey,  North  Caro- 
lina, Appendix,  pp.  8,  9,  pi.  ii,  fig.  10. 

Description. — "  Shell  oblong,  very  inequilateral,  convex,  with  a  few 
slightly  impressed  concentric  furrows;  posterior  cardinal  margin  long, 


686  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

straight,  oblique ;  margins  rounded ;  umbonal  slope  undefined  and  regu- 
larly convex  with  post-umbonal  slope.  This  is  the  first  species  found  in 
America,  and  represents  an  interesting  exclusively  Cretaceous  genus.  The 
hinge  fortunately  can  be  obtained  in  perfection  at  Snow  Hill.  The  genus 
is  common  to  the  Senoniah  strata  in  America,  Europe  and  Southern 
India."— Conrad,  1875. 

Type  Locality. — Snow  Hill,  North  Carolina. 

Ligament  external,  opisthodetic,  nymphs  elongated  and  produced  more 
than  half  the  length  of  the  dorsal  margin ;  cardinals  three  in  number  in 
right  valve,  two  in  left;  the  anterior  and  middle  cardinals  of  the  right 
valve  rather  short,  simple  and  not  very  heavy,  diverging  at  rather  a  small 
angle  from  beneath  the  umbones,  the  posterior  cardinal  laminar  obliquely 
elongated  and  placed  far  back  toward  the  nymph;  cardinals  of  the  left 
valve  two  in  number,  the  anterior  laminar,  the  posterior  shorter  but  rather 
stouter,  diverging  beneath  the  umbones  at  an  angle  of  about  25° ;  space 
between  the  anterior  cardinal  and  the  dorsal  margin  wider  than  that 
between  the  posterior  cardinal  and  the  nymph ;  muscle  impressions  rather 
large,  unequal,  the  anterior  elongated,  the  posterior  subcircular,  situated 
above  the  median  horizontal  near  the  extremities  of  the  hinge  plate ;  pal- 
lial  sinus  broad,  moderately  deep,  horizontally  directed,  obtuse;  inner 
ventral  margins  simple. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAX  FOEMATION.  Cassidy's  Landing,  Cecil 
County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Black  Creek  Formation.  North  and  South 
Carolina.  Ripley  Formation.  Exogyra  ponderosa  zone.  Barbour  County. 
Alabama. 

Genus  CYPRIMERIA  Conrad. 
[Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1864,  p.  212] 

Type. — Cytherea  excavata  Morton. 

Lentiform;  hinge  of  right  valve  broad,  with  a  bifid  oblique  cardinal 

tooth  under  the  apex,  and  two  oblique  acute  anterior  teeth,  with  an  inter- 
Etymology:    KvTrpis,    Cypris,  a  surname  of  Venus  and  a  Lamarckian  genus 

of  bivalves. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  687 

mediate  pit  for  the  reception  of  the  tooth  in  the  opposite  valve." — Conrad, 
1864. 

"  This  genus  is  characteristically  Cretaceous  and  has  a  suborbicular 
shell  feebly  concentrically  sculptured,  rather  heavy  and  moderately  convex, 
without  any  circumscribed  lunule  or  escutcheon,  the  ligament  external, 
but  set  in  a  depressed  area,  on  each  side  of  which  the  valves  rise  to  a 
rounded  dorsal  limit  but  without  becoming  keeled.  The  internal  margins 

of  the  valves  are  smooth.     The  hinge  formula  is  The  first 

E. 010101 

anterior  left  cardinal  and  the  anterior  two  right  cardinals  are  entire,  the 
others  grooved  or  bifid.  There  is  no  trace  of  any  lateral  tooth.  The  pallial 
line  is  almost  simple ;  a  slight  flexuosity,  as  in  Circe,  alone  represents  the 
sinus.  It  is  obvious  that  the  animal  must  have  had  very  short  siphons,  if 
any,  and  cannot  have  been  closely  related  to  Dosinia,  as  supposed  by 
Stoliczka/'— Call,  1903.1 

A.  Adult   shell   not  exceeding   45   mm.   in   altitude;    valves   compressed, 

squarely  truncate  posteriorly Cyprimeria  depressa 

B.  Adult  shell  frequently  exceeding  45  mm.  in  altitude;   valves  more  or 

less  inflated,  rounded  posteriorly  or  obliquely  truncate. 

Cyprimeria  major 

CYPRIMERIA  DEPRESSA  Conrad 
Plate  XL,  Figs.  8-10 

Dosinia  depressa  Conrad,  1860,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  278,  pi.  xlvi,  fig.  6. 
Dosinia  depressa  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur., 

p.  13. 
Cyprimeria  depressa  Conrad,    1875,    Kerr's    Kept.    Geol.    Survey   of   North 

Carolina,  Appendix,  p.  9. 

Cyprimeria  depressa  Gabb,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  308. 
Cyprimeria  depressa  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  156, 

pi.  xxii,  figs.  11,  12.      (Synonymy  excluded.) 
Cyprimeria  depressa  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  16. 

Description. — "  Longitudinally  suboval,  convex-depressed,  inequi- 
lateral; dorsal  margin  somewhat  arcuated,  subangular  at  the  posterior 
extremity;  umbo  flattened;  beak  not  prominent;  disk  smooth  or  with  a 
few  distant  furrows ;  umbo  minutely  and  elegantly  striated  concentrically ; 
length  considerably  more  than  the  height." — Conrad,  1860. 

1  Trans.  Wagner  Free  Inst.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  iii,  pt.  vi,  p.  1282. 


688  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Type  Locality. — Eufaula,  Alabama. 

Shell  rather  small  and  thin  for  the  genus,  transversely  ovate  in  outline, 
conspicuously  compressed;  lunule  and  escutcheon  not  differentiated: 
umbones  small,  flattened,  anterior,  the  apices  acute,  prosogyrate  and  pro- 
jecting slightly  beyond  the  dorsal  margin;  umbonal  angle  not  far  from 
140°  ;  anterior  dorsal  slope  less  gentle,  more  uniform,  and  less  produced 
than  the  posterior,  merging  gradually  into  the  anterior  lateral  margin; 
posterior  dorsal  margin  produced  more  or  less  gibbous,  very  thin  and  sharp 
by  reason  of  the  bevelling  along  its  inner  surface ;  posterior  lateral  margin 
vertically  truncate ;  base  line  obliquely  arcuate,  much  more  strongly  so  in 
front  than  behind;  external  surface  striated  "with  a  modified  incremental 
sculpture  which  is  sharp  and  regular  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
umbones,  but  which  becomes  less  sharp  and  less  regular  away  from  them ; 
resting  stages  increasingly  numerous  toward  the  base  line ;  ligament  sub- 
marginal,  opisthodetic ;  cardinals  three  in  number  in  each  valve,  radiating 
fan-like  from  beneath  the  umbones  ;  anterior  cardinal  of  right  valve  sharp, 
elevated,  laminar,  the  middle  cardinal  broad,  low,  asymmetrically  cuneate, 
the  posterior  cardinal  even  more  elevated  than  the  anterior  and,  like  it, 
thin  and  laminar,  though  feebly  reinforced  upon  its  anterior  surface; 
anterior  cardinal  of  left  valve  rather  heavy,  expanding  ventrally,  the 
middle  cardinal  elevated  along  its  posterior  margin,  the  posterior,  thin, 
sharp,  laminar  and  not  very  prominent;  laterals  not  developed,  though 
there  is  a  minute  and  irregular  depression  a  little  less  than  half-way  down 
the  posterior  dorsal  margin  of  the  left  valve,  which  is  occupied  by  a  cor- 
responding elevation  in  the  right ;  muscle  scars  rather  small  and  obscure, 
the  anterior  elongated,  the  posterior  semi-elliptical,  placed  high  up  under 
the  extremities  of  the  hinge  plate ;  pallial  line  simple  but  truncated  pos- 
teriorly, far  distant  from  the  base  line ;  inner  ventral  margins  simple. 

Cyprimeria  depresssa  Conrad  might  more  properly  have  been  named 
compressa,  since  the  extreme  compression  of  the  valve  is  the  most  striking 
diagnostic  of  the  species.  It  is  the  smallest  member  of  the  genus  reported 
from  the  area  under  discussion.  The  only  resemblance  sufficiently  strik- 
ing to  cause  confusion  is  that  with  the  larger,  less  compressed  C.  cretacea 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  689 

Conrad.  The  latter  is,  however,  less  produced  posteriorly  and  its  dorsal 
margin  is  more  gibbous. 

Though  less  conspicuous  a  factor  than  C.  major  n.  sp.,  it  is  almost  as 
abundant  in  number  of  individuals  in  the  Monmouth  of  Prince  George's 
County. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Brooks  estate  near 
Seat  Pleasant,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  Fort  Washington,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  TJ.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Black  Cr&ek  Formation.  North  and  South 
Carolina.  Eutaw  Formation.  Exogyra  ponderosa  zone  (basal),  Eussell 
County,  Alabama.  (Tombigbee  sand  member)  Exogyra  ponderosa  zone, 
Mortoniceras  subzone,  Eussell  County,  Alabama.  Ripley  Formation. 
Exogyra  ponderosa  zone,  Georgia;  Eussell  County,  Alabama.  Exogyra 
costata  zone,  Georgia ;  Eufaula,  Alabama ;  Union  and  Tippah  counties, 
Mississippi.  Extreme  top  of  zone,  Pataula  Creek,  Georgia ;  Chattahoochee 
Biver,  Alabama. 

CYPRIMERIA  MAJOR  n.  sp. 

Plate  XL,  Figs.  11,  12;  Plate  XLI,  Figs.  1-4;  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  1; 
Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  1 

Description. — Shell  porcellanous,  very  heavy  and  crumbly,  and  far 
exceeding  all  co-existent  members  of  the  genus  in  maximum  dimensions ; 
altitude  attained  fully  95  mm.,  and  latitude  100  mm. ;  convexity  moder- 
ately high  for  the  genus,  the  maximum  diameter  falling  a  little  above  the 
median  horizontal ;  outline  ovate  or  subtrigonal ;  umbones  evenly  but  not 
greatly  inflated,  the  apices  rounded,  acute,  prosogyrate,  anterior;  lunule 
not  differentiated ;  escutcheon  suggested  by  the  bevelling  of  the  inner  sur- 
face of  the  dorsal  margin  ;  anterior  dorsal  slope  steeper,  more  uniform  and 
less  produced  than  the  posterior ;  general  direction  of  the  dorsal  margins 
at  right  angles  to  one  another  but  swing  to  a  flexure  in  the  posterior  slope 
between  one-third  and  one-fourth  of  the  distance  from  the  umbones  to  the 


690  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

lateral  margin  increasing  the  angle  to  130°  or  140°  ;  anterior  end  of  shell 
broadly  and  smoothly  rounded,  posterior  obliquely  and  somewhat  obscurely 
truncate;  base  line  asymmetrically  arcuate,  more  strongly  upcurved  in 
front  than  behind;  a  narrow  posterior  area  rudely  differentiated  by  the 
increased  prominence  of  the  incremental  sculpture,  the  broad  and  very 
shallow  depression  which  is  often  developed  in  front  of  it,  and  the  still 
more  shallow  depression  along  its  medial  portion ;  external  surface  incre- 
mentally sculptured,  the  striations  sharp  and  regular  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  umbones,  almost  obsolete  over  the  medial  portion  and 
irregular  with  occasional  resting  stages  toward  the  ventral  margin,  uni- 
formly coarse  over  the  posterior  area  from  the  umbones  to  the  base ;  liga- 
ment submarginal,  opisthodetic,  supported  by  a  robust  nymph;  hinge 
plate  heavy,  hinge  armature  restricted  to  three  cardinals  in  each  valve, 
radiating  fan-like  from  beneath  the  umbones;  anterior  cardinal  of  right 
valve  laminar,  middle  cardinal  stout  and  trigonal,  inclined  forward,  pos- 
terior cardinal  obliquely  elongated,  deeply  sulcated  medially;  anterior 
cardinal  in  left  valve  rather  stout,  expanded  ventrally;  middle  cardinal 
trigonal,  inclined  backward;  posterior  cardinal  sharp  and  laminar,  par- 
tially fused  with  the  dorsal  margin;  adductor  muscle  scars  obscure,  the 
anterior  elongated,  the  posterior  semi-elliptical,  placed  high  up  under  the 
distal  extremities  of  the  dorsal  margins ;  pallial  line  simple  but  truncated 
behind,  rather  distant  from  the  base ;  inner  ventral  margins  simple. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  76.5  mm.,  latitude  86  mm.,  semi-diameter 
23.5  mm. 

Type  Locality. — Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

This  species  is  much  the  largest  and  heaviest  member  of  the  genus 
described  from  the  East  Coast  or  Gulf  Cretaceous.  C.  alia,  its  probable 
analogue  in  the  Southern  Atlantic  Cretaceous,  is  smaller,  relatively  higher, 
and  more  smoothly  rounded,  especially  along  the  posterior  lateral  margin. 

The  variation  in  outline  is  rather  wide,  the  voung  are  much  more 

»/  o 

rounded,  relatively  lower,  more  evenly  inflated  and  more  symmetrical  than 
the  adults,  while  the  adults  vary  quite  widely  among  themselves  in  relative 
proportions  and  in  the  size  of  the  umbonal  angle.  The  figured  specimens 
are  rather  extreme  but  by  no  means  unusual  types. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  691 

The  species  is  confined  to  the  Monmouth  and  possibly  to  the  Monmouth 
of  Prince  George's  County,  but  within  that  restricted  area  it  is,  with  the 
exception  of  Exogyra,  the  most  conspicuous  element  in  the  bivalve  faunas. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  ?  Bohemia  Mills,  Cecil 
County;  Brightseat,  Brooks  estate  near  Seat  Pleasant,  railroad  cut  west 
of  Seat  Pleasant,  ?  2  miles  southwest  of  Oxon  Hill,  Fort  Washington, 
Prince  George's  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Superfamily  TELL1NACEA 
Family  TELLIN1DAE 

Genus  TELLINA   (Linne)  Lamarck 
[Prodrome,  1799,  p.  84] 

Type. — Tellina  virgata  Linne. 

:i  The  hinge  of  Tellina  in  the  broad  sense,  when  developed  to  the  fullest 
extent,  comprises  on  each  valve  an  anterior  and  posterior  lateral  and  two 
cardinals  of  which  one  is  grooved  or  bifid  on  its  distal  edge.  When  the 
valves  are  closed  the  two  bifid  teeth  are  central  and  the  simple  teeth  are 
respectively  anterior  and  posterior  to  them.  Normally  the  teeth  of  the 
right  valve  close  in  advance  of  the  teeth  of  the  left  valve,  and  in  the  obso- 
lescence of  the  laterals  those  of  the  left  valve  disappear  first.  The  simple 
cardinal  of  the  left  valve  is  often  very  close  to  and  hardly  distinguishable 
from  the  anterior  part  of  the  nymphal  callosity,  and  owing  to  its  fragility 
is  often  broken  off  at  the  base,  leaving  hardly  a  trace,  from  which  circum- 
stances proceed  the  erroneous  diagnoses  so  common  in  the  literature 
which  ascribe  a  single  left  cardinal  to  sundry  species  or  groups  of  Tellina. 
No  Tellina  is  without  two  cardinal  teeth  in  each  valve,  and  at  least  one 
(anterior)  lateral  tooth  in  the  right  valve,  unless  it  has  been  deprived  of 

these  parts  by  erosion,  fracture,  senility,  or  abnormal  growth The 

ligament  varies  from  extremely  long  and  narrow,  as  in  Phylloda,  to  short 
and  high,  as  in  some  species  of  Angulus.  The  nymphs  are  usually  larger 
and  more  prominent  in  thin  shells  with  short  ligaments ;  subcircular  species 

Etymology:  TeXXtV?/,  a  kind  of  shell-fish. 


692  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

always  have  a  short  ligament.  The  resilium  is  usually  enclosed  in  the 
hemicylindric  ligament.  In  some  forms,  however,  as  Metis  and  Tellidora, 
the  resilium  is  much  shorter  than  the  ligament  and  evinces  a  tendency  to 
become  internal  as  in  the  Semelidce.  The  exterior  sculpture  of  the  Tel- 
Unas  is  emphatically  concentric,  though  fine  radial  sculpture  often  exists, 
it  does  not,  except  in  the  section  Pseudarcopagia,  rival  the  concentric 
sculpture  in  strength.  There  is  no  known  species  with  only  radial  sculp- 
ture. Oblique  or  angular  sculpture  is  rare.  The  posterior  end  of  the  shell 
is  usually  flexed  to  the  right  and  exhibits  one  or  more  folds  of  greater  or 
less  prominence.  Occasional  marked  inequality  of  the  valves  is  observable, 
and  the  culmination  of  the  surface  ssculpture  as  it  passes  over  the  ridges 
which  radiate  from  the  beaks  toward  the  end  of  the  valves  sometimes 
results  in  elegant  lamelliform  prominence." — Dall,  1900.1 

The  genus  was  initiated  in  the  Jurassic  and  has  been  abundantly  repre- 
sented since  the  late  Mesozoic.  The  recent  species  are  numbered  by  the 
hundreds  and  are  particularly  characteristic  of  the  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical seas. 

A.  Altitude  of  shell  approximately  one-half  the  latitude. . .  .Tellina  georgiana 

B.  Altitude  of  shell  more  than  one-half  the  latitude Tellina  gabbi 

Subgenus  ARCOPAGIA  Brown 
[111.  Conch.  Great  Britain,  1827,  p.  ii,  pi.  xvi,  fig.  8] 

"Shell  large,  solid,  rounded,  moderately  convex,  the  flexure  obsolete; 
posterior  left  lateral  absent,  and  the  anterior  obsolete,  other  teeth  normal ; 
sinus  free,  ascending  obliquely;  internal  radii  thick  and  strong  but  ill- 
defined  ;  sculpture  concentric,  usually  smoothish  or  not  sharply  lamellate, 
sometimes  reduced  to  incremental  lines.  Warm,  temperate,  and  tropical 
seas."— Dall,  1900.' 

TELLINA  (ARCOPAGIA)  GEORGIANA  Gabb 

Tellina  (Tellinella)  georgiana  Gabb,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p. 

307. 

Tellina  georgiana  Johnson,  1905,  Ibidem,  p.  16. 
Tellina  georgiana  Weller,1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv,  p. 

615,  pi.  Ixx,  figs.  1,  2. 

1  Trans.  Wagner  Free  Inst.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  iii,  pt.  v,  pp.  1006-9. 

2  Dall,  Trans.  Wagner  Free  Inst.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  iii,  pt.  v,  p.  1011. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  693 

Description. — "  Shell  moderately  large,  elongate ;  beaks  central,  ele- 
vated, anterior  end  produced,  rounded;  base  very  slightly  convex;  pos- 
terior end  subangulated  below,  arched  above ;  a  strong  umbonal  ridge  runs 
from  the  beaks  to  the  angle.  Surface  destroyed  on  the  only  specimen  I 
have  seen.  Length  2.6  in.,  width  1.25  in.  The  impression  of  the  hinge  is 
preserved  in  the  matrix,  and  the  shell  is  so  strongly  characterized  by  its 
form  that  I  have  not  hesitated  to  describe  it.  It  is  from  Pataula  Creek, 
Georgia,  in  a  hard  calcareous  marl." — Gabb,  1876. 

"  The  dimensions  of  two  specimens  are :  Length  32  mm.  and  46  mm., 
height  16  mm.  and  23  mm.  Shell  very  broadly  subtriangular  in  outline, 
the  beaks  nearly  central  and  pointing  a  little  backward,  the  greatest 
anterior  extension  at  considerably  below  the  middle.  The  anterior  and 
posterior  cardinal  margins  meeting  at  the  beak  in  an  angle  of  about  140° 
to  150°,  curving  gently  downward  in  front  and  behind ;  anterior  margin 
rather  sharply  rounded;  ventral  margin  very  long  and  gently  convex; 
postero-basal  extremity  sharply  rounded  or  subangular ;  posterior  margin 
nearly  vertically  subtruncate  below,  curving  forward  above  and  passing 
into  the  cardinal  margin.  Valves  depressed  convex,  with  a  subangular 
umbonal  ridge  extending  from  the  beak  to  the  postero-basal  extremity, 
the  surface  sloping  with  a  very  gentle  convex  curve  to  the  anterior,  pos- 
terior and  ventral  margins ;  curving  much  more  abruptly  to  the  cardinal 
margins,  but  just  before  reaching  the  margin  the  surface  is  deflected  in 
the  casts  so  as  to  form  a  rather  narrow  flattened  area  extending  from  the 
beak  in  each  direction  and  gradually  dying  out  before  reaching  the  ante- 
rior and  posterior  extremities  of  the  shell;  just  beneath  the  beak  this 
flattened  area  bears  the  impressions  of  the  hinge  teeth.  Surface  of  the  casts 
smooth,  except  for  a  few  very  faint  and  indistinct  radiating  costae  just 
above  the  postero-cardinal  slope  of  the  valves.  Pallial  sinus  very  deep, 
extending  beyond  the  middle  of  the  shell.  Hinge  teeth  small  and  weak, 
situated  just  beneath  the  beak,  a  single  one  in  the  left  valve  with  a  socket 
on  either  side,  and  two  in  the  right  valve  with  a  deep  socket  between. "- 
Weller,  1907. 

The  two  casts  which  have  been  referred  to  this  species  are  by  no  means 
conclusive  evidence  of  its  former  existence  in  Maryland. 


694  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Occurrence. — MATAWAN  FORMATION.  Three-quarters  of  a  mile  south- 
east of  Ulmstead  Point,  Anne  Arundel  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Xatural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey. 

Outside  Distribution. — Mataivan  Formation.  Wenonah  sand,  New 
Jersey.  Ripley  Formation.  Exogyra  costata  zone.  Extreme  top  of  zone, 
Pataula  Creek,  Georgia. 

TELLINA  (ARCOPAGIA)  GABBI  n.  sp. 
Plate  XLII,  Fig.  2 

Peronccoderma  georgiana  Gabb,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  308. 
Peronccoderma  georgiana  Johnson,  1905,  Ibidem,  p.*  16. 
Peronccoderma  georgiana  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal., 
vol.  iv,  p.  617,  pi.  Ixx,  figs.  4-6. 

Description. — "  Shell  small,  thin,  flattened ;  elongate,  beaks  subcentral 
in  one  case  in  the  middle,  in  another  a  little  posterior ;  cardinal  margins 
sloping  about  equally  towards  both  ends.  Anterior  end  prominently  and 
narrowly  rounded ;  posterior  rounded,  subtruncate ;  base  broadly  and  regu- 
larly convex.  Surface  marked  by  fine,  regular  concentric  lines.  Hinge 
composed  of  minute  teeth.  Length  1.2  in,  width  0.8  in." — Gabb,  1876. 

Type  Locality. — Pataula  Creek,  Georgia. 

Shell  rather  large  for  the  genus,  compressed,  ovate,  trigonal  in  outline ; 
umbones  flattened,  inconspicuous,  not  over-topping  the  dorsal  margins, 
slightly  posterior;  umbonal  angle  approximately  135°;  dorsal  margins 
oblique,  the  anterior  very  gentle,  the  posterior  moderately  steep ;  anterior 
lateral  margin  broadly  and  smoothly  rounded,  the  posterior  obscurely 
truncate ;  base  line  broadly  arcuate :  external  surface  sculptured  with  very 
thin,  concentric  lamina?,  their  dorsal  edges  free,  but  closely  appressed; 
ligament  external,  opisthodetic,  mounted  on  a  nymph  almost  half  the 
length  of  the  dorsal  margin ;  hinge  concentrated,  that  of  the  right  valve 
armed  with  two  short,  divergent  cardinals  and  an  anterior  lateral ;  hinge 
of  left  valve  and  characters  of  adductor  scars  and  pallial  sinus  unknown. 

Weller  suggested  that  this  species  might  properly  be  referred  to  Tellina, 
but  he  hesitated  to  do  it  because  Gabb's  name  was  already  preoccupied  by 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  695 

another  of  his  species  which  he  had  described  at  the  same  time  from 
Pataula  Creek. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  ?  Mouth  of  Turner's  Creek, 
Kent  County;  Brightseat,  Brooks  estate  near  Seat  Pleasant,  Friendly, 
1  mile  west  of  Friendly  and  McNeys  Corner,  Prince  George's  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Woodbury  clay,  Weno- 
nah  sand,  New  Jersey.  Monmouth  Formation.  Bed.  Bank  sand,  New 
Jersey.  Ripley  Formation.  Exogyra  costata  zone.  Extreme  top  of  zone, 
Pataula  Creek,  Georgia. 

Genus  TELLINIMERA  Conrad 
[Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  vi,  1870,  p.  173] 

Type. — Tcllinimera  eborea  Conrad. 

"  A  more  perfect  hinge  of  the  left  valve  of  this  genus  gives  the  following 
character :  Cardinal  teeth  two ;  anterior  one  V-shaped,  nearly  direct,  or 
slightly  directed  anteriorly;  the  posterior  tooth  bifid,  oblique;  posterior 
lobe  thick,  and  longer  than  the  anterior  lobe;  cardinal  plate  compara- 
tively broad  laterally,  posteriorly  channeled ;  anteriorly  with  a  small  pit. 
apparently  for  the  reception  of  a  lateral  tooth." — Conrad,  1870. 

Conrad  took  the  unwarranted  liberty  of  changing  the  name  Tellinimera 
to  Tellimcra  when  he  elevated  the  subgenus  to  the  rank  of  a  genus. 

The  genus  is  restricted  in  its  known  distribution  to  the  Cretaceous. 

TELLIXIMERA  EBOREA  Conrad 
Plate  XLII,  Figs.  5,  6 

Tellina  (Tellinimera)  eborea  Conrad,  1860,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d 

ser.,  vol.  iv,  p.  278,  pi.  xlviii,  fig.  14. 
Tellina  (Tellinimera)  chorea  Meek,   1864,  Check  List   Inv.   Fossils,   N.   A., 

Cret.  and  Jur.,  p.  14. 

Tellinomera  eborea  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  727. 
Tellimera  chorea  Conrad,  1870,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  vi,  p.  73. 
Tellinimera,  eborea  Tryon,  1884,  Struct,  and  Syst.  Conch.,  vol.  iii,  p.  169, 

pi.  cxii,  fig.  100. 

Etymology:    Tellina ;  ^epos,  part,  share. 


696  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Tellimera  eborea  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  164, 

pi.  xxiii,  figs.  12,  13. 

Tellinimera  eborea  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  16. 
Tellinimera  eborea  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  €21,  pi.  Ixx,  figs.  19(7),  21(?). 

Description. — "  Equilateral,  subtriangular,  compressed ;  reflexed  pos- 
teriorly, and  subangulated ;  anterior  end  rounded;  disc  with  concentric, 
regular,  slightly  impressed  lines;  substance  very  thin;  anterior  cardinal 
tooth  slightly  oblique,  the  posterior  one  very  oblique." — Conrad,  1860. 

Type  Locality. — Alabama. 

Shell  thin,  fragile,  polished,  compressed,  inequilateral,  transversely 
trigonal-ovate  in  outline;  umbones  flattened,  opisthodetic,  conspicuous 
only  by  reason  of  their  position  at  the  summit  of  an  angle  of  not  far  from 
100° ;  posterior  area  flattened,  the  keel  rather  ill-defined,  however,  and 
evanescent  toward  the  ventral  margin ;  anterior  dorsal  slope  very  gentle, 
the  lateral  margin  rounding  evenly  into  the  horizontal  base ;  posterior 
dorsal  slope  very  steep,  the  posterior  lateral  margin  obscurely  truncate; 
external  surface  sculptured  with  sharp,  concentric  striations  which  are 
absent  in  the  umbonal  region,  but  grow  increasingly  deeper  toward  the 
ventral  margin;  ligament  external,  opisthodetic;  hinge  with  the  char- 
acters of  the  genus. 

The  species  superficially  resembles  sEnona  eufalensis  Conrad  but  is 
more  compressed, -more  inequilateral  and  more  strongly  striated  concen- 
trically. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  One-half  mile  east  of  Millers- 
ville,  Anne  Arundel  County;  Brightseat.  Brooks  estate  near  Seat  Pleas- 
ant, 1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  2  miles  south  of  Oxon  Hill,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl, 
Woodbury  clay,  Wenonah  sand,  K"ew  Jersey.  Cretaceous.  Alabama. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  697 

Genus  AENONA  Conrad 
[Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  vi,  1870,  p.  74] 

Type.  —  Tellina  eufalensis  Conrad. 

"  Equivalved,  without  fold  ;  hinge  character,  two  compressed  very 
small,  widely  diverging  teeth  in  the  right  valve;  lunule  very  narrow, 
lanceolate,  and  marked  by  a  deeply  impressed  line."  —  Conrad,  1870. 

Restricted  in  its  known  distribution  to  the  Cretaceous. 


EUFALENSIS  Conrad 
Plate  XLII,  Figs.  3,  4 

Tellina  eufalensis  Conrad,  I860,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol. 

iv,  p.  277,  pi.  xlvi,  fig.  15. 
Tellina  eufalensis  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur., 

p.  14. 

JEnona,  eufaulensis  Conrad,  1870,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  vi,  p.  74. 
^Enona  eufaulensis  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  168. 

pi.  xxiii,  figs.  2,  3.      (Hinge  incorrectly  drawn.) 

^Enona  eufaulensis  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  16. 
^Enona  eufaulensis  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  623,  pi.  Ixx,  figs.  24,  25.     (Hinge  incorrectly  drawn.) 

Description.  —  "  Subtriangular,  convex,  entire,  inequilateral  ;  anterior 
end  subtruncated  ;  hinge  margins  equally  declining  ;  summit  not  promi- 
nent ;  posterior  end  acutely  rounded  ;  left  valve  furnished  with  one  bifid 
and  one  rudimentary  cardinal  tooth;  lateral  distinct."  —  Conrad,  1860. 

Type  Locality.  —  Eufaula,  Alabama. 

Shell  thin,  polished,  very  fragile,  rather  compressed,  transversely  elon- 
gated, subtrigonal  in  outline,  subequilateral  ;  umbones  slightly  bulbous  at 
their  tips,  orthogyrate,  placed  a  little  behind  the  median  line;  umbonal 
angle  not  far  from  135°;  anterior  slope  a  little  more  gentle  and  a  little 
more  produced  than  the  posterior;  base  line  evenly  and  gently  arcuate; 
external  surface  smooth,  excepting  for  a  few  incremental  striations  near 
the  base;  bands  of  concentric  color  markings  frequently  retained,  the 
umbones  being,  as  a  rule,  darker  than  any  other  portion  of  the  shell  ;  liga- 
ment external,  opisthodetic,  the  nymph  short  and  rather  slender;  hinge 
plate  narrow;  armature  of  left  valve  moderately  concentrated,  consisting 
of  a  short  laminar  cardinal  fused  anteriorly  with  the  dorsal  margin  and, 


698  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

on  the  other  side  of  the  triangular  pit,  a  very  short,  trigonal  cardinal, 
feebly  sulcated  longitudinally;  anterior  and  posterior  laterals  subequal, 
symmetrically  placed  with  respect  to  the  umbones.  double,  more  elevated 
medially  than  toward  the  extremities ;  two  cardinals  developed  in  the  right 
valve,  the  anterior  short,  thin,  and  laminar,  the  posterior  placed  directly 
beneath  the  umbones,  short  but  stout  and  broadly  sulcate ;  dorsal  margins 
bevelled  to  function  as  laterals  but  no  true  laterals  developed  ;  muscle  scars 
rather  large  but  obscure ;  pallial  sinus  very  broad,  reaching  approximately 
to  the  median  vertical  not  confluent  with  the  pallial  line. 

The  species  differs  from  Tellinimera  eborea  Conrad,  which  it  super- 
ficially resembles,  in  the  more  nearly  equilateral  outline  due  to  the  rela- 
tively shorter  and  more  angular  anterior  end  of  the  latter.  It  differs, 
furthermore,  in  the  absence  of  the  sharp,  concentric  striations  which  char- 
acterize T.  eborea. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FOKMATION.  Brightseat,  Brooks  estate  near 
Seat  Pleasant,  Friendly,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  McNeys  Corners,  and 
2  miles  southwest  of  Oxon  Hill,  Prince  George's  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Woodbury  clay,  New 
Jersey.  Ripley  Formation.  Exogyra  costata  •  zone,  Quitman  County, 
Georgia;  Eufaula,  Alabama;  Union  and  Tippah  counties,  Mississippi. 
Extreme  top  of  zone,  Pataula  Creek,  Georgia ;  Chattahoochee  River,  Ala- 
bama. 

Genus  LINEARIA  Conrad 
[Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  iv,  1860,  p.  279] 

Type. — Linearia  metastriata  Conrad. 

"  Oval  or  oblong ;  cardinal  teeth  in  the  left  valve  two,  the  anterior  one 
elongated,  very  oblique,  the  other  under  the  apex  small  and  bifid. "- 
Conrad,  1860. 

"  The  hinge  shows  two  small,  diverging,  nearly  equal  teeth,  directed 
obliquely  forward,  the  anterior  one  very  oblique;  and  two  rather  long 

Etymology:    Linearis,  lineated. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  699 

lateral  very  distinct  pits,  the  posterior  one  very  distant  from  the  apex. 
The  pallial  sinus  is  rounded  and  extends  to  a  direct  line  between  the  apex 
and  ventral  margin,  according  to  d'Orbigny's  figure  5,  and  beyond  that 
point  in  figure  17.  The  present  species  approaches  figure  5  most  nearly 
in  outline,  but  the  radiating  lines  over  the  whole  disk  is  a  distinguishing 
character,  and  the  height  of  the  shell  is  proportionally  less." — Conrad, 
1870.1 

The  shell  is  rather  small,  equivalved  and  subequilateral,  moderately 
heavy,  more  or  less  elongated  transversely,  with  well-rounded  lateral 
margins.  The  characteristic  sculpture  is  a  radial  lineation  with  inter- 
secting concentric  strise.  The  genus  is  restricted  in  its  known  distribution 
to  the  Cretaceous. 

LlNEARJA   METASTRIATA    Conrad 

Linearia  metastriata  Conrad,   1860,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser., 

vol.  iv,  p.  279,  pi.  xlvi,  fig.  7. 
Linearia  metastriata  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and 

Jur.,  p.  14. 
Linearia  metastriata  Conrad,  1870,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  vi,  p.  73,  pi.  iii, 

fig.  11. 
Linearia  metastriata  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p. 

165,  pi.  xxiii,  figs.  6,  7. 

Linearia  metastriata  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  16. 
Linearia  metastriata  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol. 

iv,  p.  618,  pi.  Ixx,  figs.  8,  9. 

Description. — "  Oblong-oval,  convex,  subequilateral ;  posterior  end  sub- 
truncated  ;  disk  with  fine  concentric  lines  and  distinct  radiating  lines 
anteriorly,  and  larger  crenulated  radii  posteriorly ;  the  rest  of  the  surface 
with  microscopic  radiating  lines;  cardinal  tooth  under  the  apex  widely 
bifid;  lobes  small  and  slender." — Conrad,  1860. 

Type  Locality. — Eufaula,  Alabama. 

Shell  transversely  oval  in  outline;  anterior  end  evenly  rounded,  pos- 
terior obscurely  truncate;  external  surface  very  finely  cancellated,  con- 
centric sculpture  of  fifty  to  sixty  acute  lirations,  which  evenly  override  the 
radials  in  the  medial  portion  of  the  disk  but  are  minutely  undulated  by 

'Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  vi,  1870,  p.  73. 
46 


700  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

them  anteriorly  and  even  more  sharply  posteriorly ;  radial  sculpture  con- 
fined to  striations  on  the  interspaces  between  the  concentric  lirae  on  the 
medial  portion  of  the  disk,  appearing  posteriorly  as  six  to  nine  low, 
radiating  lirae,  unequal  in  size  and  spacing;  radial  sculpture  on  anterior 
portion  of  shell  much  finer  and  sharper ;  radials  twelve  to  fifteen  in  num- 
ber, approximately  uniform  in  size  and  spacing,  nodulated  by  the  over- 
riding concentric  laminae;  ligament  external,  opisthodetic,  mounted  on 
rather  a  slender  nymph  which  is  separated  from  the  rest  of  the  shell  by 
a  linear  sulcus;  hinge  of  left  valve  armed  with  two  laminar  cardinals,  the 
posterior  a  little  more  slender  than  the  anterior,  their  inner  faces  flattened 
and  proximate,  diverging  at  a  very  small  angle  and  subparallel  to  the 
dorsal  margin;  a  single  moderately  robust,  posteriorly  directed  cardinal 
developed  in  the  right  valve  with  rather  a  deep  pit  in  front  of  it  and 
a  more  shallow  one  behind  it  for  the  reception  of  the  cardinals  of  the  left 
valve;  a  feeble  elevation  on  the  forward  margin  of  the  anterior  socket, 
probably  the  analogue  of  the  anterior  cardinal  in  the  right  valve;  dorsal 
margins  of  right  valve  bevelled  to  function  as  laterals,  received  in  the  left 
by  double  grooves  which  are  developed  at  the  distal  extremities  of  the 
hinge  plate ;  characters  of  muscle  scars  and  pallial  sinus  obscure. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Brooks  estate  near 
Seat  Pleasant,  Friendly,  Prince  George's  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Ai-ademy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey. 

Outside  Distribution. — Magothy  Formation.  Cliffwood  clay,  New 
Jersey.  Matawan  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl,  Woodlmry  clay, 
Marshalltown  clay  marl,  Wenonah  sand,  New  Jersey.  Mon  month  Forma- 
tion. Red  Bank  sand,  New  Jersey.  Black  Creek  Formation.  North  and 
South  Carolina.  Eutaw  Formation  (Tombigbee  sand  member) .  Kxogyra 
ponderosa  zone,  Morloniceras  subzone,  Stewart  County,  Georgia.  TUpley 
Formation.  Exogyra  costata  zone,  Quitman  County,  Georgia ;  Kufaula, 
Alabama ;  Union,  Tippah  and  Alcorn  counties,  Mississippi.  Extreme  top 
of  zone.  Pataula  Creek,  Georgia. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  701 

Family  PSAMMOBIIDAE 

Genus  SOLYMA  Conrad 
[Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  vi,  1870,  p.  75] 

Type. — Solyma  lineolatus  Conrad. 

"  Two  direct  approximate  teeth  under  the  apex  of  right  valve.  The 
anterior  tooth  thick  and  rounded  anteriorly.  This  genus  is  allied  to 
Leptosolen  Conrad,  but  wants  the  internal  rib  of  that  genus  and  differs 
also  in  having  two  teeth  in  the  right  valve." — Conrad,  1870. 

Shell  equivalve,  inequilateral,  thin,  transversely  ovate  in  outline;  an 
obtuse  posterior  carina  more  or  less  obscurely  developed;  external  surface 
feebly  sculptured  concentrically;  pallial  sinus  apparently  profound. 

If  Weller  was  right  in  his  observation  on  the  pallial  sinus  of  the  type 
species  the  genus  would  be  allied  to  the  Psammobiidce  rather  than  with 
the  Solenidce.  Restricted  in  its  known  distribution  to  the  Upper  Cre- 
taceous. 

SOLYMA  LINEOLATA  Conrad 
Plate  XXXVI,  Figs.  20,  21 

Solyma  lineolatus  Conrad,  1870,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  vi,  p.  75,  fig.  9. 
Solyma  lineolatus  Gabb,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  305. 
Solyma  lineolatus  Tryon,  1884,  Struct,  and  Syst.  Conch.,  vol.  iii,  p.  134,  pi. 

cv,  fig.  89. 
Solyma  lineolata  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  182, 

pi.  xxv,  figs.  11-13. 

Solyma  lineolata  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  17. 
Solyma  lineolata  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv,  p. 

629,  pi.  Ixxi,  figs.  3-5. 

Description. — "  Equilateral,  ventricose,  substance  very  thin ;  anteriorly 
slightly  contracted,  end  margin  rounded;  posterior  margin  obtusely 
rounded ;  uinbonal  slope  rounded ;  ventral  margin  nearly  straight  in  the 
middle ;  disk  ornamented  with  minute  and  very  closely  arranged  lines. 
Length  1|  in.,  height  f  in.  The  figure  represents  the  hinge  of  the  right 
valve.  Left  valve  unknown." — Conrad,  1870. 

Type  Locality. — Haddonfield,  New  Jersey. 

"The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen  are:  Length  26  mm.,  height 
15.5  mm.  Shell  subquadrangular  in  outline,  a  little  broader  behind  than 


702  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

in  front;  beaks  broad,  rather  strongly  elevated  above  the  hinge  line, 
nearly  central  in  position  and  directed  anteriorly.  Hinge  line  nearly 
straight,  the  anterior  and  posterior  portions  sloping  very  gently  on  each 
side  of  the  beak ;  antero-cardinal  margin  concave ;  anterior  margin  round- 
ing from  the  cardinal  into  the  basal  margin ;  basal  margin  nearly  straight 
or  slightly  convex  in  the  middle,  curving  upward  a  little  more  abruptly  in 
front  than  behind ;  postero-basal  extremity  rounded ;  posterior  margin 
nearly  vertically  truncate;  post-cardinal  extremity  obtusely  subangular; 
post-cardinal  margin  straight.  Valves  moderately  convex,  with  an 
obscure,  rounded,  umbonal  .ridge  along  both  the  anterior  and  posterior 
umbonal  slopes ;  the  cardinal  margins  inflected  both  in  front  of  and  behind 
the  beaks.  Surface  of  both  valves  in  the  casts  marked  by  rather  fine,  more 
or  less  irregular,  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

"  This  shell,  in  its  general  outline,  somewhat  resembles  Periplomya 
elliptica,  but  with  the  extremities  of  the  shell  reversed,  the  anterior, 
extremity  of  that  species  being  the  broader  and  the  beak  being  directed 
backward.  In  Solyma  lineolaia,  however,  the  posterior  margin  is  truncate 
while  the  anterior  margin  of  P.  elliptica  is  rounded,  and  the  anterior 
extremity  is  much  broader  than  the  posterior  extremity  of  that  shell. 
The  two  more  or  less  obscure  umbonal  ridges  are  also  a  distinguishing 
mark  of  this  species,  but  these  ridges  have  been  made  too  conspicuous  in 
Whitfield's  illustration  of  the  species.  Upon  one  of  the  internal  casts  of 
this  species  which  has  come  under  observation,  there  seems  to  be  an  impres- 
sion of  a  very  deep  pallial  sinus  extending  forward  to  the  center  of  the 
shell."— Weller,  1907. 

Ligament,  as  implied  by  Conrad's  figure,  external,  opisthodetic,  seated 
upon  a  marginal  nymph,  armature  of  right  valve  consisting  of  two  slender 
laminar  teeth,  diverging  at  a  small  angle  from  beneath  the  umbone. 

Eepresented  in  Maryland  by  a  single  imperfect  cast. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Good  Hope  Hill,  District  of 
Columbia. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Xatural  Sciences,  Xew  Jersey  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  703 

Outside  Distribution. — Magothy  Formation.  Cliffwood  clay,  New 
Jersey.  Matawan  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl,  Woodbury  clay, 
Wenonah  sand,  New  Jersey.  Monmouth  Formation.  Bed  Bank  sand, 
New  Jersey. 

Superfamily  SOLENACEA 
Family  SOLENIDAE 

Genus  LEPTOSOLEN  Conrad 
[Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  iii,  1867,  p.  15] 

Type. — Siliquaria  biplicata  Conrad. 

"  Elongated,  thin  in  substance,  straight  with  the  dorsal  and  ventral 
margins  parallel ;  plicated  anteriorly ;  open  at  both  ends  ;  beaks  not  nearly 
terminal ;  hinge  of  the  right  valve  with  one  direct  tooth,  convex  anteriorly, 
truncated  behind;  an  internal  rounded  direct  rib  commences  under  the 
cardinal  margin,  gradually  becomes  less  prominent  and  disappears  towards 
the  ventral  margin." — Conrad,  1867. 

The  ligament  is  external  mounted  on  elongated  nymphs.  The  pallial 
sinus  is  very  shallow.  Dall l  considers  that  the  shell  characters  are  inter- 
mediate between  those  of  Solen  and  Siliqua. 

The  genus  is  restricted  in  its  known  distribution  to  the  Middle  and 
Upper  Cretaceous. 

A.  Clavicular  rib  vertical Leptosolen  biplicata 

B.  Clavicular  rib  oblique,  directed  backward Leptosolen  elongata 

LEPTOSOLEX  BIPLICATA  Conrad 
Plate  XL1I,  Figs.  7,  8 

Siliquaria  biplicata  Conrad,  1858,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol. 

iii,  p.  324,  pi.  xxiv,  fig.  17. 

Siliquaria  biplicata  Gabb,  1861,  Syn.  Moll.  Cret.  Form.,  p.  226  (170). 
Siliquaria  biplicata  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and 

Jur.,  p.  15. 

Leptosolen  Mplicata  Conrad,  1867,  Am.  Jour.  Conch.,  vol.  iii,  pp.  15,  138. 
Leptosolen  biplicatus  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  727. 

Etymology:    XCTTTOS,  thin;  solen. 

1  Dall,  1900,  Trans.  Wagner  Free  Inst.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  iii,  pt.  v,  p.  950. 


704  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Leptosolen  biplicata  Gabb,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  304. 
Leptosolen  biplicata  Whitfield,   1885,  Mon.   U.   S.  Geol.   Survey,  vol.   ix,  p. 

183,  pi.  xxv,  figs.  1,  2. 

Leptosolen  biplicata  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  17. 
Leptosolen  biplicata  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  624,  pi.  Ixx,  figs.  30,  31. 

Description. — "  Thin,  convex,  with  two  radiating  folds  or  depressions 
anteriorly ;  basal  line  slightly  contracted  or  incurved ;  anterior  side  short ; 
extremity  truncated ;  posterior  margin  obtusely  rounded,  posterior  side 
concentrically  lineated ;  valves  somewhat  contracted  obliquely  from  beak 
to  base." — Conrad,  1858. 

Type  Locality. — Owl  Creek,  Tippah  County,  Mississippi. 

Shell  very  thin,  porcellanous,  compressed,  rudely  cylindrical  in  outline  ; 
dorsal  and  ventral  margins  parallel,  the  posterior  symmetrically  arcuate, 
the  anterior  rounding,  somewhat  obliquely,  into  the  base;  lunule  and 
escutcheon  not  defined ;  umbones  very  inconspicuous,  scarcely  rising  above 
the  dorsal  margin,  set  back  from  the  anterior  extremity  a  distance  of 
approximately  one-fourth  the  total  latitude ;  posterior  area  differentiated 
by  the  abrupt  strengthening  of  the  concentric  sculpture  along  a  line 
extending  from  the  umbones  to  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  basal  mar- 
gin, concentric  sculpture  reduced  to  faint  and  rather  irregular  incremental 
striations  upon  the  anterior  and  medial  portions  of  the  shell,  least  feeble 
medially  and  appearing  upon  the  posterior  area  as  sharp-edged,  regularly 
overlapping  concentric  laminae ;  radial  sculpture  not  developed ;  ligament 
marginal,  opisthodetic,  seated  upon  a  nymph  about  one-eighth  as  long  as 
the  posterior  dorsal  margin  ;  a  single  very  prominent  subumbonal  cardinal 
in  each  valve ;  shell  reinforced  within  by  a  rather  heavy  deposit  of  calcite 
along  a  vertical  dropped  from  the  umbones,  the  ridge  thus  formed  broadest 
and  most  elevated  dorsally  and  gradually  evanescing  toward  the  base ; 
muscle  scars  subequal,  inconspicuous ;  pallial  sinus  profound. 

Casts  of  the  interior  are  remarkable  for  their  cylindrical  outline  and  for 
the  deep  sulcus  formed  by  the  internal  rib,  which  cuts  across  the  umbone 
and  persists'a  little  more  than  half-way  down  to  the  ventral  margin. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  705 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightscat,  Brooks  estate  near 
Seat  Pleasant,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  2  miles  southwest  of  Oxon  Hill, 
Prince  George's  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Xatural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Magothy  Formation.  Cliffwood  clay,  New 
Jersey.  Matawan  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl,  Woodbury  clay, 
Wenonah  sand,  New  Jersey.  Monmouth  Formation.  Navesink  marl, 
Red  Bank  sand,  New  Jersey.  Black  Creek  Formation.  North  and  South 
Carolina.  Eutatu  Formation  (basal).  Exogyra  ponderosa  zone,  Chatta- 
hoochee  County,  Georgia.  (Tombigbee  sand  member.)  Exogyra  ponder- 
osa zone,  Mortoniceras  subzone,  Stewart  County,  Georgia.  Ripley  Forma- 
tion. Exogyra  ponderosa  zone,  Stewart  County,  Georgia.  Exogyra 
costata  zone,  Eufaula,  Alabama;  Union,  Tippah  and  Alcorn  counties, 
Mississippi.  Extreme  top  of  zone,  Pataula  Creek,  Georgia;  Chattahoochee 
Eiver,  Alabama. 

LEPTOSOLEN  ELONGATA  Weller 

Leptosolen  ?  elongata  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  vol.  iv,  p. 
627,  pi.  Ixx,  figs.  27,  28. 

Description. — "  The  dimensions  of  the  type  specimen,  a  cast  of  the  left 
valve,  are :  Length  24  mm.,  height  8  mm.,  convexity  2.5  mm.  Shell 
elongate,  dorsal  and  ventral  margins  sub  parallel;  anterior  margin 
rounded,  its  greatest  extension  above  the  mid-height;  posterior  margin 
probably  rounded  or  truncate,  not  completely  preserved.  Beaks  small, 
terminal,  but  little  elevated  above  the  hinge  line.  Valves  closed  in  front, 
apparently  gaping  behind ;  the  surface  regularly  convex  from  the  dorsal  to 
the  ventral  margin,  curving  a  little  more  abruptly  above  and  inflected  to 
the  hinge  line  in  the  anterior  half  of  the  shell;  curving  abruptly  to  the 
anterior  margin  in  front.  In  the  cast  a  strong,  deep,  sharply  denned 
furrow  extends  downward  from  the  beak  towards  the  ventral  margin,  and 
a  little  obliquely  backward,  curving  a  little  posteriorly  near  its  lower 
extremity ;  another  much  less  conspicuous  furrow  originates  beneath  the 
beak  with  the  first  one,  and  extends  backward,  parallel  with  the  hinge  line, 


706  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

becoming  obsolete  near  the  center  of  the  shell.  Surface  of  the  cast  appar- 
ently smooth."— WelJer,  1907. 

Type  Locality. — Middletown,  New  Jersey. 

Leptosolen  elongata  is  much  smaller  than  Leptosolen  biplicata  Conrad. 
The  casts  the  only  form  in  which  the  species  is  definitely  known  are 
readily  separable  from  those  of  the  latter  by  the  posteriorly  inclined  rather 
than  the  vertical  sulcus  produced  by  the  internal  rib. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  New  Jersey  Geological 
Survey. 

Outside  Distribution. — Monmouth  Formation.  Eed  Bank  sand,  New 
Jersey. 

Superfamily  MACTRACEA 
Family  MACTRIDAE 

Genus  SPISULA  Gray 
[Mag.  Nat.  Hist,  n.  s.  vol.  i,  1838,  p.  372] 

Type. — Mactra  solida  Linne. 

"  Shell  small,  subequilateral,  trigonal,  with  a  thin  epidermis,  adjacent 
beaks  and  concentrically  grooved  dorsal  areas ;  pallial  sinus  small,  rounded ; 
gape  obsolete ;  valves  convex ;  ligament  sagittate,  set  in  a  callous  area  close 
to  the  dorsal  margin  and  not  set  off  from  the  chondrophore  by  any  shelly 
ridge ;  dental  armature  normal,  strong,  not  concentrated  ;  the  opposed  sur- 
faces of  the  laterals  transversely  grooved ;  left  cardinal  small,  prominent, 
with  a  small  posterior  accessory  lamella,  the  posterior  ends  of  both  pro- 
jecting over  the  chondrophore;  right  cardinal  with  the  arms  coalescent 
above,  the  anterior  arm  close  to  the  dorsal  shell-margin ;  hinge  plate  thick 
and  flattish;  exterior  smooth  or  concentrically  striated;  the  dorsal  areas 
ill-defined."— Ball,  1898.1 

The  absence  of  a  shelly  lamina  between  the  chondrophore  and  the  liga- 
ment separates  Spisula  from  Mactra.  Furthermore,  the  laterals  of  the 

Etymology:    Spissus,  thick. 

1  Trans.  Wagner  Free  Inst.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  iii,  pt.  iv,  p.  878. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  707 

latter  are  smooth  or  finely  granular,  while  those  of  the  former  are,  as  a 
rule,  transversely  striated. 

The  genus  extends  well  back  into  the  Cretaceous,  and,  though  not 
abundantly  represented  in  the  recent  seas,  its  occurrence  is  almost  uni- 
versal. 

Subgenus  CYMBOPHORA  Gabb1 

Type. — Mactra  ashburneri  Gabb. 

"The  hinge  is  composed  of  a  rather  heavy  hinge  plate,  bearing  a 
cartilage-pit,  not  sunk  into  its  substance,  as  in  the  others  of  the  Mactridce, 
but,  as  it  were,  built  up  on  its  surface;  a  small,  delicate,  spoon-shaped 
process,  laid  obliquely  under  the  beaks,  its  base  being  on,  or  slightly 
above  the  level  of  the  hinge  plate ;  in  the  right  valve  the  cardinal  tooth  is 
single,  very  delicate,  and  nearly  at  a  right  angle  with  the  anterior  wall  of 
the  cartilage-pit ;  in  the  left  valve  the  tooth  is  V-shaped,  entirely  separated 
from  the  pit,  very  slender,  and  articulated  between  the  tooth  and  the  pit 
of  the  opposite  side;  the  lateral  teeth  are  large  and  comparatively  very 
robust."— Gabb,  1869. 

"  A  careful  study  of  the  typical  species  of  this  group  shows  that  it  differs 
from  Spisula  only  in  the  following  features:  The  attached  ends  of  the 
resilium  were  convex  instead  of  flat  (as  is  sometimes  seen  in  recent 
species),  and  the  margins  of  the  pit  are  therefore  elevated;  while  the  pos- 
terior sinus,  instead  of  being  (as  usually  in  the  later  types  of  Spisula} 
roofed  over  or  filled  up  with  a  solid  mass  of  callus  at  the  apex,  upon  which 
the  ligament  is  attached,  is  vacant,  so  that  the  ligament  was  fixed  on  the 
convex  margin  of  the  pit,  or  on  the  side  of  the  ventral  lamina,  or  partly 
on  both,  all  being  very  close  together.  This  character  would  seem  to  be 
trifling  until  it  is  observed  that  all  the  Mesozoic  species  are  characterized 
by  this  feature,  though,  as  in  recent  Spisula,  the  external  form  may  vary, 
the  dorsal  areas  be  smooth  or  grooved,  the  teeth  sulcate  or  smooth.  As  it 
is  common  to  all  the  Cretaceous  Mactridce  of  which  I  have  been  able  to 
examine  a  hinge,  I  have  thought  it  best  to  retain  the  name  in  a  subgeneric 
sense  for  that  stage  of  development  of  the  group." — Dall,  1898.2 

1  Geol.  Survey  of  California,  1869,  Pal.,  vol.  ii,  p.  180. 

2  Trans.  Wagner  Free  Inst.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  iii,  pt.  iv,  p.  879. 


708  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

The  group  is  restricted  to  the  Cretaceous. 

A.  Latitude  of  adult  shell  rarely  exceeding  25  mm.;    outline  ovate-tri- 

gonal   Cymbophora  berry i 

B.  Latitude  of  adult  shell  exceeding  25  mm.;  outline  high-trigonal. 

Cymbophora  wordeni 

SPISULA  (CYMBOPHORA)  BERRYI  n.  sp. 
Plate  XLIII,  Figs.  2,  3 

Description. — Shell  very  thin  and  fragile,  rather  small  for  the  genus, 
transversely  ovate-trigonal  in  outline,  smoothly  inflated;  umbones  small 
but  rather  prominent,  evenly  rounded,  overtopping  the  dorsal  margin,  the 
apices  incurved  and  feebly  prosogyrate,  medial  or  slightly  anterior  in  posi- 
tion; umbonal  angle1  usually  exceeding  90°;  dorsal  margins  oblique  or 
somewhat  convex,  the  anterior  slope  as  a  rule  a  little  more  gentle  than  the 
posterior ;  anterior  extremity  rather  narrow  but  symmetrically  rounded ; 
posterior  obscurely  truncate  obliquely ;  base  line  quite  strongly  and  sym- 
metrically arcuate;  external  surface  sculptured  with  faint,  incremental 
striations,  less  feeble  and  more  crowded  toward  the  ventral  and  lateral 
margins ;  anterior  area  cut  off  by  a  shallow  and  sublinear  depression  which 
persists  from  the  umbones  to  the  base;  incremental  sculpture  much  less 
feeble  in  front  of  the  sulcus  than  behind  it ;  posterior  area  evenly  rounded 
but  differentiated  by  a  linear  liration  which  margins  a  cuneate  area ;  area 
clearly  differentiated  by  the  very  fine  evenly  crowded  concentric  stria1 ; 
incremental  behind  this  oblique  wedge  the  most  elevated  of  any  on  the 
shell;  resilium  lodged  in  a  spoon-shaped  chondrophore  beneath  the 
umbones,  posteriorly  directed,  its  margins  raised  and  quite  strongly  rein- 
forced; hinge  armature  rather  concentrated,  two  cardinals  in  the  right 
valve,  partially  fused  beneath  the  umbones  and  diverging  at  an  angle  of 
little  less  than  90°,  anterior  arm  very  close  to  the  dorsal  margin  and 
diverging  from  it  at  a  very  small  angle,  posterior  arm  at  the  margin  of 
the  chondrophore;  laterals  double,  the  dorsal  lamina  distinct  from  the 
dorsal  margin  though  fused  with  it  basally ;  inner  faces  of  clasping  laterals 
transversely  striated ;  left  cardinal  short  but  heavy,  A  -shaped ;  left 
laterals  double,  the  inner  lamina?  elevated  and  flattened  upon  their  sum- 
mits, transversely  striated ;  adductor  muscle  scars  rather  small  and 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  709 

obscure;  pallial  sinus  linguiform,  symmetrically  rounded,  obliquely 
ascending  not  reaching  the  median  vertical  of  the  shell. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  15  mm.,  latitude  21  mm.,  diameter  10.2  mm. 

Type  Locality. — Krightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Cymbophora  berryi  is  characterized  by  its  rather  small  size,  evenly 
inflated  valves  and  regular  ovate-trigonal  outline. 

This  prominent  member  of  the  Monmouth  fauna  is  named  for  Prof. 
Edward  W.  Berry  of  Johns  Hopkins  University. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Brooks  estate  near 
Seat  Pleasant,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  2  miles  south  of  Oxon  Hill,  Fort 
Washington,  Prince  George's  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

SL'ISULA   (CYMBOPHORA)   WORDENI  n.  sp. 
Plate  XLIII,  Figs.  4,  5 

Description. — Shell  rather  large,  not  very  thin  but  very  fragile,  trigonal 
in  outline,  moderately  inflated;  umbones  submedial,  well  rounded,  the 
apices  full,  incurved,  prosogyrate ;  umbonal  angle  not  far  from  90°,  dorsal 
margin  very  steep,  the  anterior  oblique,  the  posterior  feebly  convex ;  maxi- 
mum latitude  of  shell  very  near  the  ventral  margin ;  lateral  margins  very 
short,  squarely  truncate ;  ventral  margin  feebly  but  evenly  arcuate ;  both 
anterior  and  posterior  areas  cut  off  by  obtusely  angulated  carince,  the 
anterior  outlined  by  a  linear  sulcus,  the  posterior  by  an  irregular  raised 
line  which  marks  the  anterior  boundary  of  a  roughened  area  which  origi- 
nates at  the  umbones  and  gradually  widens  so  that  its  wider  extremity  is 
coincident  with  the  posterior  lateral  margin;  anterior  area  and  posterior 
portion  of  posterior  area  quite  sharply  sculptured  incrementally;  sculp- 
ture on  medial  portion  of  disk  restricted  to  rather  inconspicuous  and 
irregular  incremental^  hinge  armature  rather  concentrated,  the  hinge 
plate  extending  less  than  half-way  down  the  margin ;  ligament  internal, 
lodged  in  a  scoop-shaped  chondrophore  with  very  strongly  upcurved 
edges;  right  cardinals  diverging  at  an  angle  of  a  little  less  than  90°,  fused 
at  the  umbonal  extremity  of  the  anterior  dorsal  margin  ;  lateral  lamina1 


710  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

double,  the  dorsal  plate  probably  discrete  in  the  young  but  larger  and  fused 
with  the  dorsal  margin  in  the  adults;  left  cardinal  A -shaped,  placed 
directly  in  front  of  the  chondrophore ;  lateral  laminae  prominent,  the 
anterior  shorter  and  more  elevated  than  the  posterior,  both  of  them  flat- 
tened upon  their  summits  and  striated  transversely ;  adductor  muscle  scars 
obscure,  the  anterior  broadly  lenticular  and  falling  below  the  median  hori- 
zontal, the  posterior  larger  and  rudely  quadrilateral ;  pallial  line  very  near 
the  base;  sinus  short,  uniform  in  width  throughout  its  extent,  obliquely 
ascending  and  rounded  at  its  extremity,  not  attaining  the  median  vertical. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  3L5  mm.,  latitude  3?  mm.,  semi-diameter, 
11.5  mm. 

Type  Locality. — Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

This  species  is  well  characterized  by  its  high  trigonal  outline  and 
obtusely  angulated  anterior  and  posterior  carinae.  The  species  was  at  first 
mistaken  for  C.  appressa  Gabb  from  Pataula  Creek,  Georgia,  but  it  is 
readily  separable,  whenever  interiors  can  be  obtained,  by  the  transversely 
striated  laterals.  It  is  named  for  Stanley  Worden,  who  has  so  greatly 
assisted  in  the  study  of  the  Upper  Cretaceous  mollusca. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION. — Brightseat,  Brooks  estate  near 
Seat  Pleasant,  Friendly,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  ?  McNeys  Corners, 
Prince  George's  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Superfamily  MYACEA 
Family  CORBULIDAE 

Genus  CORBULA  Bruguiere 
[Encyclopedic  Methodique,  1792,  pi.  ccxxx] 

Type. — Corbula  gallica  Lam. 

Shell  small,  thick,  ovate,  more  or  less  rostrate ;  valves  unequal,  the  left 
usually  the  smaller  and  the  flatter;  umbones  prominent,  prosogyrate  or 
erect,  the  right  usually  higher  than  the  left ;  hinge  line  of  right  valve  fitted 
with  a  single  prominent  tooth  in  front  of  the  resilial  pit ;  lateral  laminae 

Etymology:    Corbula,  a  little  basket. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  711 

absent;  left  valve  with  a  deep  cardinal  socket  and  a  rudimentary  posterior 
tooth ;  surface  sculpture  variable,  often  discrepant  on  the  two  valves  of  the 
same  individual,  usually  concentric,  never  strongly  radial ;  adductor  scars 
distinct;  pallial  line  indistinct;  sinus  feeble  or  obsolete. 

A  prominent  genus  among  the  small  bivalves  since  the  beginning  of 
the  Mesozoic.  The  recent  C  orb  nice  include  some  seventy  species  of  almost 
universal  distribution  but  more  prolific  in  the  warmer  waters,  particularly 
in  the  China  seas. 

The  Corbulce  of  the  Upper  Cretaceous  of  the  East  Coast  and  Gulf  are 
sadly  in  need  of  revision.  Many  of  the  species  have  been  described  from 
casts  and  have  a  doubtful  right  to  stand.  The  Tertiary  and  recent  Cor- 
bulce are  so  difficult  to  determine  with  any  degree  of  assurance,  even  with 
all  their  characters  preserved,  that  it  seems  farcical  to  attempt  to  make 
accurate  specific  separations  from  casts  of  the  interior,  excepting  in 
unusually  well  characterized  species,  such  as  C.  bisulcata  Conrad. 

A.  Area  within  the  pallial  line  conspicuously  inflated Corbula  bisulcata 

B.  Area  within  the  pallial  line  not  conspicuously  inflated. 

1.  Valves  very  strikingly  dissimilar,  right  valve  highly  inflated,  very 

coarsely  plicated  concentrically.  .Corbula  crassiplica 

2.  Valves  not  very  strikingly  dissimilar. 

a.  Radial  sculpture  absent. 

i.  Latitude    of   adult   shell    exceeding   9    mm.,    concentric 
sculpture  fine,  sharp,  crowded. 

Corbula  monmouthensis 

ii.  Latitude  of  adult  shell  not  exceeding  9  mm.,  concen- 
tric sculpture  more  or  less  obtuse, 
a'.  Valves  not  conspicuously  compressed.     Concentric 
plications  exceeding  25  in  number. 

Corbula  terramaria 

b'.  Valves  conspicuously  compressed.    Concentric  pli- 
cations not  exceeding  25  in  number. 

Corbula  percompressa 

b.  Radial  sculpture  present  upon  the  disk  in  the  form  of  faint 

linear  striations Corbula  subradiata 

CORBULA  BISULCATA  Conrad 

Corbula  bisulcata  Conrad,  1875,  Kerr's  Geol.  Rept.  of  North  Carolina,  App., 

p.  11,  pi.  ii,  figs.  13,  14. 
Corbula  foulkei  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  180,  pi. 

xxiii,  figs.  27-29.      (Not  C.  foulkei  Lea.) 
Corbula  bisulcata  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  638,  pi.  Ixxii,  figs.  15-22. 


712  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Description. — "  Shell  ovate-acute,  equilateral,  concentrically  striated, 
with  two  or  three  distant  large  concentric  furrows;  posterior  extremity 
acute." — Conrad,  1875. 

Type  Locality. — Snow  Hill,  North  Carolina. 

"  The  dimensions  of  a  partially  restored  specimen,  a  plaster  cast  taken 
from  a  natural  mould,  are :  Length  13.5  mm.,  height  8  mm.,  thickness 
6.5  mm.  Shell  subcuneate  behind,  full  and  rounded  in  front.  Beaks 
small,  incurved,  situated  back  of  the  middle,  pointing  posteriorly.  Antero- 
cardinal  margin  long,  straight  near  the  beaks  and  curving  gently  down- 
ward in  front,  subparallel  with  the  basal  margin  ;  anterior  margin  regu- 
larly rounded ;  basal  margin  nearly  straight,  curving  upward  in  front ; 
postero-basal  extremity  angular;  post-cardinal  margin  concave.  Valves 
strongly  ventricose  in  front,  compressed  behind,  the  ventral  margin  of 
the  right  valve  overlapping  that  of  the  left  and  its  posterior  extremity 
more  produced,  beaks  of  the  two  valves  subequal ;  an  angular  umbonal 
ridge  is  present  on  the  right  valve,  with  a  narrow,  slightly  concave  post- 
umbonal  slope;  on  the  left  valve  the  umbonal  ridge  is  obsolete.  Surface 
of  the  valves  marked  by  rather  fine,  concentric  lines  of  growth. 

"  Perfect  internal  casts  are  subcuneate,  but  not  so  greatly  produced 
posteriorly  as  the  shells,  the  muscular  impressions  are  conspicuous,  the 
whole  area  of  the  casts  between  the  muscular  impressions  and  the  pallia! 
line  being  strongly  inflated.  Johnson  states  that  the  specimens  from 
Haddonfield,  which  were  illustrated  by  Whitfield  as  (.'.  foulkei,  are  not  that 
species  but  C.  bisulcata  Conrad.  An  examination  of  the  type  specimens  in 
the  collection  of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  has  con- 
firmed the  statement  of  Johnson.  The  species  occurs  in  abundance  in  the 
Cliff  wood  clays,  and  it  seems  to  be  one  of  the  most  characteristic  species  in 
the  fauna  of  that  horizon.  They  occur  usually  in  the  form  of  internal 
casts,  some  of  which  are  very  perfect,  and  some  good  moulds  of  the 
exterior  have  been  found." — Weller,  1907. 

The  species  is  represented  in  Maryland  by  a  single  cast  apparently  of  an 
immature  individual. 

Occurrence. — MAT  AW  AN  FORMATION.  Three-quarters  of  a  mile  south- 
cast  of  Ulmstead  Point,  Anne  Arundel  County. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  713 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey. 

Outside  Distribution. — Nagotliy  Formation.  Cliffwood  clay,  New 
Jersey.  Matawan  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl,  Woodbury  clay, 
New  Jersey.  Black  Creek  Formation.  Snow  Hill,  North  Carolina. 

CORBULA  CRASSIPLICA  Gabb 
Plate  XLIII,  Figs.  6,  7 

Corbula  crassiplica  Gabb,  I860,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol. 

iv,  p.  394,  pi.  Iviii,  fig.  25. 
Corbula  crassiplicata  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and 

Jur.,  p.  15. 

Corbula  crassiplicata  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  727. 
Corbula  perbrevis  Conrad,  1875,  Kerr's  Geol.  of  North  Carolina,  App.,  p.  11, 

pi.  ii,  fig.  5. 
Corbula  crassiplica  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  178, 

pi.  xxiii,  fig.  30. 

Corbula  crassiplica  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  17. 
Corbula  crassiplica  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  641,  pi.  Ixxii,  figs.  27,  28. 

Description. — "  Subtriangular,  heavily  ribbed,  thick ;  beaks  large  and 
incurved ;  umbones  large  and  round  ;  umbonal  ridge  small  and  marked 
by  a  distinct  groove  immediately  in  advance  of  it,  rest  of  the  shell  marked 
by  about  a  dozen  very  coarse  transverse  ribs  except  on  the  umbones  which 
are  smooth  apparently  from  attrition.  Inside  hinge  large,  caudal  pro- 
longation marked  by  two  pit-like  depressions.  Length  .15  in.,  width  .2  in., 
height  of  right  valve  .07  in."— Gabb,  1860. 

Type  Locality. — "  From  a  cut  on  the  Memphis  and  Charleston  E.  K., 
where  it  crosses  the  Tennessee  and  Mississippi  State  Line." 

Shell  small,  high,  trigonal,  slightly  inequilateral,  very  conspicuously 
inequivalve ;  right  valve  almost  as  high  as  it  is  wide,  strongly  inflated  in 
the  umbonal  region,  the  apices  incurved,  acute,  prosogyrate  and  placed  a 
little  in  front  of  the  median  vertical;  left  valve  oblong  trigonal  in  out- 
line, the  altitude  usually  less  than  three-fourths  of  the  latitude,  the  shell 
evenly  inflated  and  the  umbones  rather  low  and  subcentral;  anterior 
dorsal  and  lateral  margins  of  both  valves  evenly  rounded,  posterior  dorsal 


714  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

margin  oblique,  much  more  produced  in  the  right  valve  than  in  the  left ; 
lateral  margin  obliquely  truncate ;  base  line  broadly  and  evenly  rounded  in 
the  left  valve,  quite  strongly  arcuate  in  the  anterior  portion  of  the  right 
but  feebly  constricted  in  front  of  the  posterior  keel,  which  extends  in  the 
form  of  a  sharply  elevated  ridge  from  the  umbonal  region  to  the  posterior 
basal  margin;  area  behind  the  keel  sharply  differentiated  from  that  in 
front  of  it,  its  lateral  margin  in  the  right  valve  thin  and  slightly  reflected  ; 
external  surface  of  right  valve  corrugated  with  fifteen  to  twenty  promi- 
nent concentric  plications  about  half  of  which  are  confined  to  the  umbonal 
region  and  become  increasingly  fine  and  sharp  toward  the  apices,  the  other 
half  very  coarse  and  heavy,  often  somewhat  irregular  in  size  and  spacing 
toward  the  base,  but  approximately  uniform  in  prominence  from  the  ante- 
rior margin  to  just  in  front  of  the  posterior  keel  where  they  abruptly 
evanesce ;  keel  and  area  behind  it  sculptured  only  with  strong  incre- 
mentals ;  left  valve  smooth  excepting  for  irregular  incremental  sculpture : 
ligament  internal,  supported  by  a  rather  prominent  lamelliform  chondro- 
phore  in  the  left  valve ;  resilial  pit  in  right  valve  quite  profound ;  dentition 
restricted  to  a  single,  subumbonal,  sharply  conical  tooth  in  the  right  valve 
and  a  subumbonal  socket  for  its  reception  in  the  left;  adductor  scars  not 
very  distinct,  quite  well  up  toward  the  dorsal  margins,  pallia!  sinus  broad 
but  not  very  deep,  pallial  line  much  more  distant  from  the  base  in  the 
right  valve  than  in  the  left,  because  of  the  overlapping  ventral  margin  of 
the  larger  valve. 

Dimensions. — Right  valve,  latitude  5  mm.,  altitude  4  mm.;  left  valve, 
latitude  3  mm.,  altitude  2.7  mm.;  maximum  diameter  of  double  valves 
2.5  mm. 

This  species  is  by  far  the  most  abundant  representative  of  the  genus  in 
the  Upper  Cretaceous  faunas  of  Maryland,  and  is  one  of  the  most  prolific 
of  the  smaller  bivalves  in  the  Monmouth  of  Prince  George's  County.  It 
is  readily  recognizable  by  the  strong  discrepancy  of  the  valves  in  size, 
outline  and  sculpture  and  by  the  robust  concentric  plications  upon  the 
disk  of  the  right  valve. 

Weathered  individuals  of  this  species  present  a  most  deceptive  appear- 
ance ;  the  entire  external  sculpture  and  posterior  keel  and  area  are  decor- 


MAEYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  715 

ticated,  leaving  a  high,  trigonal  subequilateral  shell  with  no  trace  of  con- 
centric plications  or  posterior  keel. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION".  Brightseat,  Brooks  estate  near 
Seat  Pleasant,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  McNeys  Corners,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Mataivan  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl, 
Woodbury  clay,  Wenonah  sand,  New  Jersey.  Monmouth  Formation. 
Navesink  marl,  Eed  Bank  sand,  New  Jersey.  Black  Creek  Formation. 
North  and  South  Carolina.  Eutaw  Formation  (Tombigbee  sand  member) . 
Exogyra  ponderosa  zone,  Prentiss  County,  Mississippi.  Mortoniceras 
subzone,  Stewart  County,  Georgia.  Eipley  Formation.  Exogyra  costata 
zone,  Schley  County,  Georgia ;  Eufaula,  Alabama ;  Union,  Tippah  and 
Alcorn  counties,  Mississippi.  Exireme  top  of  zone,  Pataula  Creek, 
Georgia. 

CORBULA    MONMOUTHENSIS   n.    sp. 

Plate  XLIV,  Figs.  4-8 

Description. — Shell  rather  large  for  the  genus,  ovate  trigonal  in  out- 
line, inequilateral  and  inconspicuously  inequivalve;  umbones  subcentral 
in  position,  subequal  in  the  two  valves,  somewhat  flattened  upon  their 
summits,  the  apices  acute  and  prosogyrate ;  right  valve  more  inflated  than 
left  in  the  anterior  portion,  and  with  a  wider  posterior  area  which  is 
angulated  near  its  dorsal  margin  and  slightly  reflected  over  the  left  valve ; 
anterior  margins  of  both  valves  broadly  and  evenly  rounded;  posterior 
dorsal  slope  more  gentle  in  the  right  valve  than  in  the  left;  the  lateral 
margin  produced  and  obtusely  angulated  in  the  right,  obliquely  truncate 
in  the  left;  base  line  more  strongly  arcuate  in  the  larger  valve;  external 
sculpture  in  both  valves  of  very  fine,  sharp  lamella?  closely  overlapping, 
the  free  edges  directed  toward  the  umbones,  least  feeble  on  the  anterior  and 
ventral  portions  of  the  disk,  very  faint  in  the  umbonal  region  and  evan- 
escent near  the  posterior  keel;  ligament  internal,  supported  by  a  rather 
inconspicuous  lamelliform  chondrophore  behind  the  umbone  in  the  left 

47 


716  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

valve ;  resilial  pit  in  the  right  valve  broad  but  rather  shallow,  the  solitary 
tooth  subumbonal  in  position,  stout,  obtusely  conical ;  receiving  socket  in 
left  valve  also  subumbonal,  long  but  not  very  deep;  adductor  muscle  scars 
relatively  long,  rather  indistinct;  pallia!  sinus  broad,  shallow;  pallial  line 
rather  near  the  basal  margin. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  6.9  mm.,  latitude  11.4  mm.,  maximum  diameter 
of  double  valves  5  mm. 

This  is  the  largest  of  the  Corbulce  in  the  Maryland  Cretaceous. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION".  Brooks  estate  near  Seat  Pleas- 
ant, Prince  George's  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

COHBULA   TERR  AM  ARIA   11.    sp. 

Plate  XLII1,  Figs.  8-10 

Description. — Shell  rather  small,  moderately  inflated,  ovate-trigonal  in 
outline,  inequilateral,  inequivalved ;  medial  and  posterior  ventral  margins 
and  the  posterior  lateral  margins  overlapping;  anterior  ends  broadly 
rounded  in  both  valves;  posterior  keel  more  produced  in  the  right  valve, 
the  area  behind  it  wider  than  in  the  left  and  obtusely  angulated  near  the 
dorsal  margin;  base  line  in  the  right  valve  quite  strongly  arcuate  ante- 
riorly and  medially,  recurved  and  slightly  contracted  toward  the  posterior 
keel ;  in  the  left  valve  feebly  and  somewhat  obliquely  arcuate ;  umbones 
not  very  prominent,  of  equal  altitude  in  both  valves,  flattened  upon  their 
summits,  incurved  and  prosogyrate;  posterior  area  cut  off  by  a  sharply 
rounded  ridge  which  extends  from  the  apices  to  the  posterior  basal  line ; 
external  surface  of  both  valves  sculptured  with  about  thirty  rounded 
obtuse  concentric  ridges,  which  are  strongest  upon  the  disk  but  which  per- 
sist with  diminished  strength  across  the  posterior  area,  growing  gradually 
finer  and  closer  toward  the  umbones;  ligament  internal,  supported  by  a 
chondrophore  in  the  left  valve,  which  judging  by  the  resilial  pit  in  the 
right  is  rather  small ;  cardinal  tooth  in  right  valve  stout  and  conical,  sub- 
umbonal in  position;  adductor  impressions  distinct,  the  anterior  a  little 
ventral  and  the  posterior  a  little  dorsal  to  the  median  horizontal;  pallial 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  717 

sinus  very  shallow;  pallial  line  rather  distant  from  the  base;  body  cavity 
deeply  excavated. 

Dimensions. — Of  double  valves:  Altitude  4.2  mm.,  latitude  6.4  mm., 
maximum  diameter  2.8  mm.  Eight  valve  of  a  second  specimen :  Altitude 
5  mm.,  latitude  6.9  mm. 

Type  Locality.- — -Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Occurrence. — MOXMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  ?  Friendly,  Prince 
George's  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

CORBULA   PERCOMPRESSA   11.    Sp. 

Plate  XLIV,  Figs.  1-3 

Description. — Shell  small,  ovate-trigonal,  both  valves  strongly  and 
almost  equally  compressed,  slightly  inequilateral,  very  slightly  inequi- 
valve ;  umbones  subcentral,  much  flattened  upon  their  summits,  prosogy- 
rate;  lunule  feebly  defined,  less  so  in  the  left  valve  than  in  the  right; 
anterior  end  rather  narrow,  the  dorsal  slope  moderately  steep  for  the 
genus ;  lateral  margin  evenly  but  strongly  rounded ;  posterior  dorsal  slope 
a  little  steeper  than  the  anterior ;  lateral  margin  obliquely  truncate ;  base 
line  gently  arcute  and  in  the  right  valve  very  feebly  contracted  in  front 
of  the  keel ;  posterior  keel  acute  and  persistent  from  umbones  to  base,  but 
not  very  conspicuous  because  of  the  compression  of  the  valves;  external 
surface  sculptured  with  about  twenty  broad  but  not  greatly  elevated 
concentric  plications,  which  become  increasingly  finer  and  more  crowded 
toward  the  umbones,  and  which  override  the  keel  and  persist  to  the 
posterior  dorsal  margin  but  with  diminished  vigor;  ligament  internal; 
chondrophorc,  judging  by  the  resilial  pit  in  the  right  valve,  quite  narrow 
but  considerably  produced;  right  cardinal  tooth  rather  small;  adductor 
scars  rather  small,  the  posterior  placed  well  up  under  the  dorsal  margin ; 
pallial  sinus  very  shallow,  pallial  line  distant  from  the  base. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  4.4  mm.,  latitude  6  mm.,  diameter  of  double 
valves  2.3  mm. 

Type  Locality. — Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 


718  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

C.  percompressa  is  separated  from  C.  terramaria  by  the  much  higher 
compression  of  the  valves  and  the  fewer  and  coarser  concentric  plications. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  ?  Brooks  estate 
near  Seat  Pleasant,  Prince  George's  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

CORBULA    SUBRADIATA   n.    sp. 

Plate  XLIV,  Figs.  9-15 

Description. — Shell  of  medium  size,  rather  thin,  ovate-trigonal  in  out- 
line, moderately  inflated,  inequilateral,  inequivalve,  right  valve  slightly 
overlapping  the  left  along  the  posterior  half  of  the  base  line  and  the  dorsal 
and  posterior  lateral  margins ;  anterior  ends  of  both  valves  broadly 
rounded ;  posterior  end  obliquely  truncate ;  ventral  margin  arcuate  in  the 
right  valve  and  feebly  contracted  in  front  of  the  rostrum,  slightly  patulous 
anteriorly  in  the  left  valve ;  umbones  of  equal  altitude,  moderately  inflated, 
flattened  upon  their  summits,  incurved,  prosogyrate ;  posterior  keel  devel- 
oped along  a  line  extending  from  the  umbones  to  the  posterior  ventral 
margin,  the  angulations  becoming  increasingly  acute  toward  the  base; 
posterior  area  slightly  wider  in  the  right  valve  than  in  the  left  and  slightly 
depressed,  obtusely  angulated  near  the  dorsal  margin  of  the  right  valve ; 
external  surface  sculptured  with  fine  and  irregular  concentric  undulations 
which  sharpen  toward  the  ventral  margin  but  evanesce  toward  the  umbones 
and  are  absent  altogether  upon  the  posterior  area,  excepting  near  the  base ; 
concentric  sculpture  overridden  by  microscopically  fine  radial  striations 
developed  only  upon  the  disk  and  at  the  ventral  margin  of  the  posterior 
area ;  ligament  internal,  supported  by  a  laminar  chondrophore  in  the  left 
valve ;  resilial  pit  in  the  right  valve  broad  and  shallow ;  cardinal  tooth  in 
right  valve  stout,  conical;  adductor  muscle  scars  obscure;  pallial  sinus 
broad  but  very  shallow. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  4.5  mm.,  latitude  6.5  mm.,  maximum  diameter 
of  double  valves  3.2  mm. 

Type  Locality. — Brooks  estate  near  Seat  Pleasant,  Prince  George's 
County. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  719 

There  are  a  number  of  valves  of  uncertain  relationships  occurring  with 
C.  subradiata  and  at  nearby  localities.  Their  affinities  are  undoubtedly 
with  subradiata,  but  whether  they  are  properly  referable  to  the  same 
species,  or  subspecies  or  an  entirely  distinct  species,  only  the  collection 
of  further  material  will  establish.  They  differ  from  the  type  in  the  greater 
compression  of  the  valves  and  the  consequently  more  obtuse  posterior  keel. 
Some  are  more  sharply  sculptured,  others  less  sharply,  but  there  is  an 
aspect  of  consanguinity  about  the  group  that  makes  it  seem  probable  that 
they  are  isolated  representatives  of  an  unbroken  series. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Brooks  estate,  near 
Seat  Pleasant,  ?  McNeys  Corners,  ?  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  Prince 
George's  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Family  SAXICAVIDAE 

Genus  PANOPE  Menard 
[Me"m.  Nouveau  Gen.  Coq.  Biv.,  1807,  p.  31] 

Type. — Panope  aldrovandi  Menard. 

Shell  equivalve,  oblong,  gaping  at  both  ends;  surface  smooth  or  con- 
centrically furrowed ;  ligament  external,  conspicuous ;  a  single  prominent 
conical  tooth  in  each  valve;  pallial  sinus  deep. 

A  genus  that  has  been  in  existence  since  the  close  of  the  Cretaceous,  cul- 
minated in  the  Tertiary  and  is  represented  to-day  by  about  a  dozen  species 
occurring  chiefly  in  cooler  waters. 

Dall  has  given  the  following  discussion  of  the  genus : 

"  This  well-known  genus,  after  the  exclusion  of  the  Saxicavoid  species, 
forms  a  very  natural  group,  related  to  the  Myacidce  on  the  one  hand  and 
to  Saxicava  on  the  other.  Some  pearly  forms  formerly  confounded  with 
it  have  long  been  eliminated,  and  have  relations,  no  doubt,  with  +ina- 
tinacea. 

"  T  have  had  the  advantage  of  an  opportunity  to  study  several  Pacific 
Coast  forms  in  life  and  in -their  natural  surrounding,  as  well  as  a  very 

Etymology:    Panopea,  a  sea-nymph. 


720  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

large  series  of  our  Tertiary  species,  and  also  a  fair  series  of  most  of  the 
recent  exotic  species.  For  that  reason,  perhaps,  the  following  conclusions 
will  have  a  certain  value,  which  is  only  derived  from  a  somewhat  extended 
range  of  observations  of  the  animals  themselves. 

"  All  boring  mollusks  in  which  the  shell  has  so  degenerated  that  it  no 
longer  covers  the  whole  adult  animal  when  retracted  are  more  liable  to 
variation  in  minute  details  than  those  in  which  the  valves  meet  distally, 
and  dynamically  influence  their  own  development  by  fixing  for  it  certain 
definite  limits.  This  is  markedly  the  case  in  the  present  genus.  Those 
shells  which  live  in  an  easily  movable  medium,  such  as  sand  or  fine,  soft 
mud,  are  thinner,  better  developed,  more  elongated  and  less  distorted  than 
their  cogeners  who  are  obliged  to  confine  themselves  to  a  gravelly  or  stony 
situs.  So  marked  is  the  difference  that  1  have  several  times  been  presented 
with  supposed  new  species  based  on  these  dynamic  characters,  and  by  a 
curious  reversal  of  logic,  have  been  assured  that  the  differences  must  be 
specific,  because  the  animals  inhabited,  respectively,  the  different  kinds 
of  ground  alluded  to. 

"  I  have  observed,  also,  that  where  the  ground  into  which  the  burrowers 
retire  is  a  comparatively  thin  coating  over  a  stony  or  rocky  layer  which 
they  cannot  pierce,  the  tendency  in  Panopea,  Mya,  etc.,  is  for  relatively 
short  and  broad  shells,  with  shorter  siphons,  to  survive ;  which  naturally 
have  a  wider,  shorter,  and  more  rounded  pallial  sinus  and  shorter  and 
more  incurved  nymphs.  I  believe  the  influence  of  the  environment  is 
direct  and  not  selective;  at  all  events,  the  association  of  situs  and  speci- 
mens so  characterized  is,  as  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  determine,  quite 
uniform,  whether  selective  or  not 

"  In  addition  to  the  differences  more  or  less  evidently  due  to  situs  there 
is  a  series  of  differences  which  occur  among  specimens  of  a  single  species 
from  apparently  the  same  situs,  both  in  the  fossil  and  recent  forms.  These 
include  a  nearly  rectilinear  as  compared  with  an  arcuate  hinge  line,  and  a 
short  as  opposed  to  a  long  insertion  of  the  ligament.  The  length  of  the 
ligament  is  perhaps  co-ordinated  with  the  heaviness  of  the  valves,  but  the 
differences  alluded  to  occur  so  constantly  that  I  have  been  led  to  suspect 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  721 

that  they  might  be  due  in  part  to  differences  correlated  with  sex  in  this 
genus.''— Dall,  1895.1 

A.  Posterior  lateral  margin  obliquely  truncate. 

1.  Umbones  anterior;  anterior  dorsal  margin  gently  sloping. 

Panope  decisa 

2.  Umbones    subcentral;     anterior    dorsal    margin    approximately 

straight  Panope  monmouthensis 

B.  Posterior  dorsal  margin  smoothly  arcuate Panope  bonaspes 

PANOPE  DECISA  Conrad 

Panopcea  decisa  Conrad,  1853,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  ii, 

p.  275,  pi.  xxiv,  fig.  19. 
Panopcea  decisa  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur., 

p.  15. 

Glycymeris  decisa  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  727. 
Panopea  decisa  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  181,  pi. 

xxiv,  figs.  5-8. 

Panopea  decisa  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  18. 
Panopea  decisa  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv,  p. 

646,  pi.  Ixxiii,  figs.  3,  4. 

Description. — •"  Oblong,  ventricose,  concentrically  waved  or  furrowed ; 
slightly  contracted  posteriorly;  posterior  hinge  line  nearly  parallel  with 
the  base;  posterior  margin  truncated  obliquely  inwards;  basal  margin 
nearly  straight;  beaks  situated  about  one-third  the  shell's  length  from  the 
anterior  margin." — Conrad,  1853. 

TIJJJC  Locality. —  ?  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey,  or  ?  Chesapeake 
and  Delaware  Canal,  Delaware. 

"  tShell  moderately  large  and  ventricose,  with  moderately  large  project- 
ing beaks,  which  are  situated  a  little  nearer  the  anterior  end.  widely 
gaping  at  the  posterior  end  and  closed  anteriorly.  Anterior  extremity 
rounded,  longest  below  the  middle,  anterior  end  truncated,  projecting  near 
the  cardinal  line  and  receding  below.  Surface  of  the  shell  marked  by  very 
strong,  broad,  concentric  undulations  most  strongly  developed  on  the 
middle  of  the  valves  and  becoming  nearly  obsolete  on  some  specimens 
both  anteriorly  and  posteriorly.  The  valves  are  also  often  depressed  along 
the  posterior  umbonal  slope,  showing  a  distinct  furrow  at  the  bending  of 
the  undulations  of  the  surface  at  this  point. 

1  Trans.  Wagner  Free  Inst.  Sci.,  Phila.,  vol.  iii,  pt.  iii,  p.  827. 


722  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

"  The  internal  features  of  the  species  are  not  easily  made  out  from  the 
imperfect  casts  under  examination,  the  shell  having  been  too  fragile  to 
leave  the  impressions  of  pallial  line  or  muscular  scars  so  as  to  be  traced 
with  any  degree  of  certainty.  The  hinge,  however,  has  been  considerably 
thickened  and  has  left  the  imprint  of  its  features  on  some  of  the  speci- 
mens, so  that  by  the  use  of  gutta-percha  its  features  have  been  fairly 
shown.  There  is  positive  evidence  of  only  a  single  projecting  tooth  in  each 
valve,  which  has  been  long  and  incurved." — Whitfield,  1885. 

The  shell  is  represented  in  the  area  under  discussion  only  by  a  single 
cast  collected  from  along  the  canal,  one  of  Conrad's  original  localities. 

It  differs  from  Panope  monmouthensis  in  the  more  compressed  valves, 
the  more  prominent  and  more  anterior  umbones  and  the  more  oblique 
anterior  dorsal  margin. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAN  FORMATION.  Post  105,  Chesapeake  and  Dela- 
ware Canal,  Delaware. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl, 
Woodbury  clay,  Wenonah  sand,  New  Jersey.  31onmouth  Formation. 
Navesink  marl,  Eed  Bank  sand,  New  Jersey.  Peedee  Formation.  North 
and  South  Carolina.  Eutaw  Formation  (Tombigbee  sand  member). 
Exogyra  ponderosa  zone,  Prentiss  County,  Mississippi.  Eipley  Formation. 
Exogyra  costata  zone,  Warrior  County,  Georgia;  Owl  Creek,  Tippah 
County,  Mississippi. 

PANOPE  MONMOUTHENSIS  n.  sp. 
Plate  XLV,  Figs.  4,  5 

Description. — Shell  large,  subcylindrical  in  outline,  inequilateral,  gap- 
ing posteriorly,  apparently  closed  in  front;  umbones  subcentral,  not  very 
prominent;  dorsal  margins  straight;  anterior  lateral  margin  broadly 
rounded,  or  obscurely  truncate,  posterior  obliquely  truncate  from  the  dor- 
sal margin  to  the  ventral  so  that  the  former  margin  is  more  produced  pos- 
teriorly than  the  latter;  base  line  approximately  straight  and  parallel  to 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  723 

the  cardinal  margins,  rounding  smoothly  into  the  anterior  lateral  margin 
and  more  abruptly  into  the  posterior ;  external  surface  undulated  concen- 
trically, rather  sharply  and  regularly  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
umbones,  broadly  and  irregularly  over  the  medial  portion  and  more  closely 
toward  the  ventral  and  lateral  margins ;  ligament  external,  opisthodetic, 
mounted  on  a  short  but  very  robust  nymph;  no  hinge  plate  developed, 
armature  restricted  to  a  single  cardinal  tooth  in  each  valve,  the  cardinal  of 
the  right  valve  in  front  of  that  of  the  left  when  interlocked ;  characters  of 
muscle  scar  and  pallial  line  unknown. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  65.6  mm.,  latitude  100.5  mm.,  semi-diameter 
19  mm. 

Type  Locality. — Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

The  form  differs  from  Conrad's  decisa  in  being  more  compressed,  with 
less  prominent,  more  central  umbones  and  a  more  constricted  anterior 
dorsal  margin. 

Occurrence. — MOXMOUTH  FORMATION.  John  Higgins  farm,  2  miles 
west  of  Delaware  City,  Delaware ;  ?  Cayots  Corners,  Cecil  County ;  Bright- 
seat,  Brooks  estate  near  Seat  Pleasant,  ?  McNeys  Corners,  Prince  George's 
County,  Maryland. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Xatural  Sciences,  Xew  Jersey  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

PANOPE  BONASPES  n.  sp. 
Plate  XLV,  Fig.  2 

Description. — Shell  rather  small,  elliptical  in  outline,  almost  twice  as 
high  as  wide,  moderately  and  evenly  inflated ;  umbones  compressed ;  sub- 
central,  overtopping  the  dorsal  margin;  anterior  portion  of  shell  sym- 
metrically rounded,  the  posterior  slightly  wider  and  more  broadly  arcuate ; 
base  line  approximately  straight ;  external  surface  sculptured  with  irregu- 
lar, concentric  corrugations  which  are  most  pronounced  on  the  medial 
dorsal  and  posterior  portions  of  the  shell,  evanescing  anteriorly  and 
broader  and  more  shallow  ventrally;  characters  of  interior  of  shell  not 
known. 


724  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Dimensions. — Altitude  26  mm.,  latitude  49  ±  mm. ;  semi-diameter 
8  mm. 

Panope  bonaspes  is  smaller  than  either  of  the  other  Panopece  repre- 
sented within  the  area  under  discussion  and  differs  from  them  both  in 
the  smoothly  rounded  rather  than  obliquely  truncate  posterior  margin. 

The  species  is  perhaps  the  most  conspicuous  member  of  the  M  ago  thy 
bivalve  fauna. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Good  Hope  Hill,  District  of 
Columbia. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Superfamily  ADESMACEA 
Family  PHOLADIDAE 

Genus  PHOLAS  Linne 
[Systema  naturae,  ed.  x,  1758,  p.  669] 

Type. — Pliolas  dactylus  Linne. 

Shell  thin,  brittle,  often  strengthened  externally  by  accessory  plates, 
elongate,  cylindrical,  gaping  anteriorly;  valves  reflected  at  the  umbones, 
the  space  beneath  divided  by  radial  septa  into  cellular  chambers;  hinge 
plate  furnished  with  myophorial  process;  sculpture  not  uniform  over  the 
surface  of  the  valve;  pallial  sinus  long  and  deep  as  would  be  inferred 
from  the  long  siphons  which  are  united  excepting  at  the  ciliated 
extremities. 

The  genus  has  been  in  existence  since  the  Jurassic.  It  is  represented 
to-day  by  about  twenty  species,  all  of  them  burrowers  in  clay,  wood  or 
even  rock,  and  all  possessing  the  property  of  phosphorescence. 

PHOLAS  PECTOROSA  Conrad 
Plate  XLV,  Fig.  1 

?  t  Pholas  cithara  Morton,  1834,  Syn.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Group,  U.  S.,  p.  68, 

pi.  ix,  fig.  10. 
Pholas  pectorosa  Conrad,  1854,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.  for  1852-53,  p. 

200. 

Etymology:  0wXdy,    lurking  in  a  hole. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  725 

Pholas  pectorosa  Conrad,  1854,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  ii, 

p.  299,  pi.  xxvii,  fig.  9. 
?  f  Pholas  cithara  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and 

Jur.,  p.  16. 

f  ?  Clavipholas  cithara  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  728. 
?  f  Martesia  cithara  Gabb,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  304. 
Pholas  cithara  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  187,  pi. 

xxv,  figs.  14-16.     (Synonymy  excluded.) 

Pholas  pectorosa  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  18. 
Pholas  cithara  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv,  p. 

651,  pi.  Ixxiv,  fig.  7  (ex  parte). 

Description. — "  Ovate-cuneate ;  anteriorly  inflated,  contracted  in  the 
middle ;  posterior  side  cuneiform ;  disk  with  radiating  ribs,  largest  ante- 
riorly, and  interrupted  by  concentric  furrows;  anterior  side  very  short, 
margin  obtusely  rounded  or  subtruncated ;  basal  margin  rounded  ante- 
riorly, contracted  medially,  straight  posteriorly." — Conrad,  1854. 

Type  Locality. — Tinton  Falls,  Monmouth  County,  New  Jersey. 

"  Shell  triangularly  ovate,  acutely  pointed  behind  and  subtruncate  in 
front.  Valves  very  ventricose,  the  depth  and  thickness  when  united 
about  equal,  giving  a  nearly  round  section.  Anterior  umbonal  ridge 
inflated  and  nearly  subangular  in  some  cases,  always  sharply  rounded,  and 
the  anterior  surface  somewhat  flattened  or  but  little  convex.  Central 
region  of  the  valves  sulcated  obliquely,  more  or  less  constricting  the  front 
margin  at  about  or  just  behind  the  center.  Hinge  line  straight,  deeply 
sunken  betwen  the  large,  inflated  and  enrolled  approximate  beaks.  Surface 
of  the  shell  marked  by  strong  radiating  ribs,  numerous  but  somewhat 
irregular  posterior  to  the  umbonal  angle,  but  few  and  distant  in  front; 
also  by  comparatively  strong  concentric  ridges,  which  are  distinctly 
deflected  at  the  mesial  sulcus  and  pass  obliquely  upward  in  front  of  it. 
These  concentric  ridges  form  flattened  nodes  of  the  radiating  ribs  by 
crossing  them  on  the  anterior  part  of  the  shell. 

"  I  have  seen  several  casts  of  this  species,  and  noticed  considerable 
variation  in  their  characters,  especially  in  the  strength  of  the  surface 
markings,  in  the  form  of  the  anterior  end,  and  in  the  strength  of  the  mesial 
sulcus  of  the  valves,  and  especially  in  the  strength  and  character  of  a 
sometimes  deeply  impressed  but  narrow  line  marking  the  bottom  of  the 
sulcus  and  dividing  the  anterior  and  posterior  sections  of  the  shell,  it 


726  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

being  in  some  instances  almost  obsolete.  Mr.  Morton's  type  specimen, 
which  I  have  not  seen,  seems  to  have  been  very  small,  and  to  have  had  the 
anterior  end  rounded  from  below,  while  Mr.  Conrad's  type  of  P.  pectorosa 
is  full  and  round  below  and  sloping  above,  while  a  cast  of  a  single  valve 
which  is  figured  appears  to  have  been  quite  sharply  truncate  in  front  and 
angular  on  the  umbonal  ridge.  There  is  also  much  difference  in  the  pro- 
portional strength  of  the  two  sets  of  ribs  in  the  different  examples."- 
Whitfield,  1885. 

Morton's  type  of  P.  cithara  has,  apparently,  been  lost  and  his  descrip- 
tion is  so  meager  and  his  figure  so  inadequate  that  it  is  impossible  to  deter- 
mine with  absolute  assurance  its  relationship  to  the  P.  pectorosa  of  Con- 
rad. Conrad's  type  now  in  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
is  from  the  Monmouth  at  Tinton  Falls,  New  Jersey,  and  there  is  no  doubt 
whatever  about  the  specific  identity  of  this  form  and  the  casts  from  the 
Monmouth  of  Prince  George's  County.  It  seems  not  at  all  improbable, 
though  by  no  means  established,  that  Conrad's  species  is  distinct  from 
Morton's  and  possibly  its  descendant,  since  in  Xew  Jersey  and  Maryland 
the  former  is  restricted  apparently  to  the  Monmouth,  the  latter  to  the 
Matawan. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Brooks  estate  near 
Seat  Pleasant,  Prince  George's  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Outside  Distribution. — Monmouth  Formation.  Tinton  beds,  New 
Jersey.  Ripley  Formation.  Exogyra  costata  zone,  ?  Chickasaw,  ?  Union, 
and  ?  Tippah  counties,  Mississippi. 

Genus  MARTESIA  Leach 
[Blainville,  Man.  Mai.,  vol.  i,  1825,  p.  632] 

Type. — Pholas  clavata  Lamarck  =  Pliolas  striata  Linne. 

Shell  ovate-oblong,  cuneiform,  strengthened  by  three  accessory  plates; 
young  forms  gaping  anteriorly;  valves  closed  at  the  completion  of  the 
burrow  with  a  calcareous  septa  or  "  callum  " ;  surface  deeply  sculptured 
by  a  single  radial  sulcus. 

Etymology:     Unknown. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  727 

The  genus  has  been  reported  from  deposits  as  early  as  the  Carboniferous. 
The  customary  habitat  of  the  present  day  species  is  in  burrows  excavated 
in  the  floating  timber  and  driftwood  of  the  warm  and  temperate  seas. 

MARTESIA  CRETACEA  Gabb 

Pholas  cretacea  Gabb,  1860,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  iv,  p. 

393,  pi.  Ixviii,  fig.  18. 
Pholas  cretacea  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur., 

p.  16. 

Pholas  ?  cretacea  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  728. 
Martesia  cretacea  Gabb,  1876,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  304. 
Martesia  (Pholas)  cretacea  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix, 

p.  190,  pi.  xxv,  figs.  20-23. 

Pholas  cretacea  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  18. 
Martesia  cretacea  Johnson,  1905,  Ibidem,  p.  18. 
Martesia  cretacea  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv,  p. 

654,  pi.  Ixxiv,  figs.  8-11. 

Description. — "  Tube  conical,  rounded  at  the  widest  end,  surface 
marked  by  oblique  lines ;  shell  (  ?) ." — Gabb,  1860. 

Type  Locality. — Earitari  Bay,  Xew  Jersey. 

"  Shell  small,  subhemispherical  in  front,  cuneate  behind,  the  beaks 
strongly  incurved,  umbones  prominent.  The  anterior  margin  rounding 
regularly  from  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  hinge  line  into  the  straight 
basal  margin,  posterior  margin  subtruncate,  post-cardinal  margin  sloping 
backward  from  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  hinge  line.  Surface  of  each 
valve  marked  by  a  deep,  narrow  groove  extending  from  the  beak  obliquely 
backward  to  the  ventral  margin  which  it  meets  in  front  of  the  middle  of 
the  shell;  in  most  individuals  a  second  groove  close  to  and  parallel  with 
the  first,  but  a  little  wider  and  shallower,  is  introduced  a  short  distance 
below  the  beak  and  continues  to  the  margin.  The  anterior  region  of  the 
shell  is  marked  by  fine  costas  which  bend  abruptly  upward  in  front  of  the 
oblique  grooves,  continuing  to  above  the  middle  of  the  shell,  where  they 
make  a  nearly  rectangular  turn  and  continue  in  a  horizontal  direction  to 
the  anterior  margin,  surrounding  two  sides  of,  and  sharply  differentiating, 
a  smooth,  triangular,  slightly  raised  area  in  the  antero-ventral  region  of 
each  valve.  The  posterior  region  of  the  shell  is  marked  by  broader 
rounded  costae,  parallel  with  the  margin  of  the  valves. 


728  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

"  The  dimensions  of  a  specimen  of  average  size  are :  Length  7  mm. , 
height  4.5  mm.,  greatest  thickness  4.8  mm. 

"  The  name  Pholas  cretacea  was  originally  applied  to  a  group  of  casts 
of  the  tubes  of  one  of  the  Pholadidce,  without  any  knowledge  of  the  shell 
characters.  At  a  later  date  the  original  author  of  the  species  described  a 
single  individual  of  a  shell  and  referred  it  to  the  same  species  as  the  pre- 
viously described  tubes,  '  because  it  is  of  about  the  proper  size  to  form 
such  tubes.'  In  themselves,  the  tubes  of  this  group  of  pelecypods  posses? 
no  characters  which  can  be  used  for  specific  determination,  and  conse- 
quently the  species  Pholas  cretacea,  afterwards  referred  to  the  genus 
Martesia,  may  be  considered  as  founded  upon  the  shell  described  by  Gabb. 
Whit-field  has  illustrated  Gabb's  specimen  and  redescribed  it,  but  he  saw 
no  additional  specimens.  In  the  recent  collections  of  the  Survey,  fifty  01 
more  individuals  of  this  species  have  been  observed  in  a  fragment  of  fossil 
wood  from  1  to  1£  in.  in  diameter  and  8  in.  long.  The  entire  surface 
of  this  wood  is  filled  with  the  burrows  of  this  species,  and  in  each  burrow 
is  a  well  preserved  shell  or  the  internal  cast  of  a  shell.  These  specimens 
show  some  variation  in  several  characters,  but  a  comparison  with  Gabb's 
type  of  M.  cretacea  has  shown  them  to  be  not  essentially  different  from 
that  species.  Some  of  the  examples  are  shorter  than  usual  and  conse- 
quently taper  more  abruptly  to  the  posterior  extremity  than  the  average 
form,  but  the  most  important  variation  is  the  presence  or  absence  of  the 
supplementary  oblique  furrow  in  front  of  the  primary  one  extending 
from  the  beak  to  the  ventral  margin.  In  the  majority  of  individuals  this 
furroAV  is  present  and  its  absence  is  more  apt  to  be  a  feature  of  the  smaller 
and  presumably  the  younger  shells.  In  a  few  specimens  of  nearly  maxi- 
mum size  this  furrow  is  nearly  obsolete,  being  noticeable  only  near  the 
ventral  margin,  and  in  one  specimen  it  is  absent  from  one  valve,  although 
faintly  indicated  on  the  other." — Weller,  1907. 

The  species  has  a  doubtful  representation  within  the  Delaware-Maryland 
area.  A  single  somewhat  distorted  tube  referred  tentatively  to  this 
species  was  collected  along  the  canal.  A  cast  of  the  interior  with  frag- 
ments of  the  substance  still  adhering  has  even  more  dubious  affinities. 
The  surface  characters  are  apparently  very  similar  to  those  of  M.  cretacea, 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  729 

but  the  valves  are  smaller  and  so  much  more  compressed  that  it  seems 
hardly  probable  that  the  limits  of  variation  even  in  Martesia  are  wide 
enough  to  include  both  forms. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAN  FORMATION.  ?  Marl  pit  near  Post  236, 
Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  Delaware.  MONMOUTH  FORMATION. 
?  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County,  Maryland. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl, 
Marshalltown  clay  marl,  New  Jersey. 

Family  TEREDINIDAE 

Genus  TEREDO  Linne 
[Systema  Naturae,  ed.  x,  1758,  p.  651] 

Type. — Teredo  navalis  Linne. 

Shell  much  reduced ;  valves  trilobed,  widely  gaping  anteriorly  and  pos- 
teriorly; surface  concentrically  striated;  hinge  margin  reflected,  edentu- 
lous; spoon-shaped  process  projecting  from  interior  of  hinge  for  attach- 
ment of  pedal  muscle;  anterior  adductor  degenerate;  pallial  line 
coincident  with  the  margins  of  the  valves. 

The  recent  representatives  of  the  species,  the  so-called  ship-worms,  have 
been  notorious  since  the  days  of  the  Roman  Empire.  To-day  they  occur  in 
the  temperate  and  tropical  seas  in  numbers  sufficient  to  endanger  all  sub- 
marine wooden  constructions,  whether  ships,  wharves,  piers,  bridges,  piles 
or  dikes.  Protection  is  gained  only  by  metal  sheathing  or  by  treatment 
Avith  creosote. 

The  genus  has  a  long  pedigree.  Certain  burrows  from  the  Carbonifer- 
ous have  been  referred  doubtfully  to  the  Teredo,  and  there  is  no  question 
that  it  existed  in  the  Mesozoic. 

A.  Posterior  extremity  of  shell  lobate  dorsally;   tubes  circular  in  cross- 

section  Teredo  irregularis 

B.  Posterior  extremity  of  shell  slightly  produced  dorsally  but  not  lobate; 

tubes  lenticular  in  cross-section Teredo  rhombica 

Etymology:    Teredo,  a  name  given  by  Pliny  to  a  worm  that  gnaws  wood. 


730  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

TEREDO  IRREGULARIS  Gabb 

Teredo  tibialis  Morton,  1834,  Syn.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Group  U.  S.,  p.  68   (ex 

parte) . 
Teredo  irregularis  Gabb,  1860,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  393,  pi.  Ixviii,  fig.  19. 
Teredo  contorta  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Jur., 

p.  16. 

Teredo  irregularis  Meek,  1864,  Ibidem. 

Teredo  contorta  Conrad,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  727. 
Teredo  irregularis  Conrad,  1868,  Ibidem. 
Teredo  irregularis  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  191, 

pi.  xxv,  figs.  18,  19. 

Teredo  irregularis  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  18. 
Teredo  contorta  Johnson,  1905,  Ibidem. 
Teredo  irregularis  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  656,  pi.  Ixxiv,  figs.  1-3. 

Description. — "  Tube  irregular,  tortuous,  dilated  in  places  and  some- 
times transversely  wrinkled.  Shell  twice  as  large  as  that  of  T.  tibialis, 
more  abruptly  truncate  anteriorly." — Gabb,  I860. 

Type  Locality. —  ?  New  Jersey. 

"  Tubes  as  shown  by  their  casts  gregarious,  exceedingly  tortuous  and 
contorted,  sometimes  annulated,  increasing  gradually  in  size  from  their 
point  of  origin,  the  larger  ones  reaching  a  diameter  of  10  mm.  or  more. 
Shell  subglobular,  cordate  in  outline  from  in  front,  the  beaks  a  little  in 
front  of  the  middle  of  the  hinge  line,  widely  gaping  behind  and  open  in 
front ;  the  postero-cardinal  extremity  somewhat  produced  in  a  rounded 
lobe.  Anterior  margin  rounding  from  the  hinge  line  above  into  the  upper 
margin  of  the  large,  deep,  subrectangular,  antero-basal  hiatus  which 
reaches  above  the  mid-height  of  the  shell ;  basal  margin  short ;  posterior 
margin  obliquely  subtruncate  below,  bent  abruptly  backward  near  the 
hinge  line  and  continuing  around  the  postero-cardinal  lobe  of  the  shell. 
Valves  ventricose,  the  beaks  prominent,  much  elevated  above  the  hinge  line 
and  strongly  incurved  or  enrolled ;  the  surface  curving  steeply  towards  the 
antero-cardinal  extremity  and  then  deflected  shortly  before  reaching  the 
margin,  curving  less  abruptly  to  the  postero-cardinal  extremity.  In  the 
casts  a  very  deep  and  prominent  furrow  passes  from  the  hinge  line  just 
back  of  the  beaks  to  the  posterior  margin  just  below  the  post-cardinal  lobe 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  731 

of  the  shell ;  another  faint  groove,  which  is  less  conspicuous  upon  the  larger 
individuals,  crosses  the  post-umbonal  slope  in  a  nearly  vertical  direction 
from  the  lower  margin  of  the  deep  groove  already  described  behind  the 
beaks  to  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  basal  margin;  surface  of  the 
anterior  half  of  the  shell,  as  shown  in  impressions  of  the  exterior,  marked 
by  exceedingly  fine,  regular,  concentric  striae,  parallel  with  the  shell 
margin,  twenty  or  more  of  which  occupy  the  space  of  1  mm.  These  stria? 
towards  the  antero-cardinal  extremity  are  crossed  by  finer  radiating  stria?, 
which  produce  an  exceedingly  fine  reticulate  pattern  upon  the  shell  sur- 
face. Markings  of  the  posterior  half  of  the  shell  unknown. 

"  Casts  of  the  irregular  burrows  of  this  species  are  sometimes  of  com- 
mon occurrence  in  the  Merchantville  clay,  penetrating  masses  of  fossil 
wood,  and  on  tracing  these  burrows  to  their  termination  casts  of  the  shell 
can  usually  be  found,  sometimes  in  excellent  condition.  Some  masses  of 
the  tubes  are  all  much  smaller  than  those  in  other  masses,  but  all  the  tubes 
in  one  group  are  usually  of  approximately  the  same  dimensions.  It  was 
at  first  thought  possible  that  the  different  sized  tubes  indicated  different 
species,  but  the  shells  are  all  essentially  the  same,  whether  from  large  or 
small  tubes,  in  all  masses  observed  in  the  Merchantville  clay  marl.  A 
mass  of  essentially  identical  tubes  has  been  found  in  the  Marshalltown 
clay  marl,  however,  associated  with  many  individuals  of  Martesia  bisulcaia, 
which  have  a  very  different  shell,  described  in  this  report  as  Turnus 
kiimmeli.  Other  similar  tubes  occur  sometimes  in  the  Navesink  marl,  but 
the  accompanying  shells  have  not  been  observed.  These  tubes,  however, 
seem  to  be  straighter  and  they  probably  belong  to  another  species. 

''  The  type  specimen  of  T.  irregularis  is  without  data  as  to  locality  or 
horizon,  and  the  description  of  the  shell  itself  is  too  meager  to  be  of  any 
use  in  identification.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  the  Merchantville  clay  marl 
is  the  horizon  where  burrows  of  this  sort  most  frequently  occur,  and  as 
Gabb  described  numerous  fossils  from  this  horizon  in  Burlington  County, 
Xew  Jersey,  it  is  altogether  probable  that  the  type  specimen  is  specifically 
identical  with  the  shell  here  described. 

"  Morton  evidently  applied  the  name  Teredo  tibialis  to  all  the  Teredo- 
like  tubes  he  found  in  New  Jersey,  but  the  name  is  still  retained  for  the 
48 


732  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

tubes  like  those  which  he  illustrated,  Avhich  are  found  only  in  the  Vincen- 
town  limesand.  The  specimens  which  he  referred  to  from  'the  friable 
marls '  which  are  preserved  as  '  casts  in  lignite '  were  in  all  probability 
representatives  of  the  species  T.  irregularis. 

"  The  type  of  Teredo  contorta  Gabb,  which  is  preserved  in  the  collection 
of  the  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Science,  has  been  carefully  compared  with 
the  recently  collected  examples  which  are  here  referred  to  T.  irregularis, 
and  there  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  their  specific  identity ;  it  also  is  without 
doubt  a  Merchantville  clay  marl  specimen,  and  it  is  safe  to  conclude  that 
it  is  a  synonym  of  T.  irregularis:'' — Weller,  1907. 

The  species  is  represented  in  Maryland  only  by  a  few  fragmentary 
tubes,  the  largest  of  them  embedded  in  a  mass  of  wood  from  near  Post  218 
on  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAN  FORMATION.  Post  218,  Chesapeake  and  Dela- 
ware Canal,  Delaware ;  Ulmstead  Point,  Anne  Arundel  County,  Maryland. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences,  New  Jersey  Geological  Survey. 

Outside  Distribution. — Matawan  Formation.  Merchantville  clay  marl, 
New  Jersey. 

TEREDO  RHOMBICA  n.  sp. 

Plate  XLV,  Pig.  3 

Description. — Shell  composed  of  two  small  plates  gaping  widely  at  both 
extremities,  feebly  convex  and  rhombic  in  outline ;  umbones  small, 
rounded,  inconspicuous,  not  overtopping  the  dorsal  margin;  anterior 
dorsal  margin  horizontal,  approximately  parallel  to  the  base,  slightly  pro- 
duced behind;  posterior  dorsal  margin  oblique,  diverging  from  the  ante- 
rior at  an  angle  of  not  far  from  140°,  merging  smoothly  into  the  trun- 
cated lateral  margin;  posterior  lateral  margin  obliquely  truncate,  pro- 
duced but  not  lobate  at  the  dorsal  extremity;  base  line  straight,  less 
abruptly  upcurved  behind  than  in  front ;  posterior  area  differentiated  by  a 
linear  sulcus  dropped  from  the  umbones  to  the  posterior  ventral  margin ; 
incremental  sculpture  in  front  of  the  diagonal  feeble  and  irregular, 
behind  it  sharp  and  minutely  laminar,  the  dorsal  edges  free  and  closely 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  733 

and  regularly  overlapping ;  ligament  obsolete ;  hinge  margin  reflected, 
edentulous;  produced  under  the  umbones  into  a  minute  linguiform 
process  for  the  support  of  the  pedal  muscle ;  characters  of  interior  obscure ; 
tubes  compressed,  corrugated,  lenticular  in  cross-section. 

Dimensions. — Altitude  5  mm.,  latitude  3.2  mm.,  maximum  diameter 
4  mm. 

The  valves  are  separated  from  those  of  the  co-existent  Teredo  irregularis 
Gabb  by  the  non-lobate  posterior  dorsal  extremity,  while  the  tubes  differ 
from  the  irregular  cylindrical  tubes  of  Gabb's  species  in  being  compressed 
and  corrugated. 

Occurrence. — MoNMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 


734  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

MOLLUSCOIDEA 

CLASS  BRACHIOPODA 
order  TELOTREMATA 

Superfamily  TEREBRATULACEA 
Family  TEREBRATULIDAE 

Genus  TEREBRATULA  Miiller  (Ruckman  emend.) 

TEREBRATULA  HARLANI  Morton. 
Plate  XLVII,  Figs.  1-5 

Terebratula  harlani  Morton,  1829,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  1st  ser.,  vol.  xvii,  p.  283; 

vol.  xviii,  p.  250,  pi.  iii,  fig.  16. 
Terebratula  harlani  Morton,  1827,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  1st  ser.,  vol. 

vi,  p.  73,  pi.  iii,  figs.  1-7. 
Terebratula  perovalis  Morton,  1827,  Ibidem,  p.  77,  pi.  iii,  figs.  7,  8.     (Not 

T.  perovalis  Sowerby.) 
Terebratula  harlani  Morton,  1834,  Syn.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Group,  U.  S.,  p.  70, 

pi.  iii,  fig.  1,  pi.  ix. 

Terebratula  Camilla  Morton,  1834,  Ibidem,  p.  70. 

Terebratula  harlani  Marcou,  1853,  Expl.  Text  to  Geol.  Map  U.  S.  and  Brit- 
ish Provinces  of  N.  A.,  p.  47,  pi.  vii,  fig.  8. 

Terebratula  harlani  Gabb,  1862,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  for  1861,  p.  18. 
Terebratula  harlani  Cook,  1868,  Cook's  Geol.  of  New  Jersey,  p.  375,  text 

figs. 

Terebratula  harlani  Conrad,  1868,  Ibidem,  p.  723. 
Terebratula  harlani  Credner,  1870,  Zeitsch.  Deutsch.  Geol.  Gesell.,  vol.  xxii, 

p.  221. 
Terebratula  harlani  Whitfield,  1885,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  ix,  p.  6, 

pi.  i,  figs.  15-23. 
Terebratula  gorbyi  Miller,  1892,  17th  Ann.  Kept.  Dept.  Geol.  and  Nat.  Res. 

Indiana,  p.  687,  pi.  xiii,  figs.  3,  4. 

Terebratula  harlani  Bagg,  1898,  Am.  Geol.,  vol.  xxiii,  p.  370. 
Terebratula  harlani  Clark    and    Martin,    1901,    Maryland    Geol.    Survey, 

Eocene,  p.  204,  pi.  Iviii,  figs.  2,  3. 

Terebratula  harlani  Johnson,  1905,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  p.  6. 
Terebratula  harlani  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  357,  pi.  xxviii,  figs.  1-8. 

Description. — "  Shell  large,  about  twice  as  long  as  broad,  sides  straight 
and  imperfectly  parallel;  upper  valve  plano-convex,  obscurely  biplicated 
except  near  the  margin,  which  has  three  inconsiderable  sinuses;  lower 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  735 

valve  very  convex,  with  a  longitudinal  ridge  and  slight  lateral  depres- 
sions; beak  incurved;  umbo  prominent." — Morton,  1829. 

"  Shell  large,  the  dimensions  of  a  large  individual  being :  Length 
59  mm.,  width  36  mm.,  thickness  36  mm. ;  elongate  oval  in  outline  with  sub- 
parallel  sides,  often  becoming  more  or  les  cylindrical  in  old  specimens ;  the 
front  margin  more  or  less  truncated,  sometimes  bilobate  from  a  flattening 
or  lobing  of  the  valves  anteriorly.  Pedicle  valve  very  ventricose,  becoming 
almost  gibbous  in  old  individuals,  the  beak  large,  strong,  incurved,  trun- 
cated at  the  apex  by  the  large  foramen  whose  diameter  is  greater  externally 
than  within,  the  truncation  in  full-grown  shells  being  parallel  with  the 
axis  of  the  valves;  lateral  margins  of  the  beak  subangular;  the  median 
portion  of  the  valve  often  flattened  or  somewhat  concave  toward  the  front 
and  the  lateral  slopes  sometimes  impressed.  Brachial  valve  much  less 
convex  than  the  pedicle,  the  beak  small  and  strongly  incurved  ;  the  median 
portion  of  this  valve  flattened  or  concave  anteriorly,  the  flattened  portion 
being  bounded  on  each  side  by  a  more  or  less  distinct  angular  ridge  which 
separates  it  from,  the  lateral  slope,  this  feature  often  being  exaggerated 
to  so  great  an  extent  as  to  give  the  anterior  half  of  the  shell  a  decidedly 
plicate  apearance ;  internally  the  crura  are  slender  near  the  junction  with 
the  valve,  and  expand  rapidly  to  form  a  broad  loop  from  8  mm.  to  15  mm. 
in  length,  with  the  width  more  than  two-thirds  of  the  length,  the  loop 
sharply  angular  at  the  points  of  recurvature.  Surface  of  both  valves 
marked  by  numerous  lines  of  growth  which  are  often  crowded  towards  the 
front  of  old  specimens  so  as  to  form  distinct  varices.  Shell  substance  finely 
punctate,  the  punctae  usually  visible  under  a  hand  lens,  always  more  dis- 
tinctly seen  upon  exfoliated  surfaces. 

"  Eemarks. — This  species  is  perhaps  the  largest  Terebratuloid  shell 
known  in  any  of  the  American  faunas,  and  at  the  horizons  where  it  is 
found  in  the  Cretaceous  formations  of  New  Jersey  it  usually  occurs  in 
great  numbers.  It  usually  forms  a  very  constant  bed  at  the  summit  of  the 
Hornerstown  marl  where,  through  several  feet  of  sediments,  the  shells 
occur  almost  to  the  exclusion  of  everything  else.  The  species  also  occurs 
in  the  quartz  sand  facies  of  the  Vincentown  formation,  sometimes  in  great 
numbers,  but  always  in  the  form  of  internal  casts." — Weller,  1907. 


736  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

The  young  are  much  broader  relatively  than  the  adults.  Xone  of  the 
Maryland  individuals  that  have  come  under  observation  exhibit  the  strong 
radial  plication  which  characterizes  the  variety  fragilis.  There  is  scarcely 
an  individual  which  is  less  feebly  plicate  than  Morton's  type  of  T.  harlnni. 
sensu  stricto. 

The  species  occurs  associated  with  the  Eocene,  and  quite  a  little  litera- 
ture has  grown  up  around  the  question  of  whether  or  not  the  species  is 
reworked. 

Occurrence. — RANCOCAS  FORMATION.  Drawyer  Creek,  near  Odessa, 
south  side  of  Appoquinimink  Creek  between  Odessa  and  mill-dam, 
Noxonville,  Noxontown  Millpond,  Delaware:  head  of  Sassafras  River 
on  Jackson  farm  and  Jacobs  farm,  Maryland. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  Philadelphia  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences. 

CLASS  BRYOZOA 

order  CYCLOSTOMATA  ' 

Family  DIASTOPORIDAE 

Genus  STOMATOPORA1  Bronn 

STOMATOPOKA  REGULARIS  Gabb  and  Horn 
Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  11 

Stomatopora  regularis  Gabb  and  Horn,  1862,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila., 
(2)  vol.  v,  p.  172,  pi.  xxi,  fig.  63. 

Stomatopora  regularis  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol. 
iv,  p.  313,  pi.  xx,  figs.  1-3. 

Alecto  regularis  Meek,  1864,  Check  List  Inv.  Fossils,  N.  A.,  Cret.  and  Juras- 
sic, p.  4. 

Description. — "  Zoarium  encrusting,  ramose,  the  branches  filiform  and 
usually  very  regular,  from  0.4  mm.  to  0.6  mm.  in  width,  the  surface 
slightly  convex,  the  sides  sloping  gently  towards  the  lateral  margins, 
rarely  or  never  abrupt.  Zocecia  regular  in  shape,  usually  a  little  wider 
just  behind  the  aperture  and  the  sides  converging  slightly  posteriorly, 
this  difference  in  width,  however,  is  frequently  scarcely  noticeable  and  is 
never  sufficient  to  sharply  separate  the  successive  zocecia  from  each  other. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  737 

Zocecial  apertures  circular,  tubular  and  inclined  a  little  forward  in 
unworn  specimens.''" — Weller. 

The  type  specimens  were  obtained  from  the  Vincentown  limesand  of 
the  Eancocas  formation  of  New  Jersey,  where  the  species  occurs  quite 
abundantly. 

Occurrence. — EANCOCAS  FORMATION.  South  side  of  Appoquinimink 
Creek  between  mill-dam  and  Odessa,  and  at  Xoxontown  Millpond,  Dela- 
ware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

STOMATOPORA  KUMMELI  Ulrich  and  Bassler 
Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  10 

Stomatopora  kiimmeU  Ulrich  and  Bassler,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jer- 
sey, Pal.,  vol.  iv,  p.  314,  pi.  xx,  fig.  4. 

Description. — Zoarium  encrusting,  ramose,  the  branches  very  fine 
and  delicate,  from  0.15  mm.  to  0.2  mm.  in  width,  the  surface  transversely 
convex,  the  slope  from  center  to  lateral  margins  never  abrupt.  Zooecia 
regular  in  form,  scarcely  differentiated,  although  the  sides  converge 
slightly  posteriorly.  ZocEcial  apertures  circular,  in  unworn  specimens, 
with  the  rim  slightly  elevated  and  inclined  a  little  forward. 

This  species  is  a  very  close  ally  of  S.  regularis,  but  may  be  distinguished 
from  that  species  by  its  more  delicate  growth  and  smaller  zooecia. 

Occurrence. — EANCOCAS  FORMATION.  Noxontown  Millpond,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Genus  BERENICEA  Lamarck 

BERENICEA  AMERICAINA  Ulrich  and  Bassler 

Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  14 

Berenlcea  americana,  Ulrich  and  Bassler,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey, 
Pal.,  vol.  iv,  p.  315,  pi.  xx,  fig.  7. 

Description. — Zoarium  encrusting,  growing  in  more  or  less  irregular 
patches  upon  the  surfaces  of  other  bryozoa.  Zooecia  contiguously  arranged 
in  more  or  less  regular  spreading  series,  each  zoo2cium  about  0.5  mm.  in 


738  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

length  and  from  0.1  mm.  to  0.13  mm.  in  width,  the  lateral  boundaries 
sharply  defined  by  impressed  grooves,  the  surface  gently  convex  trans- 
versely. Zoeficial  apertures  nearly  terminal,  circular,  a  little  narrower 
than  the  zocecia,  directed  slightly  forward,  with  a  slightly  elevated  rim- 
like  bordjer. 

This  species  cannot  be  confused  with  any  associated  bryozoa,  the  other 
American  species  of  the  genus  being  mainly  of  Ordovician  age.  The 
species  is  particularly  characterized  by  its  small,  narrow,  elongate 
zooecia,  with  each  zocecium  sharply  marked  laterally. 

Occurrence. — RANCOCAS  FORMATION.  ISToxontown  Millpond,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Family  1DMONEIDAE 
Genus  CRISINA  d'Orbigny 
CRISINA  STRIATOPORA  Ulrich  and  Bassler 

Plate  XL VI,  Fig.  15 

Crisina  striatopora  Ulrich  and  Bassler,  1904,  Maryland  Geol.  Survey,  Mio- 
cene, p.  406,  pi.  cxvii,  figs.  1-4. 

Crisina  striatopora,  Ulrich  and  Bassler,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey, 
Pal.,  vol.  iv,  p.  319,  pi.  xxi,  figs.  15-18. 

Description. — Zoarium.  erect,  ramose,  probably  not  exceeding  1  cm.  in 
height,  dividing  dichotomously  at  intervals  of  about  1.5  mm.;  branches 
subovate  in  cross-section,  thickest  uniformly  convex  and  traversed  longi- 
tudinally by  from  sixteen  to  twenty  punctate  strire  on  the  reverse  side, 
narrower  and  carrying  alternating  series  of  zococial  apertures  on  the 
obverse  side.  Zooecial  apertures  rarely  three,  usually  four  in  each  series, 
in  contact  laterally,  the  inner  one  of  each  series  largest,  most  prominent 
and  subcircular,  the  outer  one  smallest,  drawn  out  distally  and  apparently 
grading  into  the  pores  lying  between  the  longitudinal  ridges  of  the 
reverse  side.  Series  of  zocecia  curving  first  forward  then  slightly  back- 
ward, separated  by  a  deep  interspace  averaging  about  0.2  mm.  in  width ; 
about  five  rows  in  2  mm.  Over  the  basal  part  of  the  zoarium  the  zocecial 
apertures  are  covered  one  after  the  other  by  the  growth  of  the  striato- 
punctate  dorsal  integument. 


MAKYLAXD  GEOLOGICAL  SUEVEY  739 

The  type  specimens  were  obtained  from  the  Miocene  of  Maryland,  but 
apparently  the  same  species  occurs  rather  rarely  in  the  Vincentown  lime- 
sand  of  the  Upper  Cretaceous  at  Vincentown,  New  Jersey. 

Occurrence. — RANCOCAS  FORMATION.  South  side  of  Appoquinimink 
Creek  between  mill-dam  and  Odessa,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Family  FASCIGERIDAE 
Genus  FILIFASCIGERA  d'Orbigny 
FILIFASCIGERA  MEG^RA   (Lonsdale) 
Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  12 

Tululipora  megcera  Lonsdale,  1845,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.,  London,  I,  p. 
69,  figs,  a,  b. 

Filifascigera  megcera  Gabb  and  Horn,  1862,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila., 
(2)  vol.  v,  p.  165,  pi.  xxi,  fig.  53. 

Filifascigera  megcera  Ulrich,  1896,  Zittel-Eastman,  Textbook  Pal.,  vol.  i,  p. 
263,  fig.  421. 

Filifascigera  megcera  Ulrich  and  Bassler,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jer- 
sey, Pal.,  vol.  iv,  p.  325,  pi.  xxii,  figs.  12-15. 

Filifascigera  megwra  Ulrich,  1913,  Zittel-Eastman,  Textbook  Pal.,  vol.  i, 
p.  332,  fig.  451. 

Description. — The  encrusting  zoarium  of  this  species  may  very  readily 
be  recognized  from  all  cyclostomatous  bryozoa  by  the  fasciculate  zoce- 
cia,  arranged  in  groups  of  from  two  to  five,  arising  from  the  center  of  the 
broadest  portions  of  the  zoarium. 

This  is  a  common  and  characteristic  species  of  the  Vincentown  lime- 
sand  in  New  Jersey  and  Delaware. 

Occurrence. — EANCOCAS  FORMATION.  Noxontown  Millpond,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Family  L1CHENOPORIDAE 

Genus  LICHENOPORA  Defrance. 

LICHEXOPORA  PAPYRACEA  (d'Orbigny) 

Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  13 

Unitubigera  papyracea  D'Orbigny,  1852,  Pal.  Franc.,  Terr.   Cret.  Tom.  5, 

p.  761,  pi.  643,  figs.  12-14. 
Lichenopora  papyracea  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol. 

iv,  p.  27,  pi.  xxii,  fig.  20. 


740  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Description. — The  small  encrusting  subcircular  colonies  of  this  species 
with  a  maximum  diameter  of  4  mm.  readily  separates  this  form  from  all 
other  associated  species. 

Occurrence. — KANCOCAS  FORMATION.  Noxontown  Millpond,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Order  CHI LOSTOM ATA 
Family  MEMBRANIPORIDAE 

Genus  MEMBRANIPORA  Rl.-iinville 

MEMBRANIPORA  ANNULOIDEA  Ulrich  and  Bassler 
Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  3 

Membranipora  annuloidea  Ulrich  and  Bassler,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New 
Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv,  p.  335,  pi.  xxiii,  fig.  16. 

Description. — Zoarium  encrusting.  Zocecia  from  0.5  mm.  to-  0.65  mm. 
in  length,  their  width  about  three-fourths  their  length,  more  or  less  hex- 
agonal in  outline,  sharply  defined  by  depressed  furrows.  Zocecial  aper- 
tures about  0.2  mm.  in  length,  subovate  in  outline,  surrounded  by  a  rather 
broad,  somewhat  elevated,  rounded  marginal  rim  which  is  marked  by  a 
series  of  from  ten  to  thirteen  small  subcircular  pits  with  raised  borders. 
Ovicells  variable  in  their  distribution,  either  abundant  or  much  scattered, 
usually  a  little  broader  than  long  with  the  side  next  the  zooscial  aperture 
somewhat  flattened,  about  0.15  mm.  in  width. 

When  worn,  the  marginal  ring  of  pits  about  the  zocecial  apertures  is 
more  or  less  obscure  and  sometimes  wanting  entirely.  The  species  some- 
what resembles  the  Italian  Tertiary  species  M.  annulus  Manzoni,  but 
differs  in  having  more  rounded  zocecia  and  more  numerous  pores. 

Occurrence. — EANCOCAS  FORMATION.  Noxontown  Millpond,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Genus  AMPHIBLESTRUM  Gray 

AMPUIBLESTTIUM  IIETEKOPORA   (Gabb  and  Horn) 
Plate  XLVI,  Figs.  5,  6 

Reptoflustrella  f  heteropora  Gabb  and  Horn,  1862,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci., 
Phila.  (2),  vol.  v,  p.  162,  pi.  ii,  flg.  50. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  741 

Reptoflustrella  ?  heteropora  Ulrich,  1901,  Maryland  Geol.  Survey,  Eocene,  p. 

213,  pi.  Ix,  figs.  8,  9. 
Amphiblestrum  heteropora  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal., 

vol.  iv,  1907,  p.  333,  pi.  xxiii,  figs.  14-16. 

Description. — Zoarium  encrusting  in  irregular  patches,  usually  grow- 
ing upon  other  species  of  bryozoa.  Zooecia  in  a  single  layer,  usually 
arranged  with  but  little  regularity,  but  sometimes  exhibiting  a  tendency 
to  grow  in  radiating  lines,  longer  than  wide,  pointed  in  front,  broadly 
subtruncate  behind;  aperture  about  0.15  mm.  in  width,  subtriangular  in 
outline  with  convex  sides,  often  approaching  an  oval  form  in  very  long 
zocecia ;  bordered  anteriorly  and  laterally  by  a  slightly  elevated,  rounded 
ridge  which  becomes  obsolete  posteriorly.  Just  in  front  of  the  anterior 
angle  of  the  zocecial  aperture  is  a  small  subcircular  pore,  probably  the 
point  of  attachment  of  an  avicularium.  Posterior  portion  of  the  zocecia 
covered  with  a  regularly  convex,  smooth  wall,  which  in  old  zoaria  is  con- 
tinued over  the  entire  surface,  totally  obliterating  the  aperture. 

Not  uncommon  in  the  Vincentown  limesand  at  Vincentown,  Mullica 
Hill  and  Timber  Creek,  New  Jersey,  and  at  Noxontown  Millpond,  Dela- 
ware. Bare  in  the  Eocene  (Aquia)  at  Upper  Marlboro,  Maryland. 

Occurrence. — EANCOCAS  FORMATION.  Noxontown  Millpond,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Genus  ESCHAR1NELLA  d'Orbigny 
ESCHARINELLA   ??  ALTiMURALis  Ulrich  and  Bassler 

Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  7 

Escharinella  altimuralis  Ulrich  and  Bassler,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jer- 
sey, Pal.,  vol.  iv,  p.  339,  pi.  xxiv,  figs.  9,  10. 

Description. — This  very  characteristic  species  may  be  readily  distin- 
guished by  its  suborbicular  zocecia  averaging  0.5  mm.  in  length  with  their 
extremely  thin  Avails  and  with  a  very  large  subelliptical  avicularium  at 
each  zocecial  angle.  The  generic  placement  in  Escharinella  is  entirely 
provisional  until  this  group  of  species  can  be  thoroughly  studied. 

This  is  an  abundant  species  in  the  Vincentown  limesand  at  Vincen- 
town, New  Jersey. 

Occurrence. — RANCOCAS  FORMATION.    Noxontown  Millpond,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 


742  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Family  CRIBRILINIDAE 

Genus  CRIBRILINA  Gray 

CEIBRILINA  SAGENA   (Morton)  Weller 
Plate  XLVI,  Figs.  1,  2 

Flustra  sagena  Morton,  1834,  Syn.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Group,  N.  A.,  p.  79,  pi. 

xii,  fig.  7. 
Escharina  ?  sagena  Lonsdale,  1845,  Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.,  London,  I,  p. 

Ixxi,  figs.  a-c. 
PliopMcca  sagena  Gabb  and  Horn,  1862,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.   (2), 

vol.  v,  p.  150,  pi.  xx,  fig.  34. 
Cribrilina  sagena  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey,  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv, 

p.  34,  pi.  xxiv,  figs.  11,  12. 

Description. — Zoariuni  consisting  of  rather  broad,  irregularly  branch- 
ing, more  or  less  tortuous  plates  composed  of  several  layers  of  zocecia 
superimposed  one  upon  another.  Zooecia  in  close  contact  all  around, 
elongate-subelliptical  or  subquadrangular  in  outline;  from  0.3  mm.  to 
0.4  mm.  in  length,  the  width  usually  about  one-half  the  length,  arranged 
more  or  less  regularly  in  longitudinal  lines  and  in  quincunx.  Zocecial 
apertures  terminal,  small,  0.1  mm.  or  less  in  diameter,  subcircular  or  sub- 
quadrate  in  outline ;  back  of  the  aperture  the  outer  surface  of  the  zocecia 
is  covered  by  a  thin,  nearly  flat  or  slightly  convex  wall,  which  is  marked 
by  about  sixteen  straight  rows  of  fine  perforations,  which  extend  inward 
from  and  at  right  angles  to  the  margin  of  the  zocecium.  Avicularia 
small,  subcircular  or  subelliptical  in  outline,  two  in  number  for  each 
zocecium,  situated  one  on  either  side  of  the  zocecial  aperture.  Ovicells 
scattered  irregularly  over  the  surface  of  the  zoarium,  usually  not  abundant ; 
they  are  smooth,  dome-shaped  bodies,  considerably  larger  than  the  zocecial 
apertures  just  above  which  they  are  always  situated." — Weller,  1907. 

This  species  is  very  abundant  in  the  Yincentown  limesand  at  Vincen- 
town,  Mullica  Hill  and  Timber  Creek,  Xew  Jersey,  but  not  so  abundant 
at  ISToxontown  Millpond,  Delaware. 

Occurrence. — RANCOCAS  FORMATION.  ISfoxontown  Millpond,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  743 

Genus  MEMBRANIPORELLA  Smitt 

MEMBRANIPORELLA  ABBOTT:  (Gabb  and  Horn)  Weller 
Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  4 

Escharipora  abbottii  Gabb  and  Horn,  1862,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.,  Phila. 

(2),  vol.  v,  p.  149,  pi.  xx,  fig.  33. 
ReptescJiaripora  marginata  Gabb  and  Horn,  1862,  Ibidem,  p.  151,  pi.  ii,  fig. 

35. 
Membraniporella  abbotti  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal., 

vol.  iv,  p.  342,  pi.  xxiv,  fig.  13,  14. 

Description. — "  Zoarium  encrusting  or  growing  in  bifoliate  plates. 
Zooecia  elongate-subelliptical  or  subhexagonal  in  outline,  usually  arranged 
in  more  or  less  regular  longitudinal  series  and  in  quincunx,  about  0.5  mm. 
in  length,  the  length  about  twice  the  width.  Zooecial  apertures  subcir- 
cular  or  subquadrate  with  rounded  angles,  sometimes  rounded  in  front 
and  truncate  posteriorly;  they  are  situated  anteriorly  and  occupy  about 
one-third  of  the  length  of  the  zocecium ;  back  of  the  aperture  the  surface  is 
covered  by  a  thin,  flat  or  slightly  convex  wall  slightly  depressed  below 
the  zocecial  margin,  which  is  marked  by  about  fourteen  or  fifteen  lateral 
grooves  radiately  arranged  posteriorly,  leaving  a  narrow,  smooth  area 
along  the  median  line,  these  grooves  are  either  slit-like  openings  through 
the  wall  or  they  are  pierced  by  lines  of  pores,  it  cannot  be  determined 
which  from  the  specimens  observed.  Avicularia  usually  two  to  each 
zooecium ;  subovate  in  outline  and  situated  one  on  each  side  of  the  zooecial 
aperture,  from  the  lateral  margins  of  which  they  are  directed  obliquely 
outward  and  backward.  Ovicells  present  or  absent,  subglobular  in  form, 
situated  just  in  front  of  the  zocecial  apertures." — Weller,  1907. 

Occurrence. — KANCOCAS  FORMATION.    Noxontown  Millpond,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Family  ESCHARIDAE 

Genus  MUCRONELLA  Hincks 

MTCRONELLA  ASPERA  Ulricli 

Plate  XLVI,  Figs.  8,  9 

Mucronella  aspera  Ulrich,  1901,  Maryland  Geol.  Survey,  Eocene,  p.  221,  pi. 
Ix,  figs.  17,  18. 


744  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Description. — "  Zoarium  encrusting,  consisting  of  one  or  more  layers ; 
surface  under  a  low  power  of  magnification  presenting  a  decidedly  rough 
aspect.  Zocecia  varying  from  ovate-hexagonal  to  subrhomboidal,  indis- 
tinct externally,  arranged  more  or  less  irregularly,  though  the  rows  are 
more  regular  than  may  appear  at  first  sight ;  about  six  in  2  mm.  Aper- 
tures rounded  or  subquadrate,  0.13  mm.  in  diameter,  rendered  oblique  by 
the  elevation  of  the  more  or  less  strongly  swollen  posterior  margin  and 
the  depression  of  the  anterior  part.  The  central  portion  of  the  raised  lip 
forms  a  "  mucro  "  of  greater  or  less  thickness  and  prominence,  the  same 
hiding  a  minute  central  tooth  beneath  it,  and  forming  with  the  rest  of 
the  thickened  portion  of  the  lip  a  more  or  less  obscure  resemblance  to  the 
figure  W.  Behind  the  lip,  the  surface  slopes  rapidly  and  in  the  most  nearly 
perfect  example  is  granulose.  In  the  depressed  space  in  front  of  the 
aperture  there  are,  normally,  three  small  raised  avicularia  (?  vibracula), 
while  a  few  larger  avicularia,  differing  further  from  the  others  in  being 
divided  into  two  unequal  parts  by  a  cross-bar,  are  scattered  without  order 
among  the  zocecia.  Ocecia  are  not  often  seen.  When  present  they  occupy 
the  depressed  space  in  front  of  the  aperture,  are  cucullate,  about  as  large 
as  the  zocecial  aperture,  and  usually  bear  a  furrow  running  from  the 
summit  to  the  concave  edge." — Ulrich,  1901. 

The  encrusting  zoarium,  mucronate  aperture,  and  the  small  raised 
avicularia  will  serve  for  the  recognition  of  this  species. 

This  species  is  not  uncommon  in  the  Vincentown  limesand  of  the  Upper 
Cretaceous  at  Vincentown,  New  Jersey.  Common  at  the  same  horizon  in 
Delaware.  The  species  also  occurs  rarely  in  the  Lower  Eocene  (Aquia) 
at  Upper  Marlboro,  Maryland. 

Occurrence. — RANCOCAS  FOEMATION.  South  side  of  Appoquinimink 
Creek  between  mill-dam  and  Odessa,  and  at  Noxontown  Millpond,  Dela- 
ware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  745 

Family  HIPPOTHOIDAE 

Genus  HIPPOTHOA  Lamouroux 

HIPPOTHOA  TENUICHORDA  (Ulrich  and  Bassler) 
Plate  XL VI,  Fig.  16 

Stomatopora  tenuichorda  Ulrich  and  Bassler,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New 

Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv,  p.  314,  pi.  xx,  figs.  5,  6. 
Corynotrypa  tenuichorda  Bassler,  1911,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vol.  xxxix, 

p.  513,  fig.  11. 

Description. — "  Zoarium  adnate,  frequently  branching,  consisting  of 
uniserially  arranged  zooecia.  Zocecia  elongate-pyriform,  or  club-shaped, 
0.45  mm.  to  0.75  mm.  in  length,  about  0.02  mm.  in  width  at  the  posterior 
extremity,  increasing  very  gradually  in  size  through  about  one-half  their 
length,  and  then  somewhat  abruptly  to  about  0.15  mm.  at  the  rounded 
anterior  end.  Zooecial  aperture  nearly  terminal,  small,  circular,  with  a 
slightly  elevated,  rim-like  border,  from  0.035  mm.  to  0.05  mm.  in  diam- 
eter."—Ulrich  and  Bassler,  1907. 

This  neat  little  species  was  at  first  thought  to  belong  to  the  Cycloslo- 
mata,  although  its  relationship  to  Hippothoa  was  noted  under  the  remarks 
in  the  original  description.  Further  study  has  shown  that  in  all  proba- 
bility the  species  is  actually  one  of  the  genus  Hippothoa. 

Occurrence. — EANCOCAS  FORMATION.    Noxontown  Millpond,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

VERMES 

CLASS  ANNELIDA 

Order  POLOCHAETA 

Suborder  TUBICOLA 

Family  SERPULIDAE 

Genus  SERPULA  Linne 
[Systema  Naturae,  ed.  x,  1758,  p.  786] 

Type. — Serpula  seminulum  Linne. 

Solitary  or  gregarious  tubi colons  annelids;  tubes  free  or  adherent, 
usually  more  or  less  contorted  or  convoluted. 

Etymology:    Serpula,  serpent. 


746  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

The  genus  has  been  reported  from  strata  as  early  as  the  Silurian.  In 
the  Purbeck  beds  of  northwest  Germany  one  member  of  the  genus  Serpula 
attains  considerable  importance  as  a  rock-builder.  Eecent  Serpulce  are 
world-wide  in  distribution. 

The  classification  of  the  fossil  annelids  is  of  necessity  in  a  lamentable 
state,  since  only  the  most  superficial  characters  are  available  for  determin- 
ing the  identity  of  species.  In  many  cases  it  is  impossible  to  tell  whether 
the  tube  in  question  was  secreted  by  a  worm  or  a  mollusc,  although,  as  a 
rule,  the  latter  can  be  isolated  by  the  presence  of  internal  septse  and  of 
only  two  instead  of  three  constituent  layers  of  shell  substance.  However, 
it  is  highly  probable  that  a  large  number  of  tubes  have  been  referred  to 
this  group  which  are  properly  referable  to  the  tube-secreting  univalves. 

A.  Tubes  free;  subcircular  in  cross-section Serpula  whitfieldi 

B.  Tubes  adherent;  tubes  triangular  in  cross-section Serpula  trigonalis 

SERPULA  WHITFIELUI  Weller 

Diplpconcha  (Serpulaf)  cretacea  ?  Whitfield,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
vol.  xviii,  p.  170,  pi.  xx,  fig.  25.  (Not  Diploconcha  cretacea  Conrad.) 

Serpula  whitfieldi  Weller,  1907,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  Pal.,  vol.  iv,  p. 
308,  pi.  xix,  fig.  2. 

Description. — "  Tubes  irregularly  arcuate,  slightly  flexuose,  increasing 
in  diameter  very  gradually;  surface  of  shell  lamellose  where  partially 
exfoliated,  in  cross-section  appearing  to  be  made  up  of  concentric  lamellae. 
The  dimensions  of  the  largest  tube  observed  are :  Total  length  70  mm., 
maximum  diameter  6.5  mm." — Weller,  1907. 

Type  Locality. — Crosswicks  Creek,  New  Jersey. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Brooks  estate  near 
Seat  Pleasant,  Prince  George's  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survej^,  Columbia  University. 

Outside  Distribution. — Monmouth  Formation.  Navesink  marl,  New 
Jersey. 

SERPULA  TEIGOXALIS  n.  sp. 
Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  15 

Description. — Tubes  of  two  layers,  recumbent,  contorted,  adherent  in 
che  type  to  the  inner  surface  of  a  bivalve ;  tapering  from  a  fine  cord  to  a 
mere  thread,  cross-section  slightly  ovate,  medial  carina  developed  along 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  747 

the  entire  length  of  the  tube,  increasing  slightly  in  prominence  with  the 
growth  of  the  shell;  external  sculpture  absent,  excepting  for  fine  incre- 
mental corrugations ;  no  trace  of  internal  laminas  detected. 

Dimensions. — Longitude  when  straightened  23  mm.,  maximum  diam- 
eter 2.02  mm.,  minimum  diameter  0.04  mm. 

Occurrence. — KANCOCAS  FORMATION.    Noxontown  Millpond,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Genus  HAMULUS  Morton 
[Morton,  Syn.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Group,  1834,  p.  73] 

Type. — Hamulus  onyx  Morton. 

"Tubular,  regular,  involuted;  volutions  distinct;  aperture  circular." 
—Morton,  1834. 

A  solitary  form  characterized  by  a  falcate  or  involuted  and  frequently 
alate  tube,  closed  at  the  smaller  end.  The  genus  is  apparently  confined 
to  the  Cretaceous. 

HAMULUS  ONYX  Morton. 

Hamulus  onyx  Morton,  1834,  Syn.  Org.  Rem.  Cret.  Group,  p.  73,  ?  pi.  ii,  fig. 

8;  pi.  xvi,  fig.  5. 

Hamulus  onyx  Gabb,  1859,  Cat.  Inv.  Fossils,  Cret.  Form.,  U.  S.  p.  1. 
Hamulus  squamosus  Gabb,  1859,  Ibidem,  U.  S.  p.  1. 
Hamulus  squamosus  Gabb,  1860,  Jour.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  2d  ser.,  vol. 

iv,  p.  398,  pi.  Ixviii,  fig.  45. 

Description. — "  With  six  elevated,  angular,  longitudinal  ribs  extending 
from  base  to  apex.  Length  about  an  inch.  The  imperfect  specimen 
figured  on  plate  ii  was  obtained  by  Dr.  Blanding  at  Lynch's  Creek,  South 
Carolina,  in  the  green  sand,  and  on  a  former  occasion  was  supposed  to  be 
a  Dentalium.  PI.  xvi,  fig.  5,  however,  represents  the  perfect  shell  from 
the  older  cretaceous  deposits  at  Erie,  Alabama.  I  have  a  small  individual 
from  Xew  Jersey.  It  has  never  been  found  attached.'' — Morton,  1834. 

Type  Locality. — Erie,  Alabama. 

Hamulus  squamosus  was  described  by  Gabb  as  "very  closely  allied  to 
H.  onyx,  but  differing  in  having  a  strongly  marked  raphe,  which  nearly 
doubles  the  width  of  the  shell."  Apparently  Gabb's  species  was  described 
from  a  young  form,  while  Morton's  H.  onyx  represents  the  normal  adult. 

49 


748  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Thus  the  posterior  portion  of  the  shell  in  fully  developed  individuals 
represents  H.  squamosus  Gabb,  the  anterior  portion  H.  onyx  Morton. 

The  species  is  widely  distributed  in  the  Monmouth  of  Prince  George's 
County,  but  it  is  exceedingly  brittle  and  difficult  to  separate  from  the 
matrix. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAN  FORMATION.  Ulmstead  Point,  Anne  Arundel 
County.  MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Brooks  estate  near  Seat 
Pleasant,  Friendly,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  Prince  George's  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

INCERTAE  SEDIS 

Family  SERPULIDAE(P) 

Genus  ORNATAPORTA  n.  gen. 
Type. — Ornataporta  marylandica  Gardner  n.  sp. 

Tube  small,  tapering  gradually  toward  the  aperture ;  operculum  reticu- 
lately  sculptured. 

ORNATAPORTA  MARYLANDICA  n.  sp. 
Plate  XLVII,  Figs.  16-19 

Description. — Tubes  rather  small,  usually  more  or  less  arcuate,  slightly 
tapering,  smaller  end  of  tube  in  two  individuals  obliquely  truncated  at  an 
angle  of  about  30° ;  truncated  surface  in  cast  subcircular  to  broadly 
elliptical  in  outline,  elaborately  sculptured  both  radially  and  concentri- 
cally; radials  fine,  well  rounded  lirae,  diverging  in  all  directions  from  a 
strongly  eccentric  nucleus,  possibly  a  little  coarser  on  the  shorter  side, 
number  -more  than  doubled  near  the  margin  by  intercalation  and  bifur- 
cating; concentric  sculpture  in  part  incremental  in  character,  two  to  five 
prominent  growth  stages  usually  visible;  very  fine  and  crowded  thread- 
lets  also  developed,  not  overriding  the  radials  but  closely  dissecting  the 
interradials. 

Dimensions. — Length,  18.6  mm.;  diameter  of  larger  end,  6  mm.; 
diameter  of  smaller  (operculum-bearing)  end,  4.5  mm. 

The  nature  of  these  extraordinary  impressions  is  very  obscure.  When 
the  first  was  found  it  was  thought  that  the  association  of  the  tube  with 
the  sculpture  might  be  fortuitous,  but  the  discovery  of  a  second  similarly 

Etymology:    Ornata.  elaborate;  porta,  a  door. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  749 

sculptured  and  bearing  the  same  relation  to  the  enclosing  tube  made  the 
theory  of  chance  association  untenable.  Nothing  like  these  forms  has  been 
observed  in  any  branch  of  the  animal  kingdom,  but  they  are  less  unlike 
the  worms  than  any  other  phylum.  There  is,  too,  a  wider  range  of 
variation  in  the  Yermes  than  in  any  other  of  the  major  divisions.  There 
are  groups  in  which  a  calcareous  operculum  is  secreted  and  groups  in 
which  the  tube  is  gradually  constricted  toward  the  aperture  and,  although 
the  combination  of  these  two  rather  unusual  characters  is  not  known,  yet 
it  is  not  without  the  range  of  possibility.  The  sculpture,  however,  is  much 
more  regular  and  elaborate  than  any  observed  on  the  opercula  of  recent 
worms. 

Professor  Grabau,  of  Columbia  University,  to  whom  squeezes  of  the 
ornamented  ends  were  shown,  suggested  that  they  might  be  the  impres- 
sions of  a  test  of  a  degenerate  gastropod,  possibly  allied  to  the  Acmaeas,  a 
hypothetical  genus,  which,  when  it  lost  the  power  to  coil  through  lack  of 
vitality,  continued  to  grow  in  a  plane  at  a  high  angle  to  that  of  the  shell. 
So  little  is  known  of  degenerate  gastropods  that  one  cannot  define  their 
limits  of  variation,  and  there  is  a  possibility  that  this  may  be  a  bizarre 
type  which  arose,  together  with  many  other  degenerate  mollusca  near  the 
close  of  a  great  era.  The  writer  is  also  under  obligations  to  Mr.  J.  E. 
Benedict  and  Mr.  Austin  H.  Clark  for  their  suggestive  interest  in  these 
organisms. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brooks  estate  near  Seat  Pleas- 
ant, Prince  George's  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

ECHINODERMATA 

CLASS  ECHINOIDEA 

Order  CIDAROIDA 

Family  CIDARIDAE 

Genus  CIDARIS  Leske 
ClDARIS   Sp. 

Description. — Several  fragmentary  spines  belonging  to  this  genus  were' 
found  amongst  other  materials  from  Appoquinimink  Creek,  Delaware. 
Two  of  the  specimens  show  the  basal  portions  of  the  spine  with  the  collar 


750  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

and  condyle,  but  all  the  specimens  lack  the  outer  points.  All  of  the  frag- 
ments are  nearly  straight  with  slight  taperings  and  are  covered  with  rows 
of  straight  granules  closely  joined  so  as  to  impart  a  fluted  appearance  to 
the  spines.  The  larger  spines  show  twelve  or  more  such  lines. 

Dimensions. — Length  of  longest  specimen  1-i  mm.,  diameter  of  spine 
2.5  mm. 

Occurrence. — EANCOCAS  FORMATION.  South  side  of  Appoquinimink 
Creek  between  Odessa  and  mill-dam,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Family  CASS1DULIDAE 

Genus  CASSIDULUS  Lamarck 

CASSIDULUS  sp. 

Description. — Test  small,  elevated,  slightly  truncated  at  the  posterior 
end ;  upper  surface  very  convex,  sides  nearly  straight,  ends  rounded ;  under 
surface  nearly  flat  but  much  broken.  Ambulacral  areas  narrow.  Apical 
system  small,  slightly  anterior  of  the  center.  Peristome  lacking.  Peri- 
proct  small  and  a  long  shallow  sulcus. 

Dimensions. — Length  12  mm.,  width,  9.5  mm.,  height  7  mm. 

The  single  specimen  of  this  form  that  has  been  found  has  the  lower 
surface  badly  damaged,  but  there  is  little  doubt  that  it  is  a  representative 
of  the  genus  Cassidulus  so  widely  found  in  Upper  Cretaceous  strata  farther 
south.  It  is,  however,  quite  distinct  from  any  other  known  species,  but 
because  of  its  fragmentary  character  it  seems  unwise  to  give  it  a  name  at 
the  present  time. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION.  Bluff  northeast  of  mouth  of 
Turner's  Creek,  Cecil  County,  Maryland. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Family  ECHINOCORYTHIDAE 

Genus  CARDI ASTER  Forbes 
CARDIASTER  MARYLANDICA  n.  sp. 

Plate  XLVII,  Figs.  6-10 

Description. — Test  small,  cordate,  with  pronounced  anterior  grooves; 
upper  surface  slightly  convex,  lower  surface  flat.  Ambulacra  wide.  Apical 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  751 

system  moderately  elongated.  Peristome  very  near  anterior  margin. 
Periproct  oval  and  situated  rather  high  on  truncated  posterior  margin. 

Dimensions. — Length  18  mm.,  width  18  mm.,  height  11.5  mm. 

Several  well  preserved  casts  of  this  species  have  been  collected.  They 
show  some  points  of  similarity  to  Cardiaster  smocH  from  the  Matawan  of 
New  Jersey,  but  the  Maryland  form  is  more  sharply  contracted  posteriorly 
and  has  a  more  pronounced  anterior  surface. 

Occurrence. — MOXMOUTH  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 


Family    SPATANGIDAE 

Genus  HEMIASTER  Desor 

HEMIASTER  DELAWAREXSIS  n.  sp. 

Plate  XLVII,  Figs.  11-14 

Description. — Test  small,  nearly  circular,  slightly  cordiform,  truncated 
posteriorly ;  upper  surface  slightly  convex,  elevated  posteriorly ;  lower  sur- 
face nearly  flat;  sides  inflated;  apex  nearly  central,  slightly  posterior  of 
the  center;  ambulacra  slightly  depressed,  posterior  pair  short,  anterior 
surface  broad.  Peristome  slightly  depressed.  Periproct  small,  high  above 
posterior  margin.  Peripetalous  fascicle  narrow,  distinct. 

Dimensions. — Length  22  mm.;  width  22  mm.;  height  17  mm. 

A  single  well  preserved  specimen  of  this  form  was  collected  by  Dr.  M.  W. 
Twite-hell.  It  presents  some  points  of  similarity  to  Hemiaster  bexeri  from 
the  Washita  group  of  Texas,  but  the  height  of  the  present  specimen  is 
somewhat  greater  and  the  ambulacral  furrows  are  on  the  whole  less 
depressed.  It  is  also  somewhat  similar  to  Hemiaster  stella  from  the  Kan- 
cocas  formation  of  New  Jersey,  but  the  latter  species  has  not  the  broad 
depressed  anterior  surface  of  the  present  species. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAX  FORMATIOX.  Marl  pit  south  side  of  Delaware 
and  Chesapeake  Canal  1  mile  east  of  St.  George's  Delaware. 

Collection. — Johns  Hopkins  University. 


752  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

HEMIASTER  sp. 

Description. — A  few  imperfect  and  fragmentary  specimens  of  a  He  mi- 
aster  have  been  found  in  the  indurated  layers  of  the  Matawan  formation 
on  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal.  Two  specimens  show  quite 
clearly  the  anterior  ambulacral  furrow  with  part  of  the  adjacent  anterior 
path.  These  forms  may  belong  to  the  species  Hemiaster  welleri  from  the 
Matawan  of  New  Jersey. 

Occurrence. — MATAWAN  FORMATION.  One  and  one-half  miles  east  of 
the  Maryland-Delaware  Line,  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

COELENTERATA 

CLASS  ANTHOZOA 

subclass  HEXACORALLA 
order  MADREPORARIA 

Suborder  APOROSA 

Family  TURBINOL1DAE 

Genus  TROCHOCYATHUS  Milne  Edwards  and  Haime 

TROCHOCYATHUS  ( ?)  VATJGHANI  sp.  nov. 
Plate  XLVIII,  Figs.  5,  6 

Description. — Corallum  cuneiform,  with  no  recognizable  scar  of  attach- 
ment; viewed  from  the  side  it  is  subtriangular  in  outline  and  a  little 
elongated  in  the  direction  of  the  height;  cross-section  lenticular  with  dull 
acute  angles  at  the  ends. 

Theca  well  developed.  Corresponding  to  the  septa  are  strong,  sub- 
acute,  tuberculated  ribs  with  deep  intercostal  depressions;  new  ribs  are 
intercalated  as  new  septa  are  formed;  on  the  sides  bordering  the  acute 
edges  are  tuberculated  bands  broadest  below,  narrowing  to  the  serrated 
edge  above. 

Septa  about  thirty-six,  of  which  about  twenty-four  extend  inward  to 
the  columella.  The  septa  are  in  three  or  four  cycles,  but  the  different 


MAKYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SUEVEY  753 

cycles  cannot  be  clearly  differentiated.  The  members  of  the  last  cycle  are 
very  thin  and  frail.  The  inner  edges  of  the  principal  septa  are  fused  to 
the  columella  and  to  adjoining  septa  by  trabecular-like  processes.  There 
is  a  suggestion  of  paliform  lobes,  though  the  upper  edges  of  the  septa  are 
too  imperfect  to  permit  positive  determination  of  this  feature.  Sides  of 
septa  set  with  small  tubercles  and  spine-like  processes,  the  arrangement  of 
which  cannot  clearly  be  seen  in  the  specimen. 

There  is  doubt  as  to  the  mode  of  origin  of  the  columella,  but  it  appears 
to  be  spongy  and  trabecular. 

Dimensions. — Longest  transverse  axis  at  top,  about  5  mm.;  shortest 
transverse  axis,  2.5  mm. ;  height,  4.5  mm. 

Xamed  in  honor  of  Dr.  T.  Wayland  Vaughan. 

Occurrence. — MOXMOUTH  FORMATION  (Exogyra  costata  zone).  Bed  of 
small  branch  about  seven-eighths  of  a  mile  southwest  of  Brightseat  and 
three-eighths  of  a  mile  south  of  the  Sheriff  road,  Prince  George's  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  on  deposit  in  the  U.  S. 
National  Museum. 

Suborder  FUNGIDA 
Family  MICRABACIIDAE 

Genus  MICRABACIA  Milne  Edwards  and  Haime 
MlCRABACIA   EOTATILIS    Sp.   nOV. 

Plate  XLIX,  Figs.  1-4 

Description.- — Corallum  subdiscoidal ;  moderately  high  with  flat  to 
rather  strongly  concave  base ;  sides  steep  below,  rounding  evenly  into  the 
subflattish  top;  axial  depression  1.5  mm.  to  2  mm.  deep. 

The  costse  on  the  base  are  thin,  sharply  defined,  and  alternate  with  the 
septa;  they  start  with  six  at  the  center,  and  by  successive  bifurcations 
increase  to  ninety-six  on  the  periphery;  they  are  nearly  smooth  and 
increase  slightly  in  thickness  from  the  center  to  the  periphery.  The  costae 
are  in  six  groups  corresponding  to  the  groups  of  septa.  Each  group  starts 
with  one  costa  (first  cycle),  which  bifurcates  near  the  center  to  form  two 
costas  (second  cycle)  ;  these  bifurcate  0.5  mm.  from  the  center  to  form 


754  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

four  costae  (third  cycle) ;  the  four  bifurcate  about  1  mm.  from  the  center 
and  produce  eight  costae  (fourth  cycle) ;  and  the  eight  bifurcate  1.5  mm. 
to  2  mm.  from  the  center,  producing  sixteen  costse  (fifth  cycle) ;  in  the 
last  cycle  the  bifurcations  producing  the  two  outer  and  the  two  middle 
pairs  of  the  group  take  place  nearer  the  center  than  do  those  of  the  other 
four  pairs ;  in  the  largest  specimens  the  pairs  of  costse  in  the  last  cycle  are 
2.5  mm.  to  3  mm.  long.  The  ends  of  the  costae  are  prow-like,  but  scarcely 
project  beyond  the  edges  of  the  septa.  The  intercostal  loculi  are  narrow 
and  are  crossed  by  small  synapticulse  separated  by  radially  elongated  per- 
forations ;  in  the  type  the  perforations  in  the  intercostal  loculi  extending 
to  the  center  number  eighteen;  the  intercostal  synapticulaa  and  perfor- 
ations are  roughly  arranged  in  concentric  rows. 

The  septa  are  thin  and  form  five  complete  cycles  arranged  in  six  groups, 
one  group  in  each  of  the  interspaces  between  the  primary  septa.  Total 
number  of  septa  ninety-six.  The  secondaries  extend  to  the  columella ;  the 
tertiaries  fuse  against  the  secondaries  near  the  columella;  the  two 
outer  quaternaries  of  the  group  fuse  against  the  tertiaries  nearer  the 
center  than  do  the  two  inner  ones ;  the  two  outer  quinaries  of  each  of  the 
subgroups  formed  about  the  tertiaries  fuse  against  the  quaternaries  nearer 
the  center  than  do  the  two  inner  ones.  The  primary  septa  are  a  little 
higher  than  the  members  of  the  higher  cycles,  and  the  septa  of  the  suc- 
ceeding cycles  appear  to  be  each  a  little  lower  than  those  of  the  preceding 
cycles.  The  edges  of  the  septa  are  finely  and  distinctly  denticulate,  the 
number  of  denticulations  being  eight  or  nine  to  1  mm. ;  the  inner  edges  of 
the  primaries  and  secondaries  are  bifid,  each  presenting  a  trough-like 
depression  with  serrated  margins  descending  to  the  top  of  the  columella ; 
sides  of  septa  with  striae,  tubercles,  and  rows  of  synapticulaa  radiating  fan- 
like  from  near  the  base  of  the  columella.  Each  septum  is  joined  to  the  wall 
(base)  by  synapticulae  which  connect  with  the  intercostal  synapticulae. 
These  are  separated  by  perforations  which  connect  with  the  intercostal 
perforations. 

Columella  elliptical  in  cross-section,  spongy,  trabecular,  some  of  the 
trabeculae  terminating  above  in  more  or  less  scattered,  irregularly  dis- 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  755 

tributed,  small  papillae ;  length  of  cross-section  about  one-sixth  the  diam- 
eter; width  about  one-twentieth  the  diameter. 

The  species  differs  from  other  species  of  Micrabacia  from  the  Coastal 
Plain  in  the  greater  sharpness  and  smoothness  of  the  basal  costae,  the 
greater  irregularity  in  the  distance  of  the  bifurcations  of  the  several  cycles 
from  the  center,  the  greater  length  of  the  costa?  of  the  last  cycle,  the  greater 
number  of  intercostal  perforations,  and  the  greater  size  attained  by  the 
adults.  It  is  distinguishable  from  M.  rotatilis  var.  georgiana1  by  its 
smoother  and  slightly  thicker  costas.  M.  americana  Meek  and  Hayden, 
and  its  variety,  multicostata,1  have  more  strongly  denticulate  bases.  In 
M.  coronula  (Goldfuss)  of  the  European  Cretaceous  the  denticulations  of 
the  septa!  edges  are  markedly  coarser  than  those  of  any  of  the  American 
species. 

Dimensions  (of  the  type). — Diameter  9  mm.,  height  about  4  mm. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION  (Exogyra  costata  zone).  Bed 
of  small  branch  about  seven-eighths  of  a  mile  southwest  of  Brightseat 
and  three-eighths  of  a  mile  south  of  the  Sheriff  road;  near  McNeys 
Corners,  about  a  mile  west  of  Friendly ;  questionably  near  Seat  Pleasant, 
Prince  George's  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  on  deposit  in  the  U.  S. 
National  Museum. 

MICRABACIA  MARYLANDICA  sp.  nov. 
Plate  XLVIII,  Figs.  1-4 

Description. — Corallum  low  to  moderately  high,  subdiscoidal ;  base  flat 
or  slightly  convex ;  top  evenly  convex  with  a  small  axial  depression  about 
1.25  mm.  deep  in  the  type. 

The  underside  of  the  base  or  wall  is  ornamented  with  a  system  of 
radiating  bifurcating  cost<e  which  alternate  with  the  septa;  the  system 
starts  with  six  costse  which,  by  successive  bifurcations,  form  cycles  of 
12,  24,  48,  and  96  costas.  Each  of  the  original  six  costffi  (first  cycle)  is  the 
focus  of  a  group ;  the  original  of  each  group  splits  near  the  center  into  two 

1  Described  by  the  writer  in  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  98J,  now  in 
press. 


756  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

(second  cycle),  and  these  split  0.5  mm.  from  the  center  into  four  (third 
cycle) ;  about  1.5  mm.  from  the  center  each  of  the  four  costae  divides  to 
form  eight  (fourth  cycle),  and  about  2.5  mm.  from  the  center  in  the  type 
each  of  the  eight  divides,  producing  sixteen  costae  (fifth  cycle)  on  the  outer 
rim.  The  bifurcations  of  each  cycle  are  at  nearly  equal  distances  from  the 
center.  The  costas  up  to  the  cycle  of  forty-eight  are  relatively  thick  and 
coarsely  nodular;  those  of  the  last  cycle  are  thin,  finely  denticulate,  and 
form  a  band  about  f  mm.  wide,  bordering  the  outer  margin ;  they  appear 
not  to  project  beyond  the  edges  of  the  septa.  The  intercostal  loculi  are 
very  narrow  and  are  occupied  by  twelve  or  thirteen  synapticulae  separated 
by  perforations,  most  of  which  are  slightly  elongated  radially;  the  syn- 
apticulaa  and  perforations  are  arranged  in  concentric  rows. 

The  septa  are  very  thin  and  are  arranged  in  six  groups,  one  group  in 
each  of  the  interspaces  between  the  primary  septa.  Total  number  of  septa 
ninety-six.  The  secondaries  extend  to  the  columella;  the  tertiaries  fuse 
against  the  secondaries  near  the  columella ;  the  two  outer  quaternaries  of 
the  group  fuse  against  the  tertiaries  nearer  the  center  than  do  the  two 
inner  ones;  in  each  of  the  two  subgroups  formed  about  the  tertiaries  the 
two  outer  quinaries  fuse  against  the  quaternaries  nearer  the  center  than 
do  the  two  inner  ones.  The  primary  septa  are  slightly  higher  than  the 
members  of  the  higher  cycles  which  appear  to  be  of  about  equal  height. 
On  the  sides  of  the  corallum  the  septa  distinctly  alternate  in  prominence. 
Margins  of  the  septa  finely  denticulate,  the  number  of  denticulations 
being  about  ten  to  1  mm.  Sides  of  septa  with  strias  and  rows  of  syn- 
apticulffi  and  tubercles  radiating  from  near  the  base  of  the  columella. 

Columella  elliptical,  spongy,  trabecular,  some  of  the  trabeculae  termi- 
nating in  more  or  less  scattered,  irregularly  distributed,  small  papillae; 
length  of  cross-section  between  one-fifth  and  one-sixth  the  diameter ;  width 
about  one-tenth  the  diameter. 

This  species  differs  from  the  other  species  of  Micrabacia  as  follows : 1 
M.  kilgardi  differs  in  size,  form,  and  ornamentation  of  the  base.  The 
corallum  is  smaller,  the  sides  straighter  and  more  inclined,  and  the  septal 

1  The  species  mentioned  in  this  paragraph,  with  the  exception  of  M.  ameri- 
cana  and  M.  coronula,  are  described  by  the  writer  in  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol. 
Survey,  No.  98J,  now  in  press. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  757 

edges  on  the  sides  of  the  corallum  do  not  alternate  in  prominence.  The 
bifurcations  of  the  separate  cycles  of  costae  are  at  more  irregular  distances 
from  the  center  and  the  costae  are  thinner  and  more  finely  denticulate.  In 
M .  cribraria  the  costaa  and  perforations  of  the  base  are  largely  obscured  by 
irregular  calcification  and  the  costae  project  more  prominently  on  the 
periphery.  In  M .  mississippiensis  the  basal  costae  are  narrower,  smoother, 
and  flatter,  the  bifurcations  of  each  cycle  are  more  irregularly  spaced  with 
reference  to  the  center,  and  the  profile  of  the  side  of  the  corallum  is  not  so 
steep  and  is  slightly  truncated.  In  M.  rotatilis  the  basal  costae  are  thinner, 
sharper,  and  much  smoother.  In  M.  americana  the  costae  are  narrower 
and  sharper,  and  the  bifurcations  producing  the  last  cycle  take  place  much 
nearer  the  center  and  at  less  regular  distances  from  the  center.  In  M. 
coronula  the  corallum  is  higher  and  the  septal  denticulations  coarser. 

Dimensions  (of  the  type). — Diameter  7  mm.,  height  3  mm. 

Occurrence. — MONMOUTH  FORMATION  (Exogyra  costata  zone).  Bed 
of  small  branch  seven-eighths  of  a  mile  southwest  of  Brightseat  and 
three-eighths  of  a  mile  south  of  the  Sheriff  road;  about  a  mile  west  of 
Friendly,  Prince  George's  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  on  deposit  in  the  IT.  S. 
National  Museum. 

THALLOPHYTA 

CLASS  FUNGI 

order  PYRENOMYCETES 

Genus  SPHAERITES  Unger 

[Gen.  et  Sp.,  1850,  p.  37] 

SPHAERITES  RARITANENSIS  Berry 

Plate  LXXXI,  Fig.  3 

Sphwrites  raritanensis  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey, 
p.  62. 

Description. — Viewed  megascopically  these  remains  appear  as  oval  or 
circular  umbilicate  dots  from  .25  mm.  to  .5  mm.  in  diameter,  with 
depressed  margin  and  enlarged  central  portion,  the  latter  occupying  two- 
thirds  of  the  total  diameter. 


758  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

This  species  was  based  upon  a  leaf-spot  fungus  found  in  abundance  on 
the  under  side  of  leaf  fragments  (sp.  indet.)  in  the  matted  layers  of  fossil 
leaves  from  the  upper  Raritan  at  the  Hylton  pits  in  Xew  Jersey.  Identical 
remains  are  not  uncommon  in  the  Magothy  formation  of  Maryland.  Their 
characteristic  appearance  is  indicated  on  the  photographic  reproduction 
of  a  leaf  of  Eucalyptus  geinitzi  (Heer)  Heer. 

These  remains  are  conclusively  congeneric  with  the  forms  usually 
referred  to  this  genus  and  very  similar  to  Splicerites  problematicus 
(Knowlton)  Knowlton  from  the  Dakota  group  of  Kansas.  The  latter  is, 
however,  more  irregular  in  outline,  larger  in  size,  and  infests  Sterculia 
which  is  not  the  host  of  the  present  species.  While  remains  of  this  sort 
are  of  little  botanical  interest  to  some,  they  nevertheless  have  a  consider- 
able biological  significance  in  the  evidence  which  they  afford  of  the  exist- 
ence during  the  mid-Cretaceous  of  fungi  of  this  order. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FOKMATIOX.  Sullivan's  Cove,  Anne  Arundel 
County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

CLASS  ALGAE 

Genus  ALGITES  Seward 
[Wealden  Flora,  Part  I,  1894,  p.  4] 

A  generic  term  proposed  by  Seward  for  those  fossil  remains  which  arc  in 
all  probability  those  of  Algse,  but  which  from  their  nature  cannot  be 
decisively  compared  with  any  one  genus  of  known  botanical  affinity. 

Fossil  algae  are  common  fossils  at  some  geological  horizons,  but  they 
are  usually  indecisive  in  their  characters,  especially  when  preserved  as 
impressions,  so  that  comparisons  with  modern  genera  altogether  lack 
certainty.  As  has  been  pointed  out  by  Seward  (loc.  cit.)  for  the  type  of 
this  genus,  Algites  valdensis  of  the  English  Wealden,  these  forms  suggest 
various  modern  genera  such  as  Chondrus,  Zonaria,  Dictyota,  etc. 

ALGITES  AMERICANA  Berry 

Plate  L,  Fig.  1 
Algites  americana  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  401. 

Description. — Thallus  as  preserved,  in  the  form  of  dichtomously  divided 
branches  ranging  in  width  from  2  mm.  to  5  mm.,  thin  and  undulating 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  759 

as  preserved,  but  rather  coriaceous  in  life,  with  slightly  wavy  margins. 
These  branches  are  not  preserved  for  lengths  of  more  than  a  few  centi- 
meters, during  which  interval  they  are  observed  to  divide  but  once  or  not 
at  all.  They  have  the  appearance  in  some  specimens  of  radiating  from  a 
common  center,  but  as  their  proximal  parts  are  invariably  missing  this 
supposition  cannot  be  verified. 

The  Maryland  remains  are  rare  and  in  the  form  of  impressions,  along 
which  recent  rootlets  have  often  permeated  the  argillaceous  matrix,  some- 
times giving  the  specimens  the  appearance  of  having  midribs.  The  North 
Carolina  remains,  which  are  abundant  in  the  Black  Creek  beds  at  certain 
localities  along  the  Black  River,  often  show  considerable  carbonaceous 
residuum  indicating  that  in  life  the  thallus  was  of  considerable  con- 
sistency. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTIIY  FORMATION.  Bound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel 
County. 

Collection. — U.  S.  National  Museum. 

PTERIDOPHYTA 

Order  LYCOPODIALES 
Family  LYCOPODIACEAE 

Genus  LYCOPODIUM  Linne 
[Sp.  PL,  1753,  p.  1100] 

LYCOPODIUM  CRETACEUM  Berry 
Plate  L,  Figs.  10,  11 

Lycopodium  cretaceum  Berry,  1910,  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  4th  ser.,  vol.  xxx,  pp. 

275,  276,  figs.  1-6. 
Lycopodium  cretaceum  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No. 

84,  pi.  ii,  figs.  1-6. 

Description. — Spikes  loosely  imbricated,  of  modified  foliage  leaves  or 
bracts.  The  largest  spike,  which  is  nearly  complete,  is  5  cm.  in  length  and 
5  mm.  in  diameter,  and  is  probably  somewhat  flattened,  the  bulk  of  the 
specimens  indicating  somewhat  smaller  dimensions.  Axis  stout.  Bracts 
several  ranked,  peduncled,  with  a  cordate  or  retuse  base  and  an  abruptly 


760  SYSTEMATIC  PALEOXTOLOGY 

narrowed  acute  recurved  apex,  with  an  entire  margin,  each  bract  sub- 
tending a  large  spheroidal  sporangium  which  may  possibly  be  reniform, 
though  in  the  impressions  preserved  in  the  clays  it  appears  to  be  globular. 

This  unique  species  is  represented  by  rather  scanty  material  in  the 
Maryland  area  which,  however,  shows  the  outlines  of  sporangia  in  the  axis 
of  the  bracts.  It  was  described  from  very  abundant  remains  preserved  in 
the  clays  of  the  Middendorf  member  of  the  Black  Creek  formation  in 
South  Carolina.  It  is  also  sparingly  represented  in  the  lower  Tuscaloosa 
beds  of  western  Alabama  and  is  thus  shown  to  have  had  a  considerable 
geographic  range.  Preparations  have  failed  to  reveal  any  traces  of  spores 
in  the  sporangia. 

Fossil  remains  of  foliage  resembling  that  of  the  modern  club  mosses 
have  been  frequently  described,  either  as  Lycopodium  or  Lycopodites 
Brongniart,  but  the  majority  of  such  determinations  lack  certainty  in 
that  they  show  neither  anatomical  nor  fruiting  characters,  so  that  the 
present  species  is  of  great  interest  as  the  only  post-Paleozoic  fossil  known 
to  the  writer  which  is  referable  with  absolute  certainty  to  the  genus 
Lycopodium.  No  remains  of  foliage  have  been  discovered  in  these  clays 
which  can  be  correlated  with  these  fruiting  spikes. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FOEMATIOX.  Little  Round  Bay,  Anne 
Arundel  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Order  FIL1CALES 
Family  GLEICHENIACEAE 

Genus  GLEICHENIA  Smith 
[Mem.  Ac.  Turin,  vol.  v,  1791,  p.  418] 

GLEICHENIA  ZIPPEI  (Corda)   Heer 

Pecopteris  zippei  Corda,  1846,  in  Reuss,  Versteinerungen,  p.  95,  pi.  xlix, 

fig.  1. 
Pecopteria  zippei  Unger,  1867,  Kreidepflanzen  aus  Oestereich,  p.  8,  pi.  ii, 

fig.  1. 
Oleichenia  zippei  Heer,  1868,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  i,  p.  79,  pi.  xliii,  fig.  4. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  761 

Gleichenia  zippei  Heer,  1874,  Ibidem,  Bd.  iii,  Ab.  ii,  pp.  44,  90,  97,  pi.  iv; 
pi.  v;  pi.  vi,  figs.  1-3;  pi.  vii,  fig.  2;  pi.  xxv,  figs.  1-3;  pi.  xxvi,  figs.  10-13. 
Gleichenia  zippei  Heer,  1877,  Ibidem,  Bd.  iv,  p.  49,  pi.  xxxii,  figs.  6,  7. 
Gleichenia  zippei  Heer,  1882,  Ibidem,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  36,  pi.  iii,  fig.  2. 
Gleichenia  zippei  Velenovsky,    1888,   Fame   bohm,   Kreidef.,   p.    6,   pi.   iii, 

figs.  3-7. 
Gleichenia  zippei  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  ii,  p.  664,  pi. 

clxii,  fig.  9. 
Gleichenia  zippei  Berry,  1904,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxi,  p.  67,  pi. 

iv,  fig.  6. 

Gleichenia  zippei  Berry,  1906,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  164. 
Gleichenia  zippei  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p.  64. 

Description. — "  Gl.  foliis  bipinnatis,  pinnis  valde  approximatis,  elon- 
gatis,  linearibus,  parallel  is,  pinnatisectis,  pinnulis  obliquis,  lanceolatis, 
acutiusculis,  integer rimis,  basi  vix  unitis;  nervis  pinnatis,  nerv.  secund. 
utrinque  3-5,  inferioribus  furcatis," — Heer,  1868. 

The  determinations  of  this  species  in  the  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain  are  all 
based  upon  very  fragmentary  specimens,  although  some  of  them  have  traces 
of  the  sori  preserved.  In  sharp  contrast  is  the  beautiful  Gleichenia  mate- 
rial obtained  by  Professor  Heer  from  Greenland.  As  far  as  the  Coastal 
Plain  material  goes  it  corresponds  exactly  with  the  more  typical  material 
from  other  regions,  and  until  specimens  are  collected  showing  adequate 
grounds  for  separation,  it  is  justifiable  to  assume  that  this  species  was 
present  along  the  Middle  Atlantic  Coast  in  Earitan  and  Magothy  time. 
The  genus  Gleichenia  was  a  prominent  one  during  the  Cretaceous  with 
many  characteristic  species,  some  with  a  wide  range.  The  present  species 
which  ranges  through  the  Greenland  Cretaceous  series  from  the  Kome 
beds  (Lower  Cretaceous)  to  those  of  Patoot  (Upper  Cretaceous)  occurs 
also  in  the  Lower  Cretaceous  of  Spitzbergen  and  the  Black  Hills;  the 
Cenomanian  of  Bohemia;  the  Senonian  of  Bohemia,  Saxony,  and  Bul- 
garia ;  the  Magothy  formation  of  New  Jersey  and  Delaware ;  and  it  has 
recently  been  collected  in  the  Upper  Cretaceous  of  the  Western  Interior. 
It  is  not  contained  in  any  recent  collections  from  the  Earitan. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Deep  Cut,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 


762  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

GLEICHEXIA  DELAWARENSIS  Berry 
Plate  L,  Figs.  5,  6 

Gleichenia  delawarensis  Berry,  1907,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  n.  s.,  No. 

7,  p.  82,  figs.  3,  3a. 
Gleichenia  delawarensis  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii, 

p.  20. 

Description. — Frond  unknown;  pinnules  subopposite,  obovate,  2  mm. 
to  3  mm.  long  by  1  mm.  to  1.5  mm.  wide,  attached  by  their  greatly  nar- 
rowed bases  to  the  rather  slender  rachis ;  venation  of  the  Gleiclienia  type 
rather  indistinct  in  most  of  the  pinnules. 

This  fragment  of  a  pinna  is  27  mm.  It  is  doubtfully  referable  to 
Gleiclienia,  to  which  such  a  large  number  of  fern  impressions  of  Cre- 
taceous age  have  been  assigned.  The  most  similar  among  previously 
described  species  is,  perhaps,  Gleiclienia  nordenskioldi  Heer  known  from 
the  Kome  beds  of  Greenland,  the  Dakota  of  Kansas,  and  the  Knoxville  of 
California,  which  differs  markedly  in  the  shape  of  the  base  of  the  pinnules. 

While  a  knowledge  of  the  structure  or  fructification  is  essential  for 
the  conclusive  proof  of  the  botanical  affinity  of  fern  fragments  such  as 
this,  it  is  important  for  geologists  that  such  characteristic  types  shall  be 
figured  and  described  in  order  that  they  may  serve  as  horizon-makers. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Deep  Cut,  Delaware;  Grove 
Point,  Cecil  County,  Maryland. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

GLEICHENIA  SAUNDERSII  Berry 
Plate  L.  Figs.  7-9 

Gleichenia  saundersii  Berry,  1903,  Amer.  Nat.,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  679,  figs.  1-3. 

Gleichenia  saundersii  Berry,  1906,  Ann.  Kept.  State  Geol.  of  New  Jersey 

for  1905,  pp.  139,  141. 

Gleichenia  saundersii  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  163. 

Description. — Pinnules  broadly  falcate-ovate,  entire,  bluntly  pointed; 
attached  by  a  wide  base,  about  as  wide  as  the  pinnule  is  long;  length 
4.5  mm.  ultimately  becoming  much  smaller,  each  with  a  stout  mid  vein 
which  sends  off  alternately  on  each  side  rather  thick  veins  to  the  margin, 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  763 

those  running  distad  are  all  simple  except  the  basal  one  which  is  some- 
times forked,  those  running  proximad  are  usually  once  forked;  texture 
thick  and  coriaceous. 

This  species  is  close  to  G.  gracilis  Heer,  but  the  venation  differs  in  the 
number  of  veins  and  their  habit  of  forking.  It  was  described  from  Cliff- 
wood  Bluff  on  Earitan  Bay,  and  has  also  been  recorded  from  Kinkora  on 
the  Delaware  River.  It  is  known  only  from  the  Magothy  formation. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Bound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel 
County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Family  OSMUNDACEAE 

Genus  OSMUNDA   Linne 
[Sp.  PI.,  1753,  p.  1063] 

OSMUNDA  DELAWARENSIS  Berry 
Plate  L,  Figs.  2-4 

Osmunda  delawarensis  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p. 

164,  pi.  viii,  figs.  2-4. 
Osmunda  delawarensis  Berry,  1907,  Md.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  vi,  pi.  xx,  fig.  17. 

Description. — Fronds  pinnate.  Pinnae  simple,  alternate,  elongate, 
linear-lanceolate,  inequilateral  at  the  base.  Borders  undulate,  very 
slightly  crenulate ;  frond  substance  thick.  Pinnae  7.5  cm.  long,  5-6  mm. 
wide  near  the  base,  tapering  to  a  long  narrow  point,  closely  resembling 
the  sterile  pinnae  of  Osmunda  presliana  J.  Smith  of  the  east  and  south 
Asiatic  region,  except  that  the  latter  has  a  narrowed  base,  while  the  pres- 
ent species  has  a  large  base,  more  like  that  in  Osmunda  regalis  Linne. 

Whether  the  larger  specimen  figured  is  a  pinnule  of  a  bipinnate  form 
like  the  modern  cosmopolitan  "  Eoyal  Fern "  it  is  impossible  to  judge 
from  the  material  thus  far  collected. 

The  Osmundacece  are  rather  common  and  widespread  in  the  older  Meso- 
zoic,  represented  by  structural  material  as  well  as  frond  genera  such  as 
Todites,  etc.  Various  fossil  species  have  been  referred  to  Osmunda  or 
Osmundites,  including  two  or  three  forms  from  the  Lower  Cretaceous 
described  by  Fontaine  from  Virginia  and  showing  supposed  fructification. 
50 


764  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

The  genus  Osmunda  contains  in  the  existing  flora  some  six  or  seven 
species  of  swamp-loving  ferns,  most  of  them  confined  to  the  northern 
hemisphere,  where  they  are  wide-ranging.  Three  of  these  forms  occur  in 
North  America. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Deep  Cut,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Family  POLYPOD1ACEAE 

Genus  ONOCLEA  Lmne 
[Sp.  PL,  1753,  p.   1062] 

OXOCLEA   INQUIRENDA    (Hollick)    Hollick 

Plate  LI,  Figs.  1,  2 

Osmunda  obergiana  Heer,  1874,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct,  Bd.  iii,  Ab.  ii,  p.  98  (pars), 

pi.  xxvi,  fig.  9d  (non  figs.  9-9b  or  pi.  xxxii,  fig.  7a). 
Caulinites  inquirendus  Hollick,  1904,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p. 

406,  pi.  Ixx,  fig.  3. 
Onoclea  inguirenda  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  i,  1906,  pi.  i, 

figs.  1-7. 
Onoclea  inguirenda  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  401, 

pi.  xviii,  figs.  1,  la. 
Onoclea  inguirenda  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  84,  p. 

14,  pi.  ii,  figs.  7,  8. 

Description. — Fragments  of  fertile  fronds,  not  showing  any  lamina, 
which  appears  to  be  reduced  to  short  pinnate  branches  bearing  one  or 
more  spheroidal  bodies  interpreted  as  sori.  These  are  uniformly  1.5  mm. 
or  slightly  less  in  diameter. 

This  species  was  originally  described  by  Hollick  (loc.  cit.)  and  referred 
to  the  genus  Caulinites,  but  subsequently  was  removed  to  the  ferns  because 
of  its  resemblance  to  the  modern  genus  Onoclea,  a  resemblance  that  is 
close  and  not  at  all  fanciful.  Earlier  figured  forms  of  the  same  character 
were  associated  by  Heer  with  his  species  Osmunda  obergiana  because  they 
were  found  in  the  same  beds  with  the  fronds  of  this  species,  although  they 
were  not  found  in  organic  union  with  the  fronds.  These  fruits  are  much 
more  like  those  of  the  modern  forms  of  Onoclea  than  they  are  like  those  of 
Osmunda,  and  they  are  identical  with  those  which  are  the  type  of  the 
present  species  to  which  the  writer  has  referred  them. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  765 

The  Long  Island  and  Marthas  Vineyard  forms  have  these  sori  in  a  single 
row  on  each  side  of  an  axis,  and  some  of  the  South  Carolina  specimens 
seem  to  have  a  similar  arrangement,  while  others  have  them  definitely  in 
threes,  one  terminal  and  two  lateral.  This  latter  arrangement  also  pre- 
vails exclusively  in  the  Greenland  specimen  and  in  similar  material  from 
the  Magothy  formation  of  Maryland.  This  variation  is  of  minor  impor- 
tance and  is  mentioned  simply  because  it  is  believed  that  the  grouping 
in  threes  is  the  normal  arrangement,  which  has  been  obscured  during  fos- 
silization  in  the  instances  where  it  is  not  clear. 

As  here  understood  this  species  ranges  from  the  Atane  beds  of  Green- 
land southward  in  the  Magothy  formation  of  Marthas  Vineyard,  Long 
Island  and  Maryland,  to  the  Middendorf  beds  in  South  Carolina. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Eound  Bay,  Maryland. 

Collection. — U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Genus  CLADOPHLEB1S  Brongniart 
[Tableau,  1849,  p.  25] 

This  genus,  which  is  essentially  a  form-genus,  is  usually  restricted  to 
certain  fern-remains  of  Mesozoic  age,  a  number  of  which  are  certainly 
to  be  referred  to  the  family  Polypodiaceae.  Cladophlebis  has  been  fully 
discussed  by  the  writer  *  in  a  recent  volume  of  this  series  and  need  not  be 
recharacterized  in  the  present  connection.  It  is  a  waning  and  unimpor- 
tant type  in  Upper  Cretaceous  floras  everywhere,  a  fact  due  in  all  proba- 
bility to  generic  evolution  and  consequent  modernization  of  the  Upper 
Cretaceous  Polypodiaceae. 

CLADOPHLEBIS  SOOIALIS  (Heer)  Berry 

Pecopteris  socialis  Heer,  1882,  Fl.  Fossils  Arct,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  34,  pi.  vii, 

fig.  4;  pi.  viii,  fig.  15;  pi.  xxxiii,  fig.  9  (non  Fontaine,  1890). 
Cladophlebis  socialis  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  409. 

Description. — "  P.  foliis  bipinnatis,  pinnis  oppositis,  elongatis,  lanceo- 
lato-linearibus,  inferioribus  pinnatifidis,  lobis,  subtriangularibus,  inte- 

1  Berry,  Md.  Geol.  Survey,  Lower  Cret,  1911,  pp.  239-259. 


766  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

gerrimis,  apice  acutis,  ultimis  simplicibus,  lanceolatis,  magnis.'' — Heer, 
1882. 

The  present  species  was  described  by  Professor  Heer  from  the  Atane 
beds  of  western  Greenland.  Subsequently  Fontaine  identified  as  this 
species  a  very  different  form  from  the  Patapsco  formation  of  Virginia,  a 
form  that  the  writer  has  referred  to  Cladophlebis  browniana  (Bunker) 
Seward.1 

Somewhat  fragmentary  remains  that  appear  to  be  identical  with  Heer's 
type  occur  in  the  Karitan  formation. 

Occurrence. — KARITAN  FORMATION.    Shannon  Hill,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Genus  ASPLENIUM  Linne 
[Sp.  Pi.,  1753,  p.  1078] 

ASPLENIUM  CECILENSIS  Berry 
Plate  LI,  Figs.  3,  4 

Asplenium  cecilensis  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii,  p. 
p.  403,  pi.  xviii,  figs.  4,  5. 

Description. — Frond  unknown.  Pinnules  linear-lanceolate,  falcate, 
subopposite,  united  to  the  stout  rachis  by  their  entire  bases,  with  entire 
margins  and  acute  tips.  The  sterile  pinnules  are  somewhat  smaller  than 
the  fertile,  being  about  12  mm.  or  13  mm.  in  length  by  3  mm.  in  maxi- 
mum width,  which  is  at  their  base.  They  show  a  stout  midrib  which  gives 
off  about  twenty-five  branches  on  each  side  alternately  above  and  below, 
and  is  lost  in  the  apical  region  by  this  repeated  branching.  These  branches 
subtend  a  considerable  angle  and  are  recurved.  They  fork  once  near  their 
base  and  run  directly  to  the  margin.  The  fertile  pinnules  are  somewhat 
larger  than  the  sterile,  being  about  the  same  length  and  slightly  wider. 
They  show  stout  midribs  and  the  poorly  preserved  remains  of  numerous 
linear-lanceolate  sori  extending  nearly  from  the  midrib  to  the  margin 
and  obscuring  the  lateral  veins,  there  being  apparently  a  sorus  to  each 
forked  lateral. 

1  Berry,  Md.  Geol.  Survey,  Lower  Cretaceous,  p.  243,  1911. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  767 

This  species  greatly  resembles  various  forms  from  the  Upper  Cretaceous 
of  Greenland,  which  Professor  Heer  referred  to  the  genus  Pteris,  the 
resemblance  to  Pteris  albertsii  Heer  being  particularly  marked.  The 
latter  is  usually  referred  to  the  genus  Cladophlebis,  and  this  genus  con- 
tains a  number  of  forms  that  are  comparable  with  Asplenium  cecilensis. 
The  fertile  pinnules  of  the  latter,  imperfect  as  is  their  preservation,  are 
clearly  unlike  those  known  in  Cladophlebis  and  are  clearly  of  a  type 
allying  this  form  with  the  Aspleniece. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

ASPLENIUM  DICKSONIANUM  Heer 

Asplenium  dicksonianum  Heer,  1874,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  iii,  Ab.  ii,  p.  31, 

pi.  i,  figs.  1-5. 
Asplenium  dicksonianum  Heer,  1882,  Ibidem,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  pp.  3,  33,  pi.  ii, 

fig.  2;  pi.  xxxii,  figs.  1-8. 
Asplenium  dicksonianum  Dawson,  1883,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Can.,  vol.  i,  sec. 

iv,  p.  11. 
Asplenium  dicksonianum  Dawson,  1885,  Ibidem,  vol.  iii,  sec.  iv,  p.  5,  pi.  iii, 

fig.  1. 
Asplenium  dicksonianum  Dawson,  1886,  Ann.  Rept.  Can.  Geol.  Survey,  n.  s., 

vol.  i,  p.  76. 
Asplenium  dicksonianum  Dawson,  1892,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Can.,  vol.  x,  sec. 

iv,  p.  91. 
Asplenium  dicksonianum  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 

xvii,  p.  24,  pi.  i,  fig.  1. 

Asplenium  dicksonianum  Ward,  1894,  Jour.  Geol.,  vol.  ii,  pp.  259,  261. 
Asplenium  dicksonianum  Newberry,   1896,   Mon.   U.   S.   Geol.   Survey,  vol. 

xxvi,  p.  39,  pi.  1,  figs.  6,  7;  pi.  ii,  figs.  1-8;  pi.  iii,  fig.  3. 
Asplenium  dicksonianum  Ward,  1899,  19th  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 

pt.  ii,  p.  704,  pi.  clxx,  fig.  1. 
Asplenium  dicksonianum  Fontaine,  1899,  Ibidem,  p.  664,  pi.  clxii,  figs.  6-8 

(non  Fontaine,  1888). 

Asplenium  dicksonianum  Kurtz,  1902,  Cont  Palseophyt.  Argentina  iii,  Re- 
vista  Museo  La  Plata,  vol.  x,  p.  49  (1899). 
Asplenium  dicksonianum  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii, 

p.  409. 
Asplenium  dicksonianum  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey, 

p.  68,  pi.  v,  figs.  3,  4. 

Description. — "  A.  foliis  triplicato-pinnatis,  stipite  firmo,  rigido  ;  pinnis 
primariis  secundariisque  ovato-lanceolatis,  pinnulis  anguste  lanceolatis, 


768  SYSTEMATIC  PALEOXTOLOGY 

inferioribus  acute  serratis,  superioribus  integerrimis,  acutis." — Heer, 
1874. 

This  species  was  described  originally  by  Heer  from  the  Kome  beds 
(Lower  Cretaceous)  of  Greenland  and  was  subsequently  identified  by  the 
same  author  from  the  much  later  Atane  beds  (Upper  Cretaceous).  Daw- 
son  reported  it  from  a  number  of  localities  in  the  Kootenai  of  British 
Columbia,  and  Fontaine  and  Ward  described  it  from  the  Lower  Creta- 
ceous of  the  Black  Hills.  It  is  also  reported  by  both  Lesquereux  and  Ward 
from  the  Dakota  group  and  by  Kurtz  from  Argentina.  It  seems  very 
doubtful  if  these  can  all  refer  to  the  same  plant,  and  the  geologic  range 
alone  suggests  that  the  earlier  and  later  forms  may  be  distinct.  The 
Lower  Cretaceous  forms  certainly  suggest  a  relationship  with  those  wide- 
spread types  of  sterile  fronds  variously  identified  as  Thyrsopteris  or 
Onycliiopsis,  and  may  be  compared  with  Onyckiopsis  goepperti  (Schenk) 
Berry,  while  those  from  the  Upper  Cretaceous  suggest  Anemia  rather 
than  Asplenium  and  are  much  like  an  undescribed  Anemia  from  the 
Lower  Eocene  (Wilcox)  of  the  Mississippi  embayment  areas  as  well  as 
the  widespread  Eocene  species  Anemia  haydenii  (Lesquereux)  and 
Anemia  subcretacea  (Saporta)  Gardner  and  Ettingshausen.  However,  in 
the  absence  of  representative  material  from  the  different  horizons,  it 
seems  unwise  to  attempt  any  segregation  at  the  present  time  and  the 
synonymy  is  cited  in  full  for  the  use  of  some  future  student  who  may  have 
access  to  enough  material  to  enable  an  accurate  revision  and  segregation 
of  this  so-called  species.  Attention  should  also  be  called  to  its  resemblance 
to  the  form  occurring  in  the  Upper  Cretaceous  of  Greenland,  the  Raritan 
fromation  of  New  Jersey  and  the  Tuscaloosa  formation  of  Alabama, 
which  goes  by  the  name  of  Dicksonia  greenlandica  Heer,  although  the 
ground  for  considering  it  a  Dicksonia  is  as  entirely  inconclusive  as  is  the 
reference  of  the  present  species  to  the  genus  Asplenium. 

In  addition  to  the  localities  enumerated  above,  the  present  species  is 
abundant  in  the  New  Jersey  and  Maryland  Raritan,  and  material  that  is 
absolutely  identical  with  the  New  Jersey  material  and  that  from  the 
Dakota  sandstone  occurs  in  the  lower  Tuscaloosa  formation  of  Alabama. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  769 

Occurrence. — KARITAN    FORMATION.      Shannon   Hill,    Cecil    County, 
Maryland;  East  Washington  Heights,  District  of  Columbia. 
Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

CYCADOPHYTA 

CLASS  CYCADOPHYTAE 
order  WILLI AMSONIALES 

Family  WILLIAMSONIACEAE 

Genus  W1LL1AMSONIA  Carruthers 
[Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  xxvi,  1868,  p.  680] 

WILLIAMSONIA    MARYLANDICA   n.    Sp. 

Plate  LI,  Figs.  5,  6 

Description. — Staminate  bract  or  sporophyll  of  a  Williamsonia-like 
form  of  small  size.  Sporophyll  flat  and  relatively  thin,  smooth,  about 
14  mm.  in  length  and  4  mm.  in  maximum  width,  spatulate-lanceolate  in 
outline,  i.  e.,  lanceolate-acuminate,  widest  distad  and  constricted  and 
somewhat  thickened  proximad.  It  bears  on  its  upper  (adaxial)  surface 
a  double  row  of  papillose  markings  which  become  fainter  and  fainter 
distad  until  they  are  finally  entirely  obsolete  toward  the  tip  of  the 
sporophyll.  These  are  interpreted  as  the  cicatrices  of  synangia  or  pollen 
sacs  of  which  the  basal  four  to  eight  pairs  appear  to  have  been  functional. 

This  form  is  of  very  great  interest  since  the  bulk  of  the  described 
Williamsonice  and  all  those  showing  any  details  of  their  organization  are 
from  very  much  older  horizons.  The  present  form  is  capable  of  interpre- 
tation in  terms  of  the  ordinary  Williamsonia  morphology  as  a  single  seg- 
ment of  the  staminate  disk,  which  may  be  directly  compared  with  such 
well-known  forms  as  Williamsonia  whitbiensis  so  admirably  restored  by 
Nathorst.1  A  well-marked  form  of  this  type,  named  Williamsonia  dela- 
warensis  by  the  writer,  is  present  in  the  Magothy  formation  of  Maryland 
and  Delaware.  Certain  facts  suggest  an  alternative  hypothesis  of  the 
organization  of  this  Upper  Cretaceous  sporophyll.  These  are  the  con- 

1  Nathorst,  Kgl.  Svenska  Vetens.-Akad.  Handl.,  Bd.  xlvi,  No.  4,  1911,  pp.  9-14 
(see  text  fig.  3). 


770  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

siderably  narrowed  and  somewhat  thickened  lower  portion  of  the  sporo- 
phyll;  its  isolated  occurrence  without  any  evidence  of  its  having  been  a 
member  of  a  disk;  the  functional  pollen  sacs  in  the  proximal  instead  of 
the  distal  part  of  the  series.  These  features  all  suggest  that  the  cyclic 
arrangement,  if  present  in  the  ancestors  of  Williamsonia  marylandica, 
had  been  succeeded  by  a  spiral  arrangement  which  approximated  the 
ordinary  conifers  or  cycad  strobilus  rather  than  that  organ  as  exemplified 
in  the  familiar  Cycadeoidea  or  Williamsonia  types  of  the  older  Mesozoic. 
There  is  the  further  possibility  that  Williamsonia  was  dioecious  for  if  the 
form  be  considered  a  fragment  of  a  foreshortened  disk,  it  is  difficult  to 
explain  the  abortion  of  the  distal  pollen  sacs  and  the  development  of  the 
basal  ones. 

Williamsonia  marylandica  is  relatively  small,  much  smaller  than  the 
majority  of  known  forms,  although  Halle 1  has  described  a  still  smaller 
form  as  Williamsonia  pusilla  from  the  Jurassic  of  Graham  Land.  It  is 
distinguished  from  Williamsonia  delaivarensis  Berry  by  its  smaller  size, 
constricted  basal  portion,  more  acuminate  tip  and  thinner  texture.  There 
are  a  number  of  true  Williamsonias  that  are  deeply  cleft  as  the  present 
form  would  have  to  be,  as  for  examp]e,  Williamsonia  oregonensis  Fontaine 
from  the  Oregon  Jurassic  or  Williamsonia  virginiensis  Fontaine  from  the 
Lower  Cretaceous  of  Virginia,  and  the  same  feature  is  noticeable  in  the 
allied  genus  Cycadocephalus  of  the  Ehsetic. 

The  only  other  possible  interpretation  of  the  present  fossil  is  that  it 
may  represent  some  unknown  coniferous  type  comparable  with  the  fruit- 
ing specimens  of  Palissya  described  by  Nathorst2  from  the  Ehsetic  of 
Sweden.  In  any  event  it  emphasizes  the  fact  that  the  Upper  Cretaceous 
contains  many  unknown  gymnospermous  types  that  await  the  lucky  dis- 
covery of  the  field  paleobotanist. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Little  Eound  Bay,  Anne 
Arundel  County. 

Collection. — Johns  Hopkins  University. 

1  Halle,  Wiss.  Ergeb.  Schwed.  Sudpolar-Exped.  1901-03,  Bd.  iii,  Lief,  xiv, 
1913,  p.  70,  pi.  vi,  fig.  12. 

*  Nathorst,  Kgl.  Svenska  Vetens.-Akad.  Handl.,  Bd.  xliii,  No.  8,  1908. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  771 

WILLIAMSONIA  DELAWARExsis  Berry 
Plate  LI,  Fig.  7 

Williamsonia  delawarensis  Berry,  1907,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  n.  s. 
No.  7,  p.  84,  fig.  4. 

Description. — Fructification  stalked;  the  peduncle  expanding  above 
into  a  conical  disk  1.2  cm.  in  diameter  and  bearing  peripherally  about  ten 
thick  and  broad  coriaceous  bracts  (staminate  sporophylls  ?)  which  are 
about  5  mm.  in  width  and  2  cm.  in  length,  pointed  above  and  incurving. 
No  further  details  can  be  made  out  from  the  specimens,  which  are  not 
uncommon  in  the  sandy  clays  of  the  Magothy  formation  near  the  deep 
cut  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal  near  the  Maryland-Delaware 
Line.  The  very  arenaceous  character  of  these  clays  renders  it  almost 
impossible  to  get  out  good  specimens  and  the  material  rapidly  disinte- 
grates in  drying,  so  that  it  has  not  been  possible  to  secure  permanent 
material  of  any  great  value.  Cycadaceous  leaves  have  not  yet  been  found 
at  this  locality,  although  they  are  plentiful  in  the  Magothy  formation  just 
to  the  northward  in  New  Jersey,  while  they  are  very  common  in  the  under- 
lying Earitan  formation  throughout  its  extent.  The  latter  formation 
contains  somewhat  similar  remains  which  Newberry1  has  called  Palce- 
anthus  problematicus  and  which  he  is  disposed  to  regard  as  a  helianthoid 
flower,  although  recognizing  the  difficulty  in  the  way  of  preservation  of 
an  ordinary  flower  of  this  sort  and  the  incongruity  of  a  Composite  in  the 
Mid-Cretaceous  flora.  The  Delaware  specimen  differs  chiefly  in  having 
only  about  half  as  many  bracts  and  these  correspondingly  wider.  A  com- 
parison with  Newberry's  fig.  8  will  serve  to  bring  out  the  resemblance  of 
these  two  forms. 

Hollick  has  described  2  a  very  poorly  preserved  and  doubtful  specimen 
from  the  Staten  Island  Cretaceous,  Williamsonia  ?  riesii,  which  is  some- 
what similar  to  Newberry's  Palceanthus  and  to  undescribed  specimens 
from  Cliffwood,  N.  J.  From  the  Dakota  sandstones  Lesquereux  describes 
Williamsonm  elocata?  a  not  very  characteristic  specimen.  From  the 

1  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  1896,  p.  125,  pi.  xxxv,  figs.  1-9. 

2  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xii,  1892,  p.  10,  pi.  i,  figs.  2,  3. 

3  Fl.  Dakota  Group,  1892,  p.  87,  pi.  ii,  figs.  9,  9a. 


772  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Atane  beds  of  Greenland  Heer  describes  Williamsonia  cretacea*  of  which 
species  Seward  says  that  the  type  specimens  are  very  indistinct  and 
unsatisfactory,  but  this  is  doubtless  due  to  subsequent  desiccation  and  does 
not  impugn  the  accuracy  of  Heer's  figures.  Williamsonia  ?  phoenicop- 
soides  Ward 2  from  the  lower  Cretaceous  of  the  Black  Hills  and  William- 
sonia minima  Saporta  3  from  the  Neocomian  of  Portugal  are  both  very  poor 
and  of  doubtful  affinities.  Williamsonia  virginiensis  Fontaine,4  found  in 
the  Patuxent  formation  of  Virginia  in  the  same  layers  with  Dioonites 
buchianus  is  a  very  characteristic  form  and  one  of  the  best  marked 
american  Williamsoniae.  Williamsonia  ?  gallinacea  Ward 5  from  the 
Virginia  Potomac  and  Williamsonia  ?  libbinsis  Ward8  from  the  Mary- 
land Potomac  are  both  very  poor  and  doubtful  and  very  probably  repre- 
sent fragments  of  Abietites  cones. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Deep  Cut,  Delaware;  Grove 
Point,  Cecil  County,  Maryland. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Genus  PODOZAMITES  F.  Braun 
[In  Miinster,  Beitr.  Petref.,  Heft  vi,  1843,  p.  36] 

PODOZAMITES  LANCEOLATUS   (L.  and  H.)  F.  Braun 

Zamia  lanceolata  Lindley  and  Mutton,  1836,  Fossils  FL,  vol.  iii,  pi.  cxciii. 
Zamites  lanceolatus  F.  Braun,  1840,  Verzeich.  Kreis.-Nat.-Samml.  Bayreuth 

Petrefact,  p.  100. 
Podozamites  lanceolatus  F.   Braun,   1843,   in   Miinster,   Beitr.   Petrefacten- 

kunde,  Bd.  ii,  pt.  vi,  p.  33. 
Podozamites  proximans  Conrad,  1869,  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.   (ii),  vol.  xlvii,  p. 

361,  tf. 

Podozamites  lanceolatus  Schimper,  1870,  Pal.  Veget,  tome  ii,  p.  160. 
f  Podozamites  minor  Heer,  1882,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  44,  pi. 

xvi,  fig.  8. 
Podozamites  lanceolatus  Velenovsky,   1885,  Gymn.   Bohm.   Kreidef.,  p.   11, 

pi.  ii,  figs.  11-19,  24. 

1  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  Ab.  2,  vol.  vi,  1882,  p.  59,  pi.  xii,  fig.  1;  pi.  xiii,  fig.  9. 
2 19th  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  ii,  1899,  p.  668,  pi.  clxii,  fig.  20. 
3  Fl.  Foss.  Port,  1894,  p.  105,  pi.  xix,  fig.  9. 

4Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xv,  1889,  p.  273,  pi.  cxxxiii,  figs.  5-7;  pi.  clxv, 
fig.  5. 

8  Ibidem,  vol.  xlviii,  1906,  p.  485,  pi.  cvii,  fig.  4. 
8  Ibidem,  p.  554,  pi.  cxv,  fig.  11. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  773 

Podozamites  lanceolatus  Dawson,  1886,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.,  Can.,  vol.  iii,  sec. 

iv,  p.  6,  pi.  i,  fig.  3. 
Podozamites  distantincrvis  Fontaine,  1890,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey.,  vol. 

xv,  1889,  p.  179   (pars). 
Podozamites  lanceolatus  Lesquereux,   1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.   Survey,  vol. 

xvii,  p.  28,  pi.  i,  figs.  5,  6. 
Podozamites  angustifolius  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.   S.  Geol.   Survey,  vol. 

xxvi,  p.  44,  pi.  xiii,  fig.  2  (non  figs.  1,  3,  4). 
Podozamites  angustifolius  Hollick,  1904,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii, 

p.  410,  pi.  Ixxi,  fig.  8. 
Podozamites  lanceolatus  Penhallow,    1905,    Summary   Geol.    Survey,   Can., 

1904,  p.  9. 
Podozamites  lanceolatus  Fontaine,  1906,  in  Ward,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 

vol.  xlviii,  p.  110,  pi.  xxiv,  figs.  17-20. 
Podozamites  pedicellatus  Fontaine,  1906,  in  Ward,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 

vol.  xlviii,  p.  532,  pi.  cxiv,  fig.  1  (non  other  references). 
Podozamites  distantinervis  Fontaine,  1906,  in  Ward,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, vol.  xlviii,  1905,  pp.  165,  281. 
Zamia  washingtoniana  Fontaine,  1906,  in  Ward,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 

vol.  xlviii,  1905,  p.  503  (pars),  pi.  cxi,  fig.  2  (non.  fig.  1). 
Podozamites  lanceolatus  Knowlton,  1907,  Smith.  Misc.  Coll.,  vol.  iv,  pt.  i, 

p.  120,  pi.  xiv,  fig.  4. 
Podozamites  lanceolatus  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  35, 

pi.  ii,  fig.  1. 
Podozamites  lanceolatus  Berry,  1911,  Md.  Geol.  Survey,  Lower  Cret,  p.  341, 

pi.  liii,  figs.  5,  6. 
Podozamites  lanceolatus  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey, 

p.  76. 
Podozamites  lanceolatus  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii, 

p.  410. 
Podozamites  lanceolatus  Berry,  1912,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxix,  p.  391. 

Description. — "  Pinnis  distantibus,  alternis  oppositisve,  elongatis,  basi 
sensim  angustatis,  inferioribus  lanceolato-linearibus,  superioribus  elon- 
gato-ellipticis ;  nervis  crebris/' — Schimper,  1870. 

This  species  is  probably  composite  since  it  is  hardly  possible  that  a 
single  species  should  range  from  the  Jurassic  into  the  Upper  Cretaceous. 
However,  the  remains,  which  in  the  Cretaceous  are  entirely  detached 
leaflets,  furnish  no  characters  by  means  of  which  they  can  be  differentiated 
from  the  Jurassic  type.  This  is  also  the  conclusion  reached  by  Hollick 
in  this  country  and  by  Velenovsky  in  Bohemia. 

Occurrence. — RARITAN  FORMATION.    Shannon  Hill,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 


774  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

PODOZAMITES  KNOWLTONI  Berry 

Zamites  angustifolius  Eichwald,  1868,  Lethsea  rossica,  tome  ii,  p.  39,  pi.  ii, 

fig.  7. 
Podozamites  angustifolius  Schimper,  1870,  Pal.  Veget.,  tome  ii,  p.  160  (non 

Schenk,  1868). 
Podozamites  angustifolius  Heer,  1876,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  iv,  Ab.  i,  p.  36, 

pi.  vii,  figs.  8-11;  pi.  viii,  figs.  2e,  5. 

Podozamites  angustifolius  Heer,  1876,  Ibidem,  Ab.  ii,  p.  45,  pi.  xxvi,  fig.  11. 
Podozamites  angustifolius  Heer,  1878,  Ibidem,  Ab.  ii,  p.  22,  pi.  v,  figs,  lib, 

12. 

Podozamites  angustifolius  Lesquereux,  1884,  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  28. 
Podozamites  angustifolius  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 

xvii,  p.  27,  pi.  i,  fig.  4. 
Podozamites  augustifolius  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.   S.  Geol.   Survey,  vol. 

xxvi,  1895,  p.  44,  pi.  xiii,  figs.  1,  3,  4  (non  fig.  2). 
Podozamites  angustifolius  Holler,  1903,  Kgl.  Svensk.  Vetensk.  Akad.  Handl., 

Bd.,  ix,  pi.  i,  figs.  8-12,  17b. 
Nageiopsis  recurvata  Fontaine,  1906,  in  Ward,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.   Survey., 

vol.  xlviii,  1905,  p.  552,  pi.  cxvi,  fig.  2  (non  Fontaine,  1890). 
Zamites  tenuinervis  Fontaine,  1906,  in  Ward,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 

xlviii,  1905,  p.  528. 
Podozamites  knowltoni  Berry,  1909,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvi,  p. 

247. 

Podozamites  knowltoni  Berry,  1911,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  403. 
Podozamites  knowltoni  Berry,  1911,  Md.  Geol.  Survey,  Lower  Cret.,  p.  339. 
Podozamites  knowltoni  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey, 

p.  74. 
Podozamites  knowltoni  Berry.  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  84, 

p.  16,  pi.  iv,  fig.  5. 

Description. — "  Foliolis  elongato-lineali-lanceolatis,  centim.  6  circiter 
longis,  infra  medium  millim.  5  latis,  basim  versus  margine  inferiore 
subitius  angustatis  quam  superiore,  decurrentibus,  sat  approximatis  et 
erecto-patentibus." — Schimper,  1870. 

This  species  has  a  very  wide  range,  both  geological  and  geographical. 
It  is  common  in  the  Jurassic  of  high  latitudes  in  Eussia  (the  type 
region),  Siberia,  Bornholm,  and  Spitzbergen.  In  the  Lower  and  Upper 
Cretaceous  indistinguishable  remains  are  rather  widely  distributed. 
These  occur  in  the  Patapsco  formation  of  the  Potomac  Eiver  Valley,  the 
Earitan  formation  of  New  Jersey,  the  Black  Creek  formation  of  North 
and  South  Carolina  and  the  Dakota  group  of  Kansas.  Whether  or  not 
they  were  specifically  identical  with  the  Jurassic  forms  cannot  be  proven, 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  775 

although  they  present  no  character  aside  from  difference  in  geological 
horizon  to  warrant  their  separation. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Eound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel 
County. 

Collection. — U.  S.  National  Museum. 

PODOZAMITES    MARGIN ATUS    Heer 

Plate  LI,  Fig.  8 

Podozamites  marginatus  Heer,  1882,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  fig.  10 

(non  Berry  1903). 
Podozamites  marginatus  Newberry,    1896,    Mon.    U.    S.    Geol.    Survey,   vol. 

xxvi,  p.  44,  pi.  xiii,  figs.  5,  6. 
Podozamites  marginatus  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii, 

p.  410. 

Description. — "  Pinnules  rather  large,  varying  from  15  cm.  to  20  cm. 
in  length,  very  variable  in  width,  which  ranges  from  1.5  cm.  to  3  cm.,  the 
Tuscaloosa  specimens  of  minimum  rather  than  maximum  dimensions. 
Apex  and  base  pointed,  the  angle  dependent  on  the  width  of  the  pinnules. 
Base  somewhat  thickened  and  more  or  less  abruptly  narrowed  in  wide 
forms.  Veins  parallel,  very  fine  and  numerous,  thirty  or  more  in  num- 
ber. Texture  thin  but  probably  coriaceous. 

This  species  was  described  by  Professor  Heer  from  the  Atane  beds 
of  western  Greenland  and  was  illustrated  by  a  single  rather  poor  figure. 
It  was  afterward  tentatively  identified  by  Newberry  from  the  middle 
Raritan  of  Woodbridge,  New  Jersey,  and  by  the  writer  from  the  Tusca- 
loosa formation  of  Alabama  where  it  is  abundant.  Whether  these  occur- 
rences are  identical  with  the  type  is  not  certain,  although  such  identity  is 
probable.  The  writer  has  recorded  this  same  species  from  the  Magothy  for- 
mation of  New  Jersey,1  but  this  material  proves  to  be  referable  to  .the 
subsequently  discovered  genus  Doryanthites  of  the  Black  Creek  formation 
in  North  Carolina  and  homotaxial  deposits  in  Georgia  and  Alabama. 

The  present  species  shows  considerable  similarity  to  the  Lower  Cre- 
taceous species  Zamites  tenuinervis  Fontaine,  which  is  so  common  in  the 
Patapsco  formation  of  the  Potomac  Eiver  Valley. 

1  Berry,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  1903,  p.  99,  pi.  xlvi,  figs.  1,  3. 


776  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

It  is  also  comparable  to  the  several  nominal  species  of  Pliyllotcenia,  a 
monocotyledonous  genus  described  by  Saporta  1  from  the  Cenomanian  of 
Portugal  and  compared  with  Rhizocaulon,  Bambusa,  etc. 

Occurrence. — KARITAN  FORMATION.  Drum  Point  Bailroad,  Anne 
Arundel  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

CONIFEROPHYTA 

CLASS  GONIFERAE 
order  ARAUCARIALES 

Family  ARAUCARIACEAE 

Genus  DAMMARA  Lamarck 
[Encycl.,  t.  ii,  1786,  p.  259] 

DAMMARA  CLIFFWOODENSIS  Hollick 
Plate  LIV,  Fig.  3 

Dammara  cliffwoodensis  Hollick,  1897,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xvi,  p. 

128,  pi.  xi,  figs.  5-8. 
Dammara  cliffwoodensis  Berry,  1903,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p.  61, 

pi.  xlviii,  figs.  8-11. 
Dammara. cliffwoodensis  Berry,  1904,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxi,  p. 

69,  pi.  i,  fig.  11. 
Dammara  cliffwoodensis  Berry,  1911,  Ibidem,  p.  400. 

Description. — "  Scales  kite-shaped,  abruptly  narrowed  from  above  the 
middle  downward,  one  and  one-half  inches  long  by  one-half  inch  wide  at 
the  top,  abruptly  short  mucronate  pointed,  provided  on  inner  surface  with 
numerous  prominent  resin  glands  and  ducts  which  extend  downward 
almost  if  not  quite  to  the  base." — Hollick,  1897. 

This  species  was  described  from  the  Magothy  formation  of  New  Jersey, 
where  it  is  very  common,  from  which  horizon  it  ranges  upward  into  the 
overlying  Matawan  formation.  Eemains  of  this  sort,  closely  resembling 
the  cone-scales  of  the  modern  species  of  Dammara,  are  widespread  and 

1  Saporta,  Fl.  Foss.  Portugal,  1894,  pp.  216,  221,  pi.  xxxviii,  figs.  6-8,  12,  13, 
21;  pi.  xxxix,  fig.  20. 


MAEYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  777 

variable  during  the  early  Upper  Cretaceous.  Similar  remains  of  smaller 
size  are  said  by  Hollick  and  Jeffrey  to  have  been  three-seeded,  and  in  spite 
of  this  feature  to  be  related  structurally  to  the  Araucariacece. 

The  present  species  is  not  very  different  and  may  be  identical  with 
Dammara  borealis  Heer,  which  ranges  northward  to  Greenland  (Atane 
beds)  and  southward  to  Alabama  (Tuscaloosa  formation). 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Little  Eound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel 
County.  MATAWAN  FORMATION.  Cut  on  the  W.  B.  &  A.  Eailroad,  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile  east  of  Millersville,  Anne  Arundel  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Genus  ARAUCARIA  Jussieu 
[Gen.  PL,  1789,  p.  413] 

ARAUCARIA  BLADENENSIS  Berry 
Plate  LIV,  Fig.  1 

Araucaria  bladenensis  Berry,   1908,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxv,  p. 

255,  pis.  xii,  xiii,  xiv,  figs.  1-3. 

Araucaria  bladenensis  Berry,  1911,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  405. 
Araucaria  bladenensis  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  84, 

pp.  19,  105,  pi.  iii,  figs.  6,  7;  pi.  xix,  figs.  1,  2. 

Description. — Foliage  dense,  phyllotaxy  spiral,  leaves  decurrent,  coria- 
ceous, ovate-lanceolate,  about  1.6  cm.  by  8  cm.,  the  base  rounded,  apex 
thickened,  cuspidate ;  veins  immersed,  averaging  sixteen  in  number, 
straight,  parallel,  stomata  small,  in  rows  on  ventral  surface. 

Leaves  ranging  from  1  cm.  to  2.8  cm.  in  length  by  0.5  cm.  to  1.2  cm.  in 
width,  averaging  1.6  cm.  by  0.8  cm.,  obovate  in  outline,  with  a  broad 
rounded  base  narrowing  abruptly  and  decurrent ;  the  blade  broadest  about 
one-third  of  the  distance  from  the  base,  above  which  point  it  narrows 
rapidly  to  a  thickened  cuspidate  tip;  phyllotaxy  spiral;  leaf  substance 
represented  by  a  thick  sheet  of  lignite  about  0.5  mm.  thick,  in  which 
the  veins  are  immersed.  These  veins  average  fourteen  to  sixteen  in  num- 
ber, although  occasionally  there  may  be  as  many  as  twenty ;  they  are  stout, 
incurved  at  the  base  (forking  not  observed),  becoming  parallel  and  run- 
ning directly  upward  until  they  abut  against  the  leaf  margin,  i.  e.,  not 


778  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

convergent  toward  the  tip  of  the  leaf.  In  spite  of  their  hopeful  mega- 
scopic appearance  their  microscopic  structure  is  not  preserved. 

In  one  or  two  instances  where  the  specimens  are  in  a  more  argillaceous 
matrix  it  has  been  possible  to  get  rather  inferior  specimens  showing  the 
arrangement  and  outlines  of  the  stomata.  These  are  broadly  ovate  in 
shape  with  very  thin  guard  cells  (at  least  when  viewed  on  the  surface). 
They  are  arranged  in  somewhat  irregular  rows  on  the  ventral  surface  of 
the  leaf,  the  number  of  rows  between  the  two  veins  being  usually  four. 
Aside  from  the  foregoing  facts,  the  preservation  is  such  that  no  other 
details  can  be  made  out. 

This  species  is  most  remarkably  similar  to  the  recent  Araucaria  lidwilli 
of  the  Australian  region.  This  resemblance  in  form,  habit,  and  stomatal 
characters,  reinforced  by  the  occurrence  of  characteristic  Araucarian 
cone-scales  in  the  same  beds  at  certain  localities,  renders  the  identification 
reasonably  conclusive. 

The  most  nearly  related  form  seems  to  be  Araucarites  ovatus  described 
by  Hollick  1  from  the  Cliffwood  clays  of  New  Jersey,  which  differ  merely 
by  their  larger  size,  absence  of  basal  characters,  and  much  less  pointed 
tips ;  in  fact,  if  the  two  were  found  in  closer  association  or  if  in  the  abund- 
ant material  any  specimens  had  approached  Araucarites  ovatus  in  size  I 
should  be  disposed  to  consider  them  as  the  variants  of  a  single  species.  As 
the  case  stands,  it  would  seem  better  to  institute  a  new  series,  since  the 
leaves  in  the  material  from  the  southern  Coastal  Plain  are  sufficiently 
and  uniformly  different  enough  to  be  readily  recognized,  and  there  is  the 
further  possibility  that  the  New  Jersey  species  may  be  more  or  less  closely 
related  to  the  modern  genus  Dammara  rather  than  Araucaria. 

A  European  form,  which  must  surely  be  considered  as  a  nearly  related 
congener  of  Araucaria  bladenensis,  is  Saporta's2  Araucaria  toucasi 
described  from  the  Turonian  of  Bagnols  and  the  Emscherian  of  Beausset 
near  Toulon,  France.  Another  similar  form  is  Araucaria  macrophylla 
described  by  Bozzi 3  from  the  Emscherian  of  Italy. 

1  Hollick,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xvi,  p.  128,  pi.  xii,  figs.  3a,  4,  1897. 

2  Saporta,  Le  Monde  des  Plantes,  p.  198,  fig.  27,  1879. 

3  Bozzi,  L.,  Boll.  Soc.  Geol.  Ital.,  vol.  x,  1891,  p.  375,  pi.  xvi,  figs.  1,  2. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  779 

Both  are  strikingly  similar  to  the  American  species  in  every  respect, 
and  likewise  closely  allied,  in  appearance  at  least,  to  the  recent  Araucaria 
bidwilli  of  Australia. 

Kerner1  records  PacJiypliyllum  (Pagiophyllum)  rigidum  Saporta  and 
PachypJiyllum  (Pagiophyttum)araucarium  Saporta  from  the  Cenomanian 
of  Lesina,  an  island  in  the  Adriatic  off  the  coast  of  Dalmatia,  both  being 
originally  Jurassic  species  from  the  French  Corallion  of  Verdun.  Both 
are  very  similar  to  the  American  species  and  are  of  about  the  same  age. 
The  probable  identity  of  Cenomanian  and  Corallian  species,  it  seems  to  me, 
is  extremely  doubtful,  and  both  of  Kerner's  species  should  undoubtedly  be 
considered  as  new  species  of  Aracauria,  and  nearly  related,  if  not  identi- 
cal, with  such  Cretaceous  forms  as  Araucaria  bladenensis  or  Araucaria 
toucasi.  This  species  is  represented  by  doubtfully  determined  detached 
leaves  in  Maryland.  It  is  exceedingly  common  in  and  characteristic  of  the 
Black  Creek  formation  in  North  Carolina.  In  South  Carolina  it  is  found 
in  the  extension  of  these  beds.  It  is  present  in  the  lower  Eutaw  and  later 
Cretaceous  deposits  in  western  Georgia  and  along  the  Chattahoochee 
River.  Careful  search  has  failed  to  discover  this  species  in  the  very  fossil- 
iferous  plant  beds  of  western  Alabama,  of  Tuscaloosa  age,  but  it  is  present 
there  is  great  abundance  at  the  very  base  of  the  Eutaw  deposits  in  Hale 
County. 

Occurrence.— MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

ARAUCARIA  MARYLANDICA  n.  sp. 

Plate  LIV,  Fig.  2 

Description. — Cone-scales  narrowly  elongate-obovate  in  outline  with  an 
extended  upturned  distal  acumen.  Length  of  shaft  of  ovuliferous  scale 
about  2  cm.  Maximum  width,  which  is  not  far  from  the  thickened  distal 
end,  about  8  mm.  to  10  mm.  Minimum  width,  at  proximal  end,  about 
5  mm.  Acuminate  upturned  tip  about  6  mm.  in  length  and  2.5  mm. 
broad  at  the  base.  Lateral  margins  of  scale  straight  nearly  to  the  thick- 

1  Kerner,  Jahrb.  k.k.  Geol.  Reichs.,  Bd.  xlv,  1895,  p.  49,  pi.  iv,  figs.  1,  3. 
51 


780  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

ened  end  where  they  curve  inward,  recurving  to  form  the  acuminate  tip. 
The  ligule  is  prominent  on  the  upper  (ventral)  surface  of  the  scale  to  its 
base,  is  somewhat  thickened,  and  conforms  in  its  outline  to  that  of  the 
scale ;  its  distal  margins  are  entire,  and  it  ends  medianly  in  a  short  mucro- 
nate  point.  The  enclosed  seed  is  oblong-obovate  with  straight  lateral  mar- 
gins and  rounded  ends. 

The  present  species  is  clearly  distinct  from  the  rather  numerous  Arau- 
carian  remains  that  have  been  described  from  the  Upper  Cretaceous  of  the 
Atlantic  Coastal  Plain.  It  is  associated  in  Maryland  with  meagerly  repre- 
sented foliage  of  Aracauria  blandenensis  Berry,  an  exceedingly  abundant 
and  well  characterized  form  of  the  Araucaria  bidwilli  type,  which  is  very 
common  in  the  Black  Creek  formation  of  the  Carolinas  and  the  Eutaw  for- 
mation of  Georgia  and  Alabama.  In  the  region  of  its  maximum  abund- 
ance from  North  Carolina  to  Alabama  Araucaria  bladenensis  is  uniformly 
associated  with  the  large  cone-scales  described  as  Araucaria  jeffreyi  Berry, 
and  it  has  seemed  very  probable  that  they  represented  the  foliage  and 
ovulate  scales  of  the  same  Cretaceous  tree.  Araucaria  jeffreyi  is  a  much 
larger,  relatively  wider  and  otherwise  very  different  type  of  sporophyll 
from  Araucaria  marylandica.  At  the  same  horizon  as  the  latter  species 
of  cone-scale  in  the  New  Jersey  region  there  occurs  foliage  described  as 
Araucarites  ovatus  Hollick,  which  may  be  related  to  the  former. 

Among  recent  species  there  is  some  resemblance  to  Araucaria  rulei,  a 
New  Caledonian  species  of  the  Eutacta  section  of  Araucaria,  but  on  the 
whole  the  present  fossil  form  is  more  like  the  sporophylls  of  the  Colymbea 
section  of  the  genus,  especially  those  of  Araucaria  imbricata,  the  so-called 
Chile  pine. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Little  Round  Bay,  Anne  Arundel 
County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  781 

Family  BRACHYPHYLLACEAE 

Genus  BRACHYPHYLLUM  Brongniart 

[Prodrome,  1828,  p.  109] 

BRACHYPHYLLUM  MACROCARPUM  Newberry 

Plate  LIV,  Figs.  4,  5 

Moriconia  cyclotoxon  Heer,  1883,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct,  Bd.  vii,  pi.  liv,  fig.  Ic  (non 

Heer's  other  figures). 

Thuites  crassus  Lesquereux,  1884,  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  32. 
Brachyphyllum  crassum  Lesquereux,  1887,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  vol.  x,  p.  34. 

p.  34. 
Brachyphyllum  crassum  Lesquereux,  1892,  Fl.  Dakota  Group,  p.  32,  pi.  ii, 

fig.  5. 
Brachyphyllum  crassum  Newberry,  1896,  Fl.  Amboy  Clays,  p.  51,  pi.  vii, 

figs.  1-7. 
Brachyphyllum  macrocarpum  Newberry,  1896,  Fl.  Amboy  Clays,  Ms.  name 

mentioned  in  footnote,  p.  51. 
f  Brachyphyllum  sp.  Knowlton,  1897,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.,  vol.  viii,  pp. 

137,  140. 
f  Brachyphyllum  macrocarpum  Knowlton,  1900,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 

No.  163,  p.  29,  pi.  iv,  figs.  5,  6. 
Brachyphyllum  macrocarpum  Rollick,  1904,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol. 

iii,  p.  406,  pi.  vii,  figs.  4,  5. 
Brachyphyllum  macrocarpum  Berry,    1905,    Bull.    Torrey    Bot.    Club,    vol. 

xxxii,  p.  44,  pi.  ii,  fig.  9. 

Brachyphyllum  macrocarpum  Berry,  1906,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  168,  pi.  ix. 
Brachyphyllum  macrocarpum  Berry,  1906,  Ann.  Kept.  State  Geol.  Survey 

of  New  Jersey  for  1905,  p.  139. 
Brachyphyllum  macrocarpum  Hollick  and  Jeffrey,  1906,  Amer.  Nat.,  vol. 

xl,  p.  200. 
Brachyphyllum  macrocarpum  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 

1,  p.  44,  pi.  iii,  figs.  9,  10. 

Brachyphyllum  macrocarpum  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  New  Jersey  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, p.  81,  pi.  vii. 
Brachyphyllum  macrocarpum  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 

No.  84,  p.  21,  pi.  iii,  fig.  2. 

Description. — Stout  twigs  with  club-shaped,  pinnately  arranged 
branches,  covered  with  large,  thick,  rhomboidal,  squamate,  densely 
crowded,  appressed  leaves  attached  by  practically  their  whole  ventral 
surface.  Phyllotaxy  spiral.  Leaf  more  or  less  striated,  the  striae  con- 
verging toward  the  obtuse  papillate  apex.  Cones  not  positively  deter- 
mined. 


782  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Brachypliyllum  is  chiefly  an  older  Mesozoic  type,  but  it  remains  abund- 
ant through  the  Lower  Cretaceous,  two  species  having  been  described 
from  the  Potomac  group  of  Maryland  and  Virginia.  It  is  a  waning  type  in 
the  Upper  Cretaceous  represented  by  but  a  single  species,  the  one  under  dis- 
cussion, and  the  following  variety,  which  persist  as  high  as  the  Senonian. 
Both  are  widely  distributed,  and  the  type  is  recorded  from  Long  Island, 
New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Maryland,  and  South  Carolina,  and  from  the 
Dakota  group  of  Kansas  and  the  Montana  group  of  Wyoming  in  the  West. 
It  is  probably  represented  in  the  Patoot  beds  of  Greenland  by  the  material 
which  Heer  erroneously  refers  (loc.  cit.}  to  Moriconia.  While  it  is  not 
recorded  from  Europe,  Velenovsky  has  described  remains  from  the  Ceno- 
manian  of  Bohemia  which  appear  to  be  identical  with  the  American 
representatives  of  this  species,  referring  them  to  the  Jurassic  genus 
E chinostrobus  of  Schimper.1 

Hollick  and  Jeffrey  have  recently  argued  from  a  study  of  specimens 
from  Staten  Island  with  structure  preserved  (loc.  cit.},  that  this  species 
is  related  to  the  family  Araucariacece. 

This  species  is  extremely  common  in  the  upper  Earitan  beds  at  South 
Amboy,  New  Jersey,  and  their  eastward  extension  on  Staten  Island,  but 
has  not  been  collected  from  any  of  the  plant-bearing  horizons  of  the  lower 
Earitan.  Professor  Newberry  described  (loc.  cit.}  large  cones  which  he 
found  associated  with  these  twigs,  and  which  he  thought  were  related  to 
them,  although  this  seems  improbable.  The  cones  are  poorly  preserved 
and  their  affinities  cannot  be  made  out.  They  are  very  different  from 
previously  described  cones  of  Brachypliyllum,  and  the  work  of  Hollick 
and  Jeffrey  (loc.  cit.}  would  seem  to  indicate  that  the  present  species  had 
small  cones.  The  cones  described  by  Professor  Newberry,  while  they  are 
here  retained  in  the  synonymy  of  this  species,  are  comparable  to  the 
abundant  cones  from  the  older  Potomac  of  Maryland  which  are  referred 
to  the  form-genus  Abietites.  No  cones  have  been  positively  found  asso- 
ciated with  the  not  uncommon  occurrences  of  this  species. 

1  Velenovsky,  Gym,  Bohm.  Kreidef.,  1885,  p.  16,  pi.  vi,  figs.  3,  6-8;  Kv6tena 
cesk6ho  cenomanu,  1889,  p.  9,  pi.  i,  figs.  11-19;  pi.  ii,  figs.  1-3. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  783 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Deep  Cut,  Delaware;  Grove 
Point,  Cecil  County,  Maryland. 

Collection. — U.  S.  National  Museum. 

ERACHYPHYLLUM  MACROCARPUM  FORMOSUM  Berry 
Plate  LIII,  Pig.  1 

Brachyphyllum  macrocarpum  Berry,    1910,    Bull.    Torrey   Bot.    Club,    vol. 

xxxvii,  p.  183   (non  Newberry,  1896). 

?  Brachyphyllum  macrocarpum  Berry,  1911,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  420. 
Brachyphyllum  macrocarpum  formosum  Berry,   1912,   Ibidem,   vol.   xxxix, 

p.  392,  pi.  xxx. 
Brachyphyllum  macrocarpum  formosum  Berry,    1914,    Prof.    Paper    U.    S. 

Geol.  Survey,  No.  84,  p.  106. 

Description.— Slender  elongated  twigs,  pinnately  branched,  covered 
with  medium  sized,  crowded,  appressed  leaves,  spirally  arranged.  Leaves 
bluntly  pointed,  smooth,  thick. 

In  the  consideration  of  the  various  specimens  which  have  been  referred 
to  Brachyphyllum  macrocarpum,  a  very  considerable  variation  within 
certain  fixed  limits  is  at  once  obvious.  This  variation  is  usually  one  of 
size,  the  more  slender  specimens  being  at  the  same  time  smoother.  This 
has  been  frequently  noted  by  the  writer  and  is  commented  upon  in  print  by 
Dr.  Knowlton,1  who  in  discussing  the  younger  forms  from  Wyoming  sug- 
gests that  the  species  on  the  verge  of  extinction  became  smaller  in  its  pro- 
portions. In  studying  the  material  from  the  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf 
states  a  constant  difference  in  size  was  noticed.  This  may  reflect  a  slight 
difference  in  climatic  conditions  and  all  of  the  forms  may  be  interpreted 
as  the  variations  of  a  single  species;  in  fact,  dewberry's  fig.  7  (loc.  cit.) 
from  the  Earitan  formation  in  New  Jersey  is  approximately  the  same  size 
as  the  forms  from  the  Montana  group  of  the  West  and  is  associated  with 
the  normal,  stout  club-shaped  type.  That  the  variety  has  no  particular 
stratigraphic  significance  is  indicated  by  its  abundance  at  a  horizon  as  old 
as  the  basal  Tuscaloosa  of  Alabama,  and  its  presence  in  the  Woodbine  for- 
mation of  Lamar  County,  Texas. 

1  Knowlton,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  163,  1900,  p.  29,  pi.  iv,  figs.  5,  6. 


784  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

In  general  the  present  variety  occurs  at  later  and  more  southern 
horizons  than  the  type,  which  might  be  ascribed  to  the  fact  that  only  the 
slender  terminal  twigs  are  preserved.  This  is  regarded  as  improbable, 
however,  since  the  same  reasoning  should  hold  good  for  the  areas  where 
only  thicker  twigs  have  been  found. 

The  remains  are  usually  much  macerated  and  broken  and  the  imme- 
diate cause  for  the  recognition  of  a  new  variety  was  the  discovery  of  a 
relatively  large  specimen  from  the  Magothy  formation  of  Maryland, 
which  showed  such  striking  unlikeness  to  the  type  that  separation  was 
demanded  and  specific  differentiation  was  even  considered.  In  view,  how- 
ever, of  the  occurrence  of  both  forms  in  association  in  Maryland  and  the 
well-known  variation  of  not  only  the  type,  but  of  coniferous  foliage  in 
general,  it  seemed  wiser  to  consider  the  present  as  a  variety  of  the  type, 
which  as  time  progressed  supplanted  it  to  a  large  extent,  if  not  altogether. 

The  new  specimen  from  Maryland  shows  the  terminal  part  of  two 
approximately  parallel  and  curved  twigs  about  12  cm.  in  length,  united 
proximad.  These  in  their  largest  portion  are  only  6  mm.  in  diameter.  At 
intervals  of  from  3  mm.  to  5  mm.  subopposite  lateral  branches  are  given 
off  in  a  pinnate  manner.  These  are  relatively  much  elongated,  curved, 
and  slender,  averaging  about  4  cm.  in  length  by  2  mm.  in  diameter, 
bluntly  pointed  and  not  tapering  to  any  appreciable  extent.  These  have 
been  occasionally  observed  to  fork  pseudo-dichotomously  and  at  times 
they  give  off  toward  their  distal  ends  tiny  lateral  branchlets  less  than  a 
centimeter  in  length  and  about  a  millimeter  in  diameter. 

The  general  proportions  are  thus  decidedly  different  from  the  sup- 
posed parent  type.  The  leaves  are  slightly  smaller  and  smoother  and 
somewhat  more  elongated  in  their  relative  proportions,  at  the  same  time 
lacking  the  apical  papilla  and  the  convergent  striae.  The  form  is  much 
more  graceful  in  appearance,  and  in  its  general  aspect  suggests  the 
Lo\ver  Cretaceous  genus  Arthrotaxopsis  of  Fontaine. 

While  tiny  species  of  Brachyphyllum  like  BrachyphyUum  microdadum 
Saporta  of  the  Neo-Jurassic  have  been  described,  the  new  variety  is  even 
more  slender  than  Brachyphyllum  gracile  Brongniart  of  the  Jurassic. 
The  most  closely  allied  form  known  appears  to  be  one  from  the  Albian  of 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  785 

Buarcos  in  Portugal  described  by  Saporta '  as  Brachyphyllum  obesiforme 
elongatum.  There  is  also  considerable  resemblance  to  Brachyphyllum 
crassicaule  Fontaine  of  the  Patapsco  formation  in  Maryland  and  Virginia. 

The  present  variety  is  abundant  throughout  the  Tuscaloosa  formation 
and  in  the  basal  part  of  the  Eutaw  formation  in  Alabama  and  western 
Georgia,  and  occurs  also  in  the  Woodbine  formation  of  Texas,  but  is 
known  only  from  a  single  locality  in  Maryland. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Sullivan's  Cove,  Round  Bay, 
Anne  Arundel  County. 

Collection. — Johns  Hopkins  University. 

Order  FINALES 
Family  PiNACEAE 

Genus  SEQUOIA  Endlicher 
[Synop.  Conif.,  1847,  p.  197] 

SEQUOIA  HETEROPHYLLA  Velenovsky 
Plate  LIII,  Fig.  2 ;  Plate  LIV,  Fig.  7 

Sequoia  heterophylla  Velenovsky,  1885,  Gymnos.  Bohm.  Kreidef.,  p.  22,  pi. 

xii,  fig.  12;  pi.  xiii,  figs.  2-4,  6-9. 
Sequoia  heterophylla  Velenovsky,  1888,  Sitz.  k.  Bohm.  Gesel.  Wiss.,  Prag., 

p.  593,  figs.  7,  8. 
Sequoia  heterophylla  Hollick,  1892,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xii,  p.  3, 

pi.  i,  fig.  18. 
Sequoia  heterophylla  Ward,  1895,  15th  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pp. 

378,  380,  392. 
Sequoia  heterophylla  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi, 

p.  49,  pi.  vi,  figs.  1-13. 
Sequoia  heterophylla  Knowlton,  1905,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  257,  p. 

132,  pi.  xvi,  fig.  5. 
Sequoia  heterophylla  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p. 

165. 
Sequoia  heterophylla  Berry,  1906,  Ann.  Kept.  State  Geol.  of  New  Jersey 

for  1905,  p.  139. 

Sequoia  heterophylla  Berry,  1907,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiv,  p.  189. 
Sequoia  heterophylla  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  41, 

pi.  iii,  figs.  2,  3. 
Sequoia  heterophylla  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p. 

95,  pi.  vi. 

1  Saporta,  Fl.  Foss.  Portugal,  1894,  p.  176,  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  14. 


786  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Description. — This  characteristic  species,  described  originally  from 
the  Cenomanian  of  Bohemia,  may  be  readily  recognized  by  the  form  of 
the  foliage — the  flat,  lanceolate,  decurrent  leaves  above,  and  the  short  and 
appressed  leaves  below.  Newberry  says  of  this  species  that  it  is  one  of  the 
most  common  conifers  of  the  Amboy  clays,  but  mentions  no  localities. 
The  writer  has  only  found  it  in  the  Upper  Raritan  at  South  Amboy,  New 
Jersey,  where  it  is  very  common,  and  at  the  Hylton  pits,  which  are  also 
near  the  top  of  the  Earitan,  and  it  has  been  collected  by  Hollick  from  a 
probably  equivalent  horizon  at  Kreischerville,  Staten  Island. 

In  the  overlying  Magothy  formation  it  is  a  common  species  with  a 
recorded  range  from  Marthas  Vineyard  to  Maryland,  and  in  the  allied 
Black  Creek  formation  of  North  Carolina.  It  occurs  in  the  Tuscaloosa 
formation  of  Alabama  and  in  the  West  it  occurs  in  the  Judith  Eiver  beds 
of  Montana.  The  form  described  by  Newberry  from  the  Cretaceous  of 
Nanaimo,  Vancouver  Island,  as  Sequoia  cuneata  is  very  similar  to  the 
present  species. 

In  1888  (op.  cit.)  Velenovsky  described  additional  twigs  of  this  species 
and  cones  from  the  Cenomanian  of  Hloubetin,  Bohemia,  although  he  does 
not  state  that  they  were  attached.  The  cones  were  of  small  size  2.3  cm.  by 
1.5  cm.,  elliptical  in  outline,  and  were  made  up  of  a  relatively  small  num- 
ber of  slender,  rhomboidal,  umbilicate  scales  of  Sequoia  type. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FOKMATION.  Deep  Cut,  Delaware;  Grove 
Point,  Cecil  County  ;  Litte  Eound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

SEQUOIA  AMBIGUA  Heer 

Sequoia  ambigua  Heer,  1874,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  iii,  Ab.  ii,  pp.  78,  91,  pi. 

xxi,  figs.  1-11;  pi.  xxv,  fig.  5. 

Sequoia  amMgua  Heer,  1882,  Ibidem,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  pp.  17,  52,  pi.  i,  fig.  3. 
Sequoia  ambigua  Bozzi,  1888,  Atti  Soc.  Ital.  Sci.  Nat.,  vol.  xxxi,  p.  401,  pi. 

vi,  fig.  2. 
Sequoia  ambigua  Fontaine,  1890,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xv,  1889, 

p.  245,  pi.  cxviii,  fig.  2;  pi.  cxx,  figs.  1-6;  pi.  cxxvii,  fig.  5;  pi.  cxxxii, 

fig.  3. 
Sequoia  ambigua  White,  1890,  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  xxxix,  p.  97,  pi.  ii,  figs. 

2,  3. 
Sphenolepidium  recurvifolium  Fontaine,  1890,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 

xv,  1889,  p.  258,  pi.  cxxvii,  fig.  2;  pi.  cxxx,  figs.  2,  7. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  787 

Sptienolepidium  dentifolium  Fontaine,  1890,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 
xv,  1889,  p.  258,  pi.  cxxviii,  figs.  2-6;  pi.  cxxix,  fig.  6;  pi.  cxxx,  figs. 
4-6,  10. 

Sequoia  ambigua  Bozzi,  1891,  Bol.  Soc.  Geol.  Ital.,  vol.  x,  p.  373,  pi.  xv,  fig.  4. 

Sequoia  ambigua  Nathorst,  1893,  in  Felix  and  Lenk,  Beitr.  z.  Geol.  u.  Pal. 
Repub.  Mexico,  ii  Theil,  1  Heft,  p.  51,  figs.  1-3. 

Sequoia  ambigua  Hollick,  1895,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Am.,  vol.  vii,  p.  13. 

Sequoia  gracilis  Fontaine,  1899,  in  Ward,  19th  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, pt.  ii,  p.  675,  pi.  clxvi,  fig.  2  (non  Heer). 

Sequoia  ambigua  Uhler,  1901,  Trans.  Md.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  i  (1892),  p.  207. 

Sequoia  ambigua  Fontaine,  1906,  in  Ward,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 
xlviii,  1905,  pp.  272,  281,  538,  555,  pi.  Ixix,  fig.  6;  pi.  ex,  fig.  13. 

Sptienolepidium  dentifolium  Fontaine,  1906,  in  Ward,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol,  Sur- 
vey, vol.  xlviii,  1905,  pp.  484,  528,  538,  546,  555. 

Arthrotaxopsis  expansa  Fontaine,  1906,  in  Ward,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 
vol.  xv,  1889,  pp.  533,  535,  538,  555,  573,  pi.  cix,  figs.  12,  13  (non  pp.  504, 
520,  547,  571). 

Sequoia  ambigua  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  41,  pi.  iii, 
figs.  7,  8. 

Sequoia  ambigua  Knowlton,  1907,  Smith.  Misc.  Coll.,  vol.  iv,  pt.  i,  1907, 
p.  126. 

Sequoia  ambigua  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  20. 

Sequoia  ambigua  Berry,  1911,  Proc.  U.  S.  Natl.  Mus.,  vol.  xl,  p.  310. 

Sequoia  ambigua  Berry,  1911,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Lower  Cretaceous,  p.  449,  pi. 
Ixxviii,  figs.  1-7. 

Description. — "  S.  ramis  elongatis,  foliis  omnino  tectis,  ramulis  alternis, 
gracilibus,  foliis  decurrentibus,  brevibus,  crassiusculis,  falcato-incurvis, 
apice  acuminatis,  uninerviis,  strobilis  globosis,  squamis  peltatis,  planius- 
culis."— Heer,  1874. 

Eemains  of  the  foliage  of  this  species  are  distinguishable  from  those 
of  contemporaneous  conifers,  which  occur  in  the  beds  with  them,  by  the 
relatively  short  and  very  stout,  acuminate,  falcate  or  recurved,  decurrent 
leaves. 

The  cones  are  spheroidal  and  consist  of  relatively  few,  short  scales  with 
longitudinally  striated  peduncles  and  suddenly  expanded,  quadrangular, 
peltate,  umbilicate  tips.  These  cones  are  abundant  in  the  Lower  Creta- 
ceous of  Maryland,  occurring  usually  as  detached  ferruginized  mud  casts, 
and  are  fully  described  in  the  writer's  account  of  the  Lower  Cretaceous 
flora  of  Maryland. 

As  recorded  in  the  literature  cited  above,  Sequoia  ambigua  is  widely 
distributed  geographically  and  it  has  an  equally  great  geological  range. 


788  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Described  originally  from  the  Koine  beds  (Urgonian)  of  Greenland  by 
Professor  Heer,  this  author  soon  afterward  recorded  it  from  the  Upper 
Cretaceous  Atane  beds  of  that  country.  It  has  been  recorded  by  Nathorst 
from  the  Neocomian  of  Mexico  and  it  is  present  in  the  Kootenai  forma- 
tion of  Montana.  It  is  a  member  of  the  Shasta  flora  of  the  Pacific  Coast 
(Horse town  beds),  and  is  probably  represented  in  the  Fuson  formation 
of  eastern  Wyoming  by  what  Professor  Fontaine  calls  Sequoia  gracilis. 
In  the  Upper  Cretaceous,  remains  in  every  way  identical  with  these  Lower 
Cretaceous  occurrences  are  present  in  the  Magothy  formation  at  Gay 
Head,  Marthas  Vineyard,  and  in  Maryland,  as  well  as  in  the  Tuscaloosa 
formation  of  Alabama.  A  similar  occurrence  is  that  in  the  Emscherian  of 
Italy  recorded  by  Bozzi  (op.  cit.).  After  much  comparison  and  study  the 
writer  is  unable  to  formulate  good  characters  for  the  separation  of  the 
later  from  the  earlier  Cretaceous  forms  that  have  been  referred  to  this 
species. 

The  Upper  Cretaceous  forms  resemble  greatly  some  of  the  homotaxial 
remains  referred  by  Heer  and  others  to  Sequoia  subulata  Heer  and  to 
Sequoia  fastigiata  (Sternb.)  Heer.  They  are,  however,  different  from  the 
types  of  both  these  species,  and  it  seems  probable  that  the  later  identi- 
fications include  diverse  species  under  these  names.  The  fragments 
figured  in  1876  by  Lesquereux  from  the  Dakota  group  as  S.  fastigiata  are 
also  quite  similar  to  the  eastern  remains  referred  to  Sequoia  ambigua. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Round  Bay,  Anne  Arundel 
County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

SEQUOIA  REICHENBACHI  (Geinitz)   Heer 1 

Araucarites  reichenbachi  Geinitz,    1842,    Charakteristik    d.    Schichten    u. 

Petrefacten  sachs.-bohm.  Kreide,  Heft  iii,  p.  98,  pi.  xxiv,  fig.  4. 
Cryptomeria  primwva  Corda,  1846,  in  Reuss,  Versteinerungen  bohm.  Krei- 

def.,  Ab.  ii,  p.  89,  pi.  xlviii,  figs.  1-11. 

1  Three  citations,  involving  a  change  in  the  specific  name  of  this  well-known 
form,  are  here  omitted  as  being  too  uncertain:  Conites  familiaris  Sternberg, 
Bergeria  minuta  Presl,  and  Sedites  ?  rabenhorstii  Geinitz.  A  complete  sy- 
nonymy of  this  species  has  been  given  in  the  writer's  account  of  the  Lower 
Cretaceous  flora  of  Maryland.  After  giving  the  earlier  names,  only  Upper 
Cretaceous  citations  are  given  in  the  present  connection. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  789 

Pinus  exogyra  Corda,  1846,  in  Reuss,  Ibidem,  p.  91,  pi.  xlviii,  figs.  16-18. 

Geinitzia  cretacea  Endlicher,  1847,  Syn.  Conif.,  p.  281. 

Pinites  exogyrus  Endlicher,  1847,  Ibidem,  p.  284. 

Araucaria  reichenbachi  Debey,  1849,  Entwurf.  z.  e.  Geogn.-Geogenst.  Darst. 

d.  Gegend  v.  Aachen  (Nachtrage),  p.  63. 
Cryptomerites  primcevus  Brongniart,  1849,  Tableau,  p.  74. 
Piceites  exogyrus  Goppert,  1850,  Mon.  Fossils  Conif.,  p.  208. 
Cycadopsis  cryptomerioides  Miquel,  1853,  Verb.  Geol.  Kaart.  v.  Nederl.,  Deel 

i,  p.  42  (10),  pi.  iii. 

Araucarites  appressus  v.  d.  Marck,  1863,  Pal.,  Bd.  xi,  p.  80,  pi.  xiii,  figs.  10, 11. 
Sequoia  reichenbachi  Heer,  1868,  Fl.  Fossils  Arct.,  Bd.  i,  p.  83,  pi.  xliii,  figs. 

Id,  2b,  5a. 
Sequoia  reichenbachi  Heer,  1869,  Kreidefl.  v.  Quedlinburg,  p.  9,  pi.  i,  fig.  2 

(Neue  Denks.  schweiz.  Gesell.  Naturw.,  Bd.  xxiv). 
Sequoia  reichenbachi  Heer,  1872,  Fl.  v.  Moletein  in  Mahren,  p.  7,  pi.  i,  figs. 

1-9  (Neue  Denks.  schweiz.  Gesell.  Naturw.,  Bd.  xxiii,  Mem.  ii). 
Sequoia  reichenbachi  Lesquereux,  1874,  Cret.  FL,  p.  51,  pi.  i,  figs.  10,  lOa, 

lOb. 
Sequoia  reichenbachi  Heer,  1874,  Fl.  Fossils  Arct,  Bd.  iii,  Ab.  ii,  pp.  77,  101, 

126,  pi.  xii,  figs.  7c,  7d;  pi.  xx,  figs.  1-8;  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  2;  pi.  xxxiv,  fig. 

1;  pi.  xxxvi,  figs.  1-8;  pi.  xxxvii,  figs.  1,  2. 

Abietites  dubius  Lesquereux,  1878,  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  81,  pi.  vi,  figs.  20,  21,  21a. 
Sequoia  reichenbachi  Hosius  and  v.  d.  Marck,  1880,  Pal.,  Bd.  xxvi,  pp.  132, 

179,  pi.  xxxvii,  figs.  145,  146. 
Sequoia  reichenbachi  Heer,  1882,  Fl.  Fossils  Arct.,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  52,  pi. 

xxviii,  fig.  7. 

Sequoia  reichenbachi  Dawson,  1882,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Can.,  p.  21. 
Sequoia  reichenbachi  Velenovsky,  1885,  Gymn.  bohm.  Kreidef.,  p.  19,  pi. 

viii,  figs.  8,  9;  pi.  ix,  figs.  5,  5a,  6a,  7a,  lOa,  12,  12a,  13,  14. 
Sequoia  couttsiw  Hollick,  1892,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xii,  p.  30,  pi.  i, 

fig.  5  (non  Heer). 
Sequoia  reichenbachi  Hollick,  1892,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xii,  p.  30, 

pi.  i,  fig.  18. 
Sequoia  reichenbachi  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Surv.,  vol.  xvii, 

p.  35,  pi.  ii,  fig.  4. 

Sequoia  reichenbachi  Smith,  1894,  Geol.  Coastal  Plain  in  Ala.,  p.  348. 
Sequoia  reichenbachi  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi, 

1895,  p.  49,  pi.  ix,  fig.  19. 
Sequoia  reichenbachi  Krasser,  1896,  Kreidefl.  v.  Kunstadt  in  Mahren,  Pal- 

aeont.  Oest.  Ung.  u.  d.  Orients,  Bd.  x,  p.  124. 
Sequoia  reichenbachi  Knowlton,  1899,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxxii, 

p.  657. 
Sequoia  reichenbachi  Berry,  1903,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.,  vol.  iii,  p.  59,  pi. 

xlviii,  figs.  15-18,  20. 
Sequoia  reichenbachi  Berry,  1904,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxi,  p.  69, 

pi.  iv,  fig.  8. 
Sequoia  reichenbachi  Berry,  1905,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxii,  p.  44, 

pi.  i,  fig.  3. 


790  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Sequoia  reichenbachi  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  1906, 

p.  165. 

Sequoia  reichenbachi  Berry,  1906,  Rept.  State  Geol.  (N.  J.),  for  1905,  p.  139. 
Sequoia  reichenbachi  Hollick,  1906,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  42, 

pi.  ii,  fig.  40;  pi.  iii,  figs.  4,  5. 

Sequoia  reichenbachi  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  20. 
Sequoia  reichenbachi  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p.  93. 
Sequoia  reichenbachi  Berry,  1911,  Md.  Geol.  Surv.,  Lower  Cretaceous,  p. 

444,  pi.  Ixxvii,  fig.  7. 
Sequoia  reichenbachi  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  84. 

pp.  23,  107,  pi.  iv,  figs.  1-4. 

Description. — "  S.  ramis  elongatis,  foliis  decurrentibus,  patentibus, 
falcato-incurvis,  rigidis,  acuiriinatis." — Heer,  1869. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  wide-ranging  fossil  plants,  both  geologically  and 
geographically,  that  is  known,  and  it  seems  very  probable  that  is  is  of  a 
composite  character,  the  well-known  difficulty  in  distinguishing  between 
coniferous  twigs  of  this  character  prohibiting  any  satisfactory  segregation. 
Described  originally  as  a  species  of  Araucarites,  certain  of  these  remains 
from  the  Staten  Island  Cretaceous  have  shown  by  their  vascular  structure 
that  they  are  related  to  the  Araucariece,  while  on  the  other  hand  a  large 
number  of  exactly  similar  remains  of  leaf-bearing  twigs  bore  cones  which 
are  unquestionably  those  of  Sequoia.  Twigs  of  this  sort  are  abundant 
throughout  the  Potomac  group,  occurring  also  in  the  Fuson  formation  of 
the  Black  Hills,  the  Kootenai  of  Montana,  the  Shasta  of  California,  the 
Kome  beds  of  Greenland,  and  the  Neocomian  of  Central  Mexico.  Abroad 
they  have  been  reported  from  the  Upper  Jurassic  (?)  of  Portugal,  the 
Neocomian  of  Belgium,  the  Barremian  of  Silesia,  and  the  Albian  of 
Switzerland. 

As  might  be  expected  from  their  great  range,  fossils  of  the  Sequoia 
reichenbachi  type  are  of  slight  stratigraphic  value,  nevertheless  the 
remains  are  very  abundant  from  New  Jersey  to  Alabama  at  the  Magothy- 
Black  Creek-Middendorf-Tuscaloosa-Eutaw  horizons,  apparently  identical 
in  character  and  frequently  cone-bearing,  the  cones  being  small,  prolate 
spheroids  in  shape,  and  consisting  of  relatively  few,  peltate,  umbilicate, 
Sequoia-like  scales.  Sequoia  twigs  are  very  resistant  to  maceration,  and 
frequently  are  about  the  last  vegetable  remains  to  disintegrate  in  marine 
waters.  This  species  is  rare  in  the  Earitan  formation  of  New  Jersey  and 
is  unknown  in  the  Maryland  Earitan.  It  is  common  at  later  Upper  Cre- 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  791 

taceous  outcrops  in  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Maryland  (foliage  and  cones), 
North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Alabama. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Deep  Cut,  Delaware;  Grove 
Point,  Cecil  County;  Eound  Bay  and  Little  Eound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel 
County,  Maryland. 

Collection.- — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Genus  CUPRESSINOXYLON  Goeppert  (?) 
[Mon.  Foss.  Conif.,  1850,  p.  196] 

CUPRESSINOXYLON  ?  BIBBINSI  Knowlton 

Cupressinoxylon  ?  6i&&insi  Knowlton,  1896,  Science,  n.  s.,  vol.  iii,  pp.  582- 
584,  tf.  1-4. 

Description. — This  species  was  based  on  sections  of  poorly  preserved 
lignite  from  the  type  locality  of  the  Magothy  formation  at  Cape  Sable. 
The  wood  cells  are  almost  obliterated  by  crushing :  the  radial  sections  show 
the  walls  to  have  been  thick  and  with  a  single  interrupted  series  of  large 
bordered  pits ;  the  rays,  as  shown  in  tangential  sections,  are  crushed,  but 
appear  to  have  been  uniseriate  and  of  about  four  cells. 

The  material  upon  which  this  species  is  founded  is  much  too  incom- 
plete for  even  successful  generic  determination.  The  genus  Cupressi- 
noxylon to  which  it  has  been  referred  was  discussed  by  the  writer  in  a  pre- 
vious report 1  and  need  not  be  amplified  in  the  present  connection. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Cape  Sable,  Magothy  Eiver, 
Anne  Arundel  County. 

Collections. — U.  S.  National  Museum,  Goucher  College. 

Subfamily  CUPRESSEAE 

Genus  THUJA  Linne 
[Sp.  PI.  1753,  p.  1002] 

THUJA  CRETACEA  (Heer)  Newberry 

Libocedrus  cretacea  Heer,  1882,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  49,  pi.  xxix, 

figs.  1-3;  pi.  xliii,  fig.  Id. 
Thuja  cretacea  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p.  53, 

pi.  x,  figs.  1,  la. 

1  Berry,  E.  W.,  Md.  Geol.  Survey,  Lower  Cretaceous,  1911,  pp.  413-415. 


792  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Thuja  cretacea  Knowlton,  1905,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  257,  p.  133,  pi. 

xvi,  figs.  3a. 
Thuja  cretacea  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  169. 

Description. — "L.    ramulis    gracilibus,    oppositis,    compressis,    foliis 
quadrifariam,  facialibus    rhombeis,  minutis,  dorso  argute  carinatis."- 
Heer,  1882. 

This  species  was  described  originally  from  the  Atane  beds  of  Greenland 
as  a  species  of  Libocedrus.  When  Professor  Newberry  came  to  study  the 
abundant  remains  from  the  Upper  Earitan  he  changed  the  generic  ref- 
erence to  Thuja  on  what  appears  to  be  good  evidence.  Similar  remains 
have  been  identified  by  Knowlton  from  the  Judith  River  beds  of  Montana, 
and  the  writer  has  noted  identical  remains  in  considerable  abundance  in 
the  Magothy  formation  of  Delaware  and  Maryland. 

The  twigs  are  strap-shaped  with  nearly  parallel  sides  2  mm.  or  slightly 
less  in  width  and  with  four  rows  of  short  appressed  leaves. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Deep  Cut,  Delaware;  Grove 
Point,  Cecil  County,  Maryland. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Genus  JUNIPERUS  Linn6 
[Sp.  pi.,  1753,  p.  1038] 

JUNIPEKUS    HYPNOIDES    Heer 

Juniperus  hypnoides  Heer,  1882,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  47,  pi.  xliv, 

fig.  3;  pi.  xlvi,  fig.  18. 
Juniperus  hypnoides  Hollick,  1892,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xii,  p.  22, 

pi.  i,  fig.  1. 
Juniperus  macilenta  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol,  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p. 

54,  pi.  x,  fig.  7. 
Juniperus  hypnoides  Hollick,  1902,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  ii,  p.  403, 

pi.  xli,  fig.  7,  7a. 

Juniperus  hypnoides  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  168. 
Juniperus  hypnoides  Berry,  1906,  Ann.  Rept.  State  Geol.  of  New  Jersey  for 

1905,  p.  139. 
Juniperus  hypnoides  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  46,  pi. 

ii,  figs.  26  (ex  parte),  27b,  28;  pi.  iii,  figs.  12-13a. 

Description. — "J.  multiramosa,  ramulis  tenuissimis,  congestis,  foliis 
oppositis,  falcatis,  apice  acuminatis,  uninerviis,  1  mm.  longis." — Heer, 
1882. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SUEVEY  793 

This  conifer  which  is  a  common  one  in  the  Karitan  was  referred  by 
Professor  Newberry  to  Juniperus  macilenta  Heer,  although  if  the  two 
species  are  to  be  kept  separate,  a  not  altogether  certain  proposition,  it  is 
clearly  more  closely  allied  to  Juniperus  hypnoides,  under  which  Hollick 
has  already  placed  it  (loc.  cit.,  1907).  Professor  ISTewberry  describes  its 
association  at  Woodbridge  with  Dammara  scales  and  was  evidently  of  the 
opinion  that  the  one  was  the  fruit  of  the  other.  Material  in  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden  shows  this  association  which  is  probably,  however, 
purely  a  mechanical  one.  The  type  material  came  from  the  Atane  beds  of 
Greenland,  and  additional  remains  are  also  abundant  in  the  Karitan  of 
Kreischerville,  Staten  Island  and  in  the  Magothy  formation  of  Marthas 
Vineyard,  New  Jersey  and  Delaware. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Deep  Cut,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Genus  WIDDRINGTONITES  Endlicher 
[Synop.  Conif.,  1847,  p.  271] 

WIDDRINGTONITES  REiCHii(Ettingshausen)  Heer1 
Plate  LV,  Fig.  1 

Frenelites  reichii  Ettingshausen,  1867,  Kreidefl.  von  Niederschoena,  p.  12 

(246),  pi.  i,  figs.  lOa-lOc. 
Glyptostrobus  gracillimus  Lesquereux,  1868,  Amer.  Jour.  Sci  (ii),  vol.  xlvi, 

p.  92. 
Glyptostrol>us  gracillimus  Lesquereux,  1874,  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  52,  pi.  1,  figs.  8, 

11-llf. 
Widdringtonites  reichii  Heer,  1882,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct,  vol.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  51,  pi. 

xxviii,  fig.  5. 
Glyptostrobus  gracillimus  Lesquereux,  1883,  Cret.  &  Tert.  FL,  p.  32,  pi.  i, 

figs.  6-6b. 
Widdringtonites  reichii  Heer,  1883,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  vol.  vii,  p.  13,  pi.  Hi,  figs. 

4,  5. 
Widdringtonia  reichii  Velenovsky,   1885,  Gym.  bohm.  Kreidef.,   p.   27,   pi. 

viii,  figs.  4-6;  pi.  x,  figs.  1,  11,  12. 

1  The  following  earlier  citations  are  included  under  this  species  by  Ettings- 
hausen: Lycopodites  insignis  Reich,  in  Geinitz,  Charak.  der  Schichten  u. 
Petrefacten  sachsbohm.  Kreidegebirges,  p.  98,  1842;  Bronn.  Lethaea  geogn.,  p. 
577,  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  13,  1846.  They  are  omitted  in  the  present  connection  since 
if  they  are  positively  identified  as  this  species  it  would  involve  changing  the 
name  of  this  widespread  and  well-known  form. 


794  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Widdringtonia  reichii  Velenovsky,  1887,  Sitz.  k.  bohm.  Gesell.  Wiss.,  1886, 

p.  639,  pi.  i,  figs.  14-16. 

Widdringtonia  reichii  Engelhart,  1891,  Isis,  Ab.  7,  p.  92. 
Frenelites  reichii  Hollick,  1892,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xii,  p.  29,  pi.  i, 

fig.  23. 
Glyptostrobus  gracillimus  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 

xvii,  p.  38. 

Widdringtonites  reichii  Smith,  1894,  Geol.  Coastal  Plain  Ala.,  p.  348. 
Sequoia  gracillima  Smith,  1894,  Ibidem  (nomen  nudum). 
Sequoia  gracillima  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  1895, 

p.  50,  in  part  (non  pi.  ix,  figs.  1-3). 

Widdringtonites  reichii  Newberry,  1896,  Ibidem,  p.  57,  pi.  viii,  figs.  1-5. 
Widdringtonia  reichii  Krasser,  1896,  Beitr.  Pal.  Oest.  Ung.  u.  Orients,  Bd. 

x,  p.  126  (14),  pi.  xiv  (iv),  fig.  6;  pi.  xvii  (vii),,  figs.  4,  7,  8. 
Sequoia  gracillima  Newberry,  1898,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxxv,  p. 

19  (ex  parte),  pi.  xiv,  fig.  6  (non  pi.  xxvi,  fig.  9). 
Widdringtonia  reichii  Marik,  1901,  Prispevek  k.  fl.  ceskeho  cenomanu,  p.  9, 

pi.  i,  fig.  23;  pi.  ii,  fig.  2. 
Widdringtonites  reichii  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p. 

169. 
Widdringtonites  reichii  Berry,  1906,  Rept.  State  Geol.  of  New  Jersey  for 

1905,  p.  138. 
Widdringtonites  reichii  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  44, 

pi.  iv,  figs.  6-8. 
Widdringtonites  reichii  Hollick  and  Jeffrey,  1909,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden, 

vol.  iii,  p.  29,  pi.  v,  figs.  1-4;  pi.  viii,  figs.  7-11;  pi.  xx,  figs.  3-5. 
Widdringtonites  reichii  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii, 

p.  21. 
Widdringtonites  reichii  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey, 

p.  87,  pi.  viii,  figs.  1,  2. 

Description. — "  F.  ramis  suberectis  fastigiatis,  ramulis  filiformibus 
confertis,  foliis  appressis  e  basi  ovata  subulatis,  strobilis  axillaribus  duplo 
longioribus  quam  latis." — Ettingshausen,  1867. 

Medium-sized  branches  with  more  or  less  crowded,  slender,  elongated, 
fastigiate  twigs,  bearing  reduced  ovate-subulate  leaves,  spirally  arranged. 
Both  microsporangiate  and  megasporangiate  cones  have  been  found.  The 
cones  are  small  oval  bodies  5  mm.  to  12  mm.  long  by  3  mm.  to  7  mm.  in 
diameter,  usually  poorly  preserved,  said  by  Ettingshausen  to  be  axillary 
in  position  but  evidently  often  terminal,  as  evinced  by  some  of  the  Earitan 
material  as  well  as  by  some  of  the  better  preserved  cones  from  the  Ceno- 
manian  of  Bohemia  and  Moravia.  The  latter  material  clearly  shows 
that  the  cones  consisted  of  four  scales.  This  would  allv  it  with  either  the 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  795 

subgenus  Widdringtonia  of  the  genus  Callitris  Vent.,  to  which  Eichler  in 
his  treatment  of  the  living  species  in  Engler  and  Prantl  (1887)  refers 
Endlicher's  genus,  or  to  the  subgenus  Eucallitris  Brongn.,  which  also  is 
characterized  by  four  cone-scales.  The  latter  has  a  single  living  species  of 
northern  Africa  and  the  former  has  three  or  four  species  of  southern 
Africa  and  Madagascar.  The  propriety  of  Eichler's  classification  may 
well  be  questioned,  and  in  any  event  paleobotanists  must  necessarily  prefer 
the  older  segregation  of  Frenela  and  Widdringtonia  and  their  respective 
form-genera. 

There  seems  to  be  but  little  doubt  that  the  present  species  should  be 
referred  to  Widdringtonia,  as  Velenovsky  and  Krasser  have  done,  but  as 
the  term  Widdringtonites  is  equally  indicative  of  its  true  affinity,  little  is 
to  be  gained  by  making  the  proposed  change. 

This  species,  which  is  probably  the  most  common  conifer  of  the  Raritan 
formation,  was  described  originally  by  Ettingshausen  from  the  Cenom- 
manian  of  Xiederschcena,  in  Saxony,  as  a  species  of  Frenelites.  When 
Heer  discovered  it  in  the  Greenland  material,  where  it  has  been  collected 
from  both  the  Atane  and  the  Patoot  beds,  he  transferred  it  to  the  present 
genus.  It  has  subsequently  been  reported  from  the  Cenomanian  of 
Bohemia  and  Moravia,  from  the  Magothy  formation  at  numerous  localities 
and  from  the  southern  New  England  islands.  It  has  also  been  reported 
from  the  Tuscaloosa  formation  of  Alabama,  where  it  is  abundant  at  a 
number  of  localities.  Heer  made  Glyptostrobus  gracillimus  Lesq.,  of  the 
Dakota  group,  a  synonym  of  this  species,  and  he  has  been  followed  by 
many  subsequent  authors. 

In  a  recent  paper  Hollick  and  Jeffrey  (op.  cit.}  have  studied  the 
anatomy  of  fragments  of  twigs  from  the  Raritan  formation  of  Staten 
Island,  Xew  York.  They  are  led  to  claim  a  relationship  with  the  Arau- 
cariacece  for  this  form.  This  is  not  at  all  conclusively  shown  by  the  speci- 
mens studied  and  even  were  this  evidence  admitted  for  this  material  it 
would  scarcely  affect  the  question  of  relationship  of  the  great  bulk  of  the 
remains  referred  to  Widdringtonites  or  Widdringtonia,  since  Ettings- 
hausen and  Krasser  (op.  cit.)  have  conclusively  shown  the  relationship 
with  Widdringtonia  by  means  of  the  megasporangiate  cones.  While  these 
52 


796  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

have  not  been  found  in  organic  union  with  the  leafy  twigs  in  the  American 
material,  attached  cones  of  this  type  have  been  found  by  the  writer *  in  the 
closely  related  species  Widdringtonites  subtilis  Heer. 

Widdringtonites  reichii  is  closely  allied  to  and  descended  from,  if  not 
identical  with,  a  common  conifer  of  the  Patapsco  formation  of  Maryland 
and  Virginia  described  by  the  writer  2  as  Widdringtonites  ramosus,  and 
based  upon  Taxodium  ramosum  and  various  other  species  of  Professor  Fon- 
taine's Flora  of  the  Potomac  Group. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Deep  Cut,  Delaware;  Grove 
Point,  Cecil  County;  Round  Bay,  Anne  Arundel  County,  Maryland. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

.  Family  INCERTAE 

Genus  PROTOPHYLLOCLADUS  Berry 
[Bull.  Torrey  Club,  vol.  xxx,  1903,  p.  440] 

PROTOPHYLLOCLADUS  SUBINTEGRIFOLIUS   (Lesquereux)  Berry  (?) 
Plate  LVI,  Fig.  2 

Phyllocladus  subintegrifolius  Lesquereux,  1868,  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  xlvi, 

p.  92. 

Phyllocladus  subintegrifolius  Lesquereux,  1874,  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  54,  pi.  i,  fig.  12. 
Thinnfeldia  lesquereuxiana  Heer,  1882,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  37, 

pi.  xliv,  figs.  9,  10;  pi.  xlvi,  figs.  11,  12a,  12b. 
Phyllocladus  subintegrifolius  Lesquereux,   1892,  Mon.  U.   S.  Geol.   Survey, 

vol.  xvii,  p.  34,  pi.  ii,  figs.  1-3. 
Thinnfeldia  lesquereuxiana  Hollick,  1892,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xi, 

p.  98,  pi.  iii,  fig.  6. 
Thinnfeldia  lesquereuxiana  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 

xxvi,  p.  59,  pi.  xi,  figs.  1-17. 
Thinnfeldia  subintegrifolia  Knowlton,  1898,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No. 

152,  p.  228. 
Protophyllocladus  subintegrifolius  Berry,  1903,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol. 

xxx,  p.  440. 
Protophyllocladus  subintegrifolius  Berry,  1904,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxi,  p.  69,  pi. 

i,  fig.  5. 
Protophyllocladus  subintegrifolius  Berry,  1907,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ., 

n.  s.,  No.  7,  pp.  89-91,  fig.  6. 

1  Berry,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxix,  pp.  341-348,  pi.  xxiv,  1912. 

*  Berry,  Md.  Geol.  Survey,  Lower  Cretaceous,  p.  428,  pi.  Ixxiii,  figs.  1-6,  1911. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  797 

Protophyllocladus  subintegrifolius  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 

vol.  1,  p.  36,  pi.  v,  figs.  1-6. 
Protophyllocladus  subintegrifolius  Berry,    1911,   Bull.    3,   Geol.   Survey   of 

New  Jersey,  p.  98,  pi.  ix. 

Description. — Leaves  oblong  to  linear  in  outline  and  coriaceous  in 
texture,  from  3  cm.  to  17  cm.  in  length  by  0.6  cm.  to  3  cm.  in 
width.  Apex  usually  obtuse,  rarely  pointed.  Base  decidedly  and  narrowly 
cuneate  to  the  short  petiole.  Margins  entire  below,  above  obtusely  dentate 
or  undulate,  with  occasionally  teeth  which  are  acute.  Midrib  stout  below 
becoming  attenuated  above  and  frequently  disappearing  some  distance 
below  the  apex.  Laterals  numerous,  close,  immersed ;  they  branch  at  an 
angle  of  about  20°,  running  nearly  straight  and  approximately  parallel 
to  the  margin,  sometimes  forking.  Stomata  scattered  on  both  surfaces, 
with  typical  guard  cells. 

This  is  a  widespread  species  ranging  in  considerable  abundance  from 
Greenland  (Atanebeds)  to  Alabama  (Tuscaloosa  formation),  and  west  to 
Kansas  and  Xebraska  (Dakota  sandstone).  Originally  referred  to  Phyt- 
locladus  by  Lesquereux,  his  type  is  almost  identical  with  certain  phyllo- 
clads  of  modern  members  of  this  genus.  Subsequently  discovered  remains 
from  Kansas  are  considerably  larger  than  the  type,  as  are  also  a  number 
of  the  Greenland  specimens.  Some  of  the  Earitan  forms  have  a  somewhat 
different  aspect,  being  long  and  narrow;  sometimes  the  margins  are 
entire,  often  they  are  more  or  less  sharply  toothed. 

Much  controversy  has  centered  around  these  forms  and  especially 
around  the  older  Mesozoic  forms  referred  to  the  genus  Thinnfeldia 
Ettingshausen,  to  which  these  later  forms  were  once  referred.  The  latter 
genus  has  been  referred  successively  to  the  conifers,  ferns  and  cycads. 
There  has  never  been  much  doubt  that  the  later  forms  were  gymno- 
spermous.  The  writer  can  positively  affirm  this  conclusion,  and  also  that 
they  are  true  phylloclads  and  not  leaves  in  the  strict  morphological  sense. 

Whether  or  not  they  are  closely  related  to  the  modern  genus  Phyllocladus 
is  still  in  doubt,  although  there  are  some  excellent  arguments  for  such  a 
relationship.  While  fossil  remains  of  undoubted  relationship  to  Phyllo- 
cladus  are  extremely  rare,  Gothan  has  described  1  wood  of  a  similar  type 

1  Gothan,  Kgl.  Svenska  Vetens.  Akad.  Handl.,  Bd.  xlii,  No.  10,  1907. 


798  SYSTEMATIC  PALEOXTOLOGY 

from  the  Jurassic  of  the  east  coast  of  Greenland  under  the  name  of  Pliyllo- 
cladoxylon.  The  present  species  has  not  heretofore  been  recorded  in  the 
Coastal  Plain  south  of  the  Xew  Jersey  area,  although  it  is  apparently 
represented  by  fragmentary  material  in  the  Magothy  formation  of  Mary- 
land and  the  Tuscaloosa  formation  of  Alabama. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATIOX.     Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

PROTOPHYLLOCLADUS  LOBATUS  Berry 

Thinnfeldia  sp.  nov.  Berry,  1907,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  n.  s.,  No.  7, 

p.  81. 
Protophyllocladus  lobatus  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii, 

p.  403. 
Protophyllocladus  lobatus  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No. 

84,  p.  17,  pi.  ii,  figs.  9-13. 

Description. — Leaves  (phylloclads)  of  large  size,  lanceolate  or  oval  in 
general  outline,  either  entire  with  crenate  margins,  rounded  apex  and 
narrowly  cuneate  base  or  compound  through  the  development  of  opposite 
lateral  lobes.  Axial  vascular  strand  very  stout  below,  becoming  very 
thin  and  finally  disappearing  apically.  When  lobate,  subordinate  opposite 
vascular  strands  form  the  axis  of  the  lobes,  and  these  are  usually  but  not 
always  lost  before  reaching  the  tips  of  the  lobes  by  giving  off  innumerable 
secondary  branches.  Margins  in  all  cases  are  rather  remotely  undulate- 
crenate  and  the  tips  are  all  rounded.  Secondaries  numerous*  and  thin, 
diverging  from  the  main  axis  of  the  phylloclad  on  the  axis  of  the  lobes  at 
very  acute  angles,  curving  outward,  either  simple,  more  often  dichoto- 
mously  forked,  and  occasionally  several  times  forked.  Lobes  when  present 
separated  by  cuneate  narrowly  rounded  sinuses  which  terminate  some  dis- 
tance from  the  main  axis.  The  largest  specimen,  which  is  still  incomplete 
at  both  the  apex  and  the  base,  measures  8  cm.  in  length  and  5  cm.  from  tip 
to  tip  of  the  l@wer  lobes,  the  upper  entire  portion  measuring  about  1.5  cm. 
in  width. 

These  remains  are  superficially  like  fern  fronds,  especially  in  specimens 
that  are  compound,  and  were  it  not  for  the  presence  in  the  Cretaceous  of 
other  Phyttocladus-l\ke  remains  with  a  demonstrated  gymnospermous 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  799 

structure  (e.  g.,  Androvettia}  their  reference  to  this  genus  would  seem 
hazardous.  The  entire  specimens  are  strikingly  like  some  of  the  forms 
of  Protophyllocladus  subintegrifolius  (Lesquereux)  Berry  of  the  Magothy 
formations,  or  like  Protophyllocladus  polymorphus  (Lesquereux)  Berry 
from  higher  western  American  horizons,  and  even  the  compound  specimens 
have  an  unlobed  apical  portion  of  comparable  length  which  is  also  similar 
in  appearance  to  the  two  species  just  mentioned.  The  compound  forms 
are  superficially  like  Thinnfeldia  rhomboidalis  Ettingshausen,1  the  type 
of  the  genus  Thinnfeldia,  whose  systematic  position  has  been  the  occasion 
of  so  much  controversy  and  which  has  been  variously  regarded  as  a  fern, 
a  cycad,  or  a  conifer.  The  present  species  shows  important  differences, 
however,  aside  from  its  much  younger  age,  and  it  is  confidently  believed 
to  be  unrelated  to  the  various  older  Mesozoic  species  of  Thinnfeldia  that 
have  been  described. 

It  may  also  be  compared  with  various  forms  from  the  Upper  Cre- 
taceous of  Dalmatia  which  were  discussed  at  great  length  by  Kerner,2  who 
refers  them  to  the  genus  Pachypteris.  This  he  regards  as  cycadaceous  in 
nature,  but  it  is  believed  to  be  closest  to  Protophyllocladus  subintegri- 
folius, a  species  which  is  abundant  in  the  Atane  beds  of  Greenland,  the 
Dakota  group  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  the  Raritan  of  New  Jersey,  and 
the  Magothy  from  Marthas  Vineyard  to  New  Jersey,  and  which  often 
assumes  a  sublobate  form.  This  is  especially  shown  in  unreported  col- 
lections made  by  the  writer  in  the  Magothy  formation  of  New  Jersey. 

The  present  species  is  present  in  the  Magothy  formation  and  frequent 
in  the  Middendorf  beds  of  South  Carolina.  The  latter  occurrences  will 
be  fully  described  and  illustrated  in  a  forthcoming  professional  paper  of 
the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Round  Bay,  Anne  Arundel 
County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

1  Ettings.,  Abhl.  Geol.  Reichsanstalt,  Bd.  iii,  p.  2,  pi.  i,  figs.  4-7,  1852. 

2  Kerner,  Jahrb.  Geol.  Reichsanstalt,  Bd.  xlv,  p.  39,  1896. 


800  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Genus  RARITANIA  Hollick  and  Jeffrey 
[Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  Hi,  1909,  p.  26] 

EAKITANIA  GEACILIS  (Newb.)  Hollick  and  Jeffrey 
Plate  LV,  Figs.  2,  3 

Frenelopsis  gracilis  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p. 

59,  pi.  xii,  figs.  l-3a. 

Frenelopsis  gracilis  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  167. 
Raritania  gracilis  Hollick  and  Jeffrey,  1909,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol. 

iii,  p.  26,  pi.  vi,  figs.  4-7;  pi.  ix,  figs.  1-4;  pi.  x,  figs.  14-17;  pi.  xix,  figs. 

3-6;  pi.  xx,  fig.  1. 
Raritania  gracilis  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p.  92. 

Description. — Twigs  of  a  conifer,  represented  in  the  clays  by  crowded 
cylindrical  branches  of  graceful  aspect  and  slender  forking  habit.  The 
leaves  are  reduced  almost  to  the  vanishing  point,  in  fact  most  specimens 
fail  to  show  any  traces  of  leaves  whatever,  and  it  is  possible  that  these 
spirally-arranged  scale-like  leaves  of  Newberry's  description  may  have 
been  founded  upon  deceptive  material. 

These  twigs  are  unjointed,  an  objection  against  their  former  reference 
to  the  genus  Frenelopsis.  It  has  been  suggested  that  they  represent  decor- 
ticated specimens  of  Widdringtonites  reichii  (Ettingshausen)  Heer, 
which  is  so  common  in  the  Earitan  and  overlying  Magothy  formation. 
The  present  species  is  recorded  from  both  Delaware  and  Maryland. 

Hollick  and  Jeffrey  have  shown  (loc.  cit.)  from  anatomical  prepara- 
tions that  the  present  species  is  not  related  to  Frenelopsis  or  Widdring- 
tonites, but  constitutes  a  distinct  genus. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Deep  Cut,  Delaware;  Grove 
Point,  Cecil  County,  Maryland. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  801 

Genus  GEINITZIA  Endlicher 
[Synop.  Conif.,  1847,  p.  280] 

GEINITZIA  FORMOSA  Heer1 
Plate  LIV,  Fig.  6 

Geinitzia  formosa  Heer,   1871,   Kreidfl.  v.   Quedlinb.   Neue   Denks.   Schw. 

Gesell.,  Bd.  xxiv,  No.  2,  p.  6,  pi.  i,  fig.  9;  pi.  ii. 

Geinitzia  sp.  Newberry.  1873,  Proc.  N.  Y.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.,  2d  ser.,  p.  10. 
Sequoia  reichenbacM  Lange,  1890  (ex  parte),  Zeits.  Deutsch.  Geol.  Gesell., 

Bd.  xlii,  p.  770. 
Geinitzia  formosa  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  1895, 

p.  51,  pi.  ix,  fig.  9. 
Sequoia  gracillima  Newberry,   1896,  Ibidem,  pi.  ix,  figs.   1-3    (non  foliage 

description  on  p.  50). 
Geinitzia  formosa  Hollick,  1897,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xvi,  p.  129,  pi. 

xii,  figs.  1,  2. 
Sequoia  reichenbachi  ?  Stanton  and  Knowlton,  1897,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer., 

vol.  viii,  p.  137. 
Geinitzia  formosa  Knowlton,  1900,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  163,  p.  28, 

pi.  v,  figs.  1,  2. 

Geinitzia  formosa  Berry,  1903,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p.  57. 
Sequoia  gracillima  Berry,  1903,  Ibidem,  pi.  xlviii,  figs.  21,  22. 
Sequoia  gracillima  Berry,  1904,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.   Club,  vol.  xxxi,  p.   69, 

pi.  ii. 

Geinitzia  formosa  Berry,  1904,  Ibidem,  p.  68,  pi.  iv,  figs.  2,  3. 
Sequoia  gracillima  Berry,  1904,  Amer.  Geol.,  vol.  xxxiv,  pi.  15. 
Sequoia  gracillima  Berry,  1905,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxii,  p.  44. 
Sequoia  gracillima  Berry,  1906,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  165. 
Sequoia  gracillima  Berry,  1906,  Kept.  State  Geol  of  New  Jersey  for  1905, 

p.  139. 

Geinitzia  formosa  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p.  97. 
Geinitzia  gracillima  Jeffrey,  1911,  Bot.  Gazette,  vol.  1,  pp.  21-27,  pi.  viii. 

Description. — "  Strobile  ovato-cylindrici,  squamis  rachi  validae  spiral- 
iter  insertis,  apice  peltatis,  disco  concavo,  margine  crenato,  toroso ;  semina 
sub  quavis  squama  quatuor  (  ?),  squamarum  stipite  crasso  inserta,  striata. 

1  This  species  is  said  to  be  represented  by  Carpolithes  hemlocinus  of  Schlot- 
heim.  See  also  a  work  by  Ernst  von  Otto  entitled,  "  Additamente  zur  Flora 
des  Quadergebirges  in  der  Gegend  um  Dresden  und  Dippoldiswalde,"  etc.,  pt. 
1,  pi.  v,  figs.  1-3,  5,  6,  1852. 

This  species  probably  includes  the  cones  from  the  Raritan  of  Woodbridge, 
New  Jersey,  identified  by  Newberry  as  Microzamia  gibba  (Reuss)  Corda,  Mon. 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p.  45,  pi.  xii,  figs.  6,  7,  1896.  Berry,  Bull.  3,  Geol. 
Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p.  78,  1911. 


802  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Eamulis  elongatis,  virgatis,  foliis  omnino  tectis,  foliis  subfalcatis, 
angustis,  apice  valde  attenuatis,  uninerviis,  ramis  adultis  pulvinis  rhom- 
beis  obtectis." — Heer,  1871. 

The  American  occurrences  of  cones  of  this  species  have  heretofore  been 
referred  to  Sequoia  gracillima  Newberry,  a  composite  made  up  of  Geinitzia 
cones  and  Widdringtonites  foliage.  These  cones  are  exceedingly  abundant 
in  the  Magothy  formation  at  Cliffwood  Bluff,  New  Jersey,  where  those 
that  are  more  or  less  pyritized  are  washed  out  of  the  clays  by  storms  and 
high  tides.  When  preserved  as  flattened  lignitic  inclusions  they  are  some- 
what different  in  appearance,  and  it  is  believed  that  material  of  this  species 
in  the  latter  condition  of  preservation  is  the  basis  for  the  Raritan  forms 
which  were  identified  as  Microzamia  gibba  Corda  by  Newberry.1  A  single 
cone  is  contained  in  the  Magothy  collections  made  along  the  Chesapeake 
and  Delaware  Canal. 

The  foliage,  which  resembles  somewhat  that  of  Sequoia  reichenbachi 
(Geinitz)  Heer,  as  well  as  that  of  Cunningliamites  squamosus  Heer,  shows 
rather  thick  twigs  with  slender  curved  needle  leaves  interspersed  with 
small  scale-like  leaves.  It  has  been  found  at  a  number  of  localities  in  this 
country  and  is  represented  in  the  Tuscaloosa  formation  of  Alabama  by 
several  doubtful  specimens. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Deep  Cut,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Genus  MORICONIA  Debey  and  Ettingshausen 
[Denks.  Wienakad.,  Bd.  xvii,  1859,  p.  239] 

MORICONIA  AMERICANA  Berry 
Plate  LVI,  Fig.  1 

Moriconia  cyclotoxon  Berry,  1903,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p.  65, 
pi.  xliii,  fig.  4;  pi.  xlviii,  figs.  1-4  (non  Debey  and  Ettingshausen). 

Moriconia  cyclotoxon  Berry,  1904,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxi,  p.  70. 

Moriconia  cyclotoxon  Berry,  1906,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxiii,  pp.  165-167. 

Moriconia  americana  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  pp. 
20,  186. 

Moriconia  americana  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  84, 
p.  26,  pi.  vii,  figs.  1-4. 

1Newberry,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p.  45,  pi.  xii,  figs.  6,  7,  1896. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  803 

Description. — Leafy  twigs,  apparently  deciduous  in  habit,  bifacial,  phyl- 
loclad-like,  consisting  of  cyclically-arranged  leaves.  Along  the  main 
axis  on  each  flat  face  of  the  branch  these  leaves  are  relatively  and  closely 
appressed,  with  a  narrow  base  and  a  broad  semicircular  apex.  The  cor- 
responding lateral  pairs  of  leaves  are  thin  and  pointed  and  transversely 
compressed.  In  the  axis  of  each  of  these  marginal  leaves  is  a  reduced 
branch  flattened  in  the  same  plane  as  the  main  branch,  so  that  the  whole 
arrangement  is  strictly  opposite  and  distichous.  These  reduced  lateral 
branches  have  leaves  of  the  same  character  and  arrangement  as  those  of 
the  main  branch.  The  bifacial  leaves  are,  however,  somewhat  smaller 
and  blunter  and  the  marginal  leaves  are  broader  and  less  acute.  They 
become  rapidly  smaller  distad,  it  usually  requiring  not  more  than  five  or 
six  pairs  to  complete  the  blunt  lateral  reduced  twigs.  The  main  vascular 
arrangement  is  strictly  opposite  and  distichous.  These  reduced  lateral 
branches.  The  leaves  fail  to  show  any  veins.  The  texture  was  apparently 
coriaceous  but  obviously  thin  in  the  majority  of  specimens.  No  structural 
material  or  indications  of  fruits  or  fruiting  characters  have  been  discov- 
ered. This  species,  formerly  confused  with  Moriconia  cyclotoxon  of  Debey 
and  Ettingshausen,  differs  from  the  latter,  which  is  the  type  and  only  other 
known  species  of  the  genus,  in  being  more  phylloclad-like  and  strictly 
comparable  to  a  cupressineous  genus  like  Libocedrus.  It  is  also  much 
larger  (about  100  per  cent)  than  the  type  of  the  genus,  the  lateral  twigs 
are  more  reduced  and  the  main  axis  is  invariably  leafy.  It  differs  also  in 
its  geological  range,  the  two  species  not  being  anywhere  contemporaneous 
in  America,  although  the  type  in  Europe  extends  as  high  as  the  later  larger 
form  of  America. 

Superficially  these  remains  closely  resemble  fragments  of  fern  fronds; 
in  fact,  Debey,  the  original  discoverer,  always  insisted  that  they  were 
ferns,  and  Heer  described  the  earliest  collected  and  poorly  preserved 
remains  from  Greenland  as  a  species  of  Pecopteris.  There  can  be  no 
doubt,  however,  of  their  gymnospermous  nature.  For  stratigraphic  pur- 
poses they  are  one  of  the  most  characteristic  fossil  plants  known,  since  the 
geometrically  arranged  outline  of  the  leaves  is  recognizable  with  certainty 
in  the  smallest  fragment. 


804  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

They  are  strikingly  like  the  curious  genus  Androvettia  recently 
described  by  Hollick  and  Jeffrey1  and  which  these  authors  refer  to  the 
Amucariece,  although  Moriconia  has,  on  the  evidence  of  the  foliage  char- 
acters, been  invariably  referred  to  the  Cupressinece.  The  present  species 
is  common  in  the  Middendorf  beds  of  South  Carolina,  and  is  a  character- 
istic post-Earitan  species  in  the  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain,  having  been 
recorded  by  the  writer  from  numerous  localities  in  the  Magothy  formation 
of  the  northern  Coastal  Plain,  and  from  the  Black  Creek  formation  in 
North  Carolina. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FOKMATION.  Deep  Cut,  Delaware ;  Grove 
Point,  Cecil  County;  Eound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel  County,  Maryland. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Genus  CZEKANOWSKIA  Heer 
[PI.  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  iv,  Ab.  ii,  1876,  p.  65] 

CZEKANOWSKIA  CAPILLAEIS  Newberry 

Czekanowskia  capillaris  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi, 

1895,  p.  61,  pi.  ix,  figs.  14-16. 
Czekanowskia  capillaris  Hollick  and  Jeffrey,  1909,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden, 

vol.  iii,  p.  63,  pi.  vi,  figs.  1-3. 
Czekanowskia  capillaris  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey, 

p.  101. 

Description. — Leaves  deciduous,  linear  or  capillary,  striated,  long  and 
slender,  undivided  (?)  or  dichotomously  forked.  Length  8  cm.  to  10  cm. 

These  remains  occur  as  closely  packed  masses,  irregular  fascicles  and 
isolated  fragments,  and  when  unforked  or  much  broken  might  readily  be 
mistaken  for  pine  leaves.  There  are  not  uncommon  in  the  Earitan  of 
Maryland  and  are  clearly  identical  with  the  remains  described  under  the 
foregoing  name  from  the  Middle  Earitan  of  New  Jersey  and  Staten  Island. 
No  basal  portions  showing  subtending  scale-leaves  like  those  of  some  of 
the  Jurassic  species  have  been  found. 

The  genus  Czekanoivski  was  founded  by  Heer  2  in  1876  with  Czeka- 
nowskia setacea  from  the  Middle  Jurassic  (Bathonian)  of  Siberia  as  the 

1  Hollick  and  Jeffrey,  Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.,  vol.  iii,  p.  22,  pi.  iii,  figs.  1-5, 
etc.,  1909. 

2  Heer,  Beitr.  z.  Jura-Flora  Ostsibiriens  und  des  Amurlandes;  Mem.  1'Acad. 
Imp.  Sci.,  St.  Pe"tersb.,  7e  se"rie,  tome  xxii,  1876,  p.  65;  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  iv, 
Ab.  ii. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  805 

type.  He  characterized  the  genus  in  the  following  terms :  "  Folia  numer- 
osa  in  ramulo  abbreviato,  caduco  fasciculata,  subulata,  rigida,  dichotoma, 
squamis  compluribus  persistentibus  circumdata.  Flores  feminei  racemosi. 
Fructus  pedunclo  brevi  insidens,  nuculis  duabus  valde  approximatis." 

The  genus  is  discussed  at  length  by  Heer,  who  considers  that  the  asso- 
ciated small  seeds  represent  the  same  plant  which  is  therefore  placed 
among  the  Gymnospermce  and  referred  to  the  Ginkgoales.  In  this  refer- 
ence most  later  students  concur  (vide  Schenk  in  Zittel,  Palaophytologie, 
p.  267,  1890;  Seward,  Jurassic  Flora,  pt.  I,  p.  276, 1900),  although  identi- 
cal remains  have  constituted  the  genera  Jeanpaulia  of  linger,1  Sdero- 
phyllina  of  Heer,2  and  Solenites  of  Lindley  and  Hutton.3  These  remains 
in  whole  or  in  part  have  been  variously  referred  to  the  Algce  (Lindley  and 
Hutton),  to  the  Rhizocarpacece  (F.  Braun,  linger,  Brongniart),  to  the 
Isoetacece  (linger,  Brongniart,  Zigno,  Schimper),  and  to  the  Filicales 
proper  (Shenk,  Schimper,  etc.). 

The  genus  Czelcanowskia,  which  is  intimately  related  to  Trichopitys 
Saporta  and  Baiera  F.  Braun,  is  distinguished  from  both  chiefly  by  the 
less  divided,  or  undivided,  needle-like  leaves.  It  is  confined  to  the  north- 
ern hemisphere,  appearing  in  the  Rhsetic  of  Scandinavia  (C.  longissima 
Nathorst) ,  and  becoming  differentiated  and  widespread  in  Middle  Jurassic 
times  (C.  Jieerii  ISTathorst,  C.  setacea  Heer,  C.  palmatisecta  Heer,  (7.  rigida 
Heer,  and  C.  viminea  (Phillips)  Berry4  It  is  represented  in  the  Lower 
Cretaceous  by  (7.  dichotoma  Heer  of  the  Arctic  regions  and  C.  nervosa 
Heer  of  western  Europe.  The  latter  survives  into  the  Upper  Cretaceous, 
and  a  single  species,  C.  capittaris  Newberry,  is  present  in  the  early  Upper 
Cretaceous  of  America.  All  these  forms  are  very  much  alike  megascopi- 
cally. 

The  remains  are  often  common  but  are  usually  poorly  preserved  and 
resemble  masses  of  long  slender  needle-leaves  like  those  of  Pinus,  and  this 

1  Unger,  Gen.  et  Sp.,  p.  224,  1850. 

2  Heer,  Urwelt  der  Schweiz,  p.  55,  1865. 

3  Lindley  and  Hutton,  Foss.  Fl.  Gt.  Britain,  vol.  ii,  pi.  cxxi,  1834. 

4  This  is  the  correct  name  for  the  form  commonly  called  C.  Murrayana  (L. 
and  H.),  since  Phillips'  name  antedates  that  of  Lindley  and  Hutton  by  five 
years. 


806  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

resemblance  is  heightened  by  occasional  specimens  (Heer)  showing  the 
tuft  of  leaves  subtended  proximad  by  a  few  small  scale-leaves,  as  in  the 
short  shoots  of  Pinus.  In  Czekanowski,  however,  unmistakable  dicho- 
tomy is  frequent,  and  this  habit  has  been  one  of  the  main  factors  in  its 
reference  to  the  Ginkgoales  which  are  so  abundant  and  varied  during  the 
Mesozoic. 

Occurrence. — RARITAN  FORMATION.  Forked  Creek,  Severn  River, 
Anne  Arundel  County. 

Collection. — Johns  Hopkins  University. 

ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 
CLASS  MONOCOTYLEDONAE 

Genus  DORYANTHITES  Berry 
[Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii,  1911,  p.  406] 

DORYANTHITES  CRETACEA  Berry 
Plate  LVI,  Fig.  6 

Doryanthites  cretacea  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii,  p. 

406. 
Doryanthites  cretacea  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  84, 

p.  108,  pi.  xvii,  fig.  3. 

Description. — Leaves,  as  preserved,  linear,  presumably  lanceolate  above 
and  sheathing  below,  4.5  cm.  to  6  cm.  in  width  and  preserved  without  any 
diminution  in  width  for  a  length  of  50  cm.  Texture  very  coriaceous. 
Margins  entire.  Veins  simple  and  parallel,  immersed,  considerably  less 
than  1  mm.  apart.  Leaves  alike  on  both  surfaces.  In  the  hollows  between 
the  veins  occur  rows  of  small  stomata  with  the  guard  cells  all  oriented  in 
a  direction  parallel  with  the  veins  and  equally  numerous  on  both  surfaces 
of  the  leaf.  Leaf  surfaces  under  the  microscope  appearing  finely  striated 
parallel  with  the  veins. 

These  curious  remains,  which  call  to  mind  the  leaves  of  the  Paleozoic 
Cordaites  or  some  modern  giant  Bromeliad,  are  not  uncommon  in  the 
Upper  Cretaceous.  They  were  first  discovered  by  the  writer  in  the  Black 
Creek  formation  of  North  Carolina,  and  it  is  from  this  material  that  the 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  807 

stomatal  characters  are  described.  Recently  this  same  form  was  dis- 
covered in  considerable  abundance  at  the  Georgia  locality  near  Buena 
Vista,  Marion  County,  in  the  Eutaw  formation  of  Hale  County,  Alabama, 
and  in  the  Magothy  formation  of  Maryland. 

Referring  to  similarly  appearing  remains  previously  described,  it  may 
be  noted  that  Miquel '  in  1853  described  under  the  heading  Phyllites  mon- 
ocotylei  two  sorts  of  parallel-veined  leaf-fragments  from  the  Upper  Cre- 
taceous of  Aachen  (Rhenish  Prussia).  The  first  (pi.  i,  fig.  3)  he  calls 
Yuccites  (  ?),  and  the  second,  which  suggests  the  fossils  under  discussion,  is 
designated  "Palma  vel  Yuccites  (  ?)."  From  the  Valanginian  of  Portugal 
Heer  2  described  what  he  calls  Bambusium  latifolium,  which  is  also  sug- 
gestive of  the  American  material.  Krasser  3  described  somewhat  similarly 
appearing  remains  from  the  Cretaceous  (Cenomanian  ?)  of  Moravia  as 
Typliceloipum  cretaceum.  These  are  somewhat  smaller  than  the  American 
forms  and  show  transverse  veinlets  which  are  absent  in  the  latter. 
Saporta  4  referred  forms  of  this  kind,  which  are  not  uncommon  in  the  Ceno- 
manian of  Portugal,  to  a  new  monocotyledonous  genus,  which  he  calls 
Pln/Hotcenia,  comparing  it  with  Bambusa,  Elilzocaulon,  etc.  Smaller  but 
otherwise  comparable  Lower  and  Upper  Cretaceous  forms  were  named  by 
Schenk  5  Eolirion,  and  similar  older  Mesozoic  forms  are  commonly  referred 
to  the  form-genus  Yuccites."  Perhaps  the  most  similar  fossils  known  are 
those  referred  to  the  genus  Krannem,  and  fully  described  by  Velenovsky,7 
who  does  not,  however,  arrive  at  any  satisfactory  conclusion  regarding 
their  relationship,  although  he  thinks  they  are  Cycadaceous. 

It  seems  undesirable  to  refer  the  present  material  to  Yuccites,  since 
while  it  is  similar  to  the  more  ancient  remains  so  named,  it  is  entirely 
improbable  that  it  is  congeneric  with  the  Triassic  type  upon  which  this 

1  Miquel,  Verh.  geol.  kaart.  Nederl.  I,  1853,  pp.  33-56,  plates  i-vii. 

2  Heer,  Cont.  Fl.  Foss.  Portugal,  1881,  p.  22,  pi.  19,  figs.  1-3. 

3  Krasser,  Beitr.  z.  Kennt.  Foss.  Kreidefl.  v.  Kunstadt,  1896,  p.  15,  pi.  ii,  f  g.  4. 

4  Saporta,  Fl.  Foss.  Port.,  1894,  pp.  216,  221,  pi.  xxxviii,  figs.  6-8,  12,  13,  21;  pi. 
xxxix,  fig.  20. 

5  Schenk,  Pal.,  Bd.  xix,  1869,  p.  20. 

G  Schimper  and  Mougeot,  Mon.  PI.  Foss.  Vosges,  1844,  p.  42. 
7  Velenovsky,  Gym.  Bohm.  Kreidefl.,  1885,  p.  1. 


808  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

genus  was  founded,  and  such  an  identification  would  consequently  be  very 
misleading.  Until  the  existing  tropical  Monocotyledons  are  more  abund- 
antly represented  in  our  larger  herbaria,  or  more  complete  and  decisive 
Cretaceous  material  is  discovered,  the  botanical  affinity  of  these  anoma- 
lous forms  must  remain  undetermined.  The  name  chosen  indicates  super- 
ficial resemblance  and  does  not  imply  actual  relationship  with  the  modern 
genus  Doryanthes  of  the  order  Liliales. 

Little  reliance  can  be  placed  upon  a  similarity  of  appearance  in  dealing 
with  fragmentary  remains  of  this  sort,  and  the  foregoing  are  mentioned 
merely  as  indicating  the  presence  of  undetermined  Monocotyledons  of 
large  size  in  the  Cretaceous  floras  of  the  world. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Eound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel 
County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Order  POALES 
Family  CYPERACEAE 

Genus  CAREX  Linne 
[Sp.  PL,  1753,  p.  972] 

CAREX  CLARKII  Berry 

Carex  clarkii  Berry,  1905,  Amer.  Nat.,  vol.  xxxix,  pp.  3-7,  fig.  1. 

Carex  clarkii  Berry,  1906,  Ann.  Kept.  State  Geol.  of  New  Jersey  for  1905, 

pp.  138-141. 

Carex  clarkii  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  169. 
Carex  clarkii  Berry,  1907,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  n.  s.  No.  7,  p.  81. 
Carex  clarkii  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  84,  p.  29. 

Description. — Leaf  fragments  up  to  6  cm.  in  length,  varying  in  width 
from  1.5  mm.  to  4  mm.,  averaging  between  2  mm.  and  3  mm.,  slightly 
keeled,  becoming  thicker  and  narrower  proximad;  midrib  moderately 
prominent.  Lateral  veins,  which  are  parallel  with  it,  very  fine  and 
scarcely  discernible  except  in  the  larger  specimens. 

In  common  with  other  fossil  remains  of  grasses  and  sedges  this  species 
has  no  botanical  value,  except  as  an  indication  of  the  presence  of  plants  of 
this  type  in  the  Cretaceous ;  it  has,  however,  like  so  many  fossils  of  vague 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  809 

botanical  affinities,  considerable  stratigraphic  value,  since  it  is  found  to 
characterize  the  Magothy  formation  at  a  large  number  of  outcrops  from 
jSTew  Jersey  to  Maryland.  It  occurs  also  in  the  Middendorf  beds  of  South 
Carolina. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Deep  Cut,  Delaware;  Grove 
Point,  Cecil  County,  Maryland. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Order  ARALES 
Family  ARACEAE 

Genus  PISTIA  Linne 
[Sp.  PL,  1753,  p.  963] 

PISTIA  NORDENSKIOLDI   (Heer)   Berry 
Plate  LVI,  Fig.  3 

Chondrophyllum  nordenskioldi  Heer,  1874,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  iii,  Ab.  ii, 

p.  114,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  4b;  pi.  xxxii,  figs.  11,  12. 
Chondrophyllum  nordenskioldi  Berry,   1907,  Bull.   Torrey  Bot.   Club,  vol. 

xxxiv,  p.  198,  pi.  xiii,  fig.  1. 
Pistia  nordenskioldi  Berry,  1910,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  189,  pi.  xxi,  figs. 

1-15. 
Pistia  nordenskioldi  Berry,  1911,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  405. 

Description. — "  P.  foliis  ovalibus,  integerrimis,  basi  attenuatis,  nervis 
primordialibus  quinque,  duobus  lateralibus  basi  connatis." — Heer,  1874. 

This  species,  based  on  a  few  incomplete  specimens  from  the  Atane  beds 
of  Greenland,  was  described  by  Heer  in  1874.  Thirty-three  years  later 
the  writer  identified  it  in  a  small  collection  from  the  Cretaceous  of  North 
Carolina.  In  1907  and  1908  it  was  found  to  be  exceedingly  abundant  in 
the  Black  Creek  formation  of  North  Carolina,  and  this  abundant  material 
has  enabled  the  writer  to  settle  its  botanical  position  and  to  somewhat 
amplify  Heer's  diagnosis. 

The  leaves  are  elliptical  or  orbicular  in  outline,  with  a  broadly  rounded 
or  slightly  truncated  apex  and  a  decurrent  base,  which  is  broad  and  flat 
for  a  distance  of  about  1  cm.  Total  length  of  leaf  varying  from  3  cm.  to 
6  cm.,  averaging  about  4.5  cm.  Maximum  width  ranging  from  2  cm.  to 


810  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

4  cm.,  averaging  about  3  cm.  Margins  entire,  slightly  irregular.  Texture 
coriaceous.  A  wide  false  midrib  in  the  basal  part  of  some  of  the  leaves  is 
formed  by  the  convergence  of  the  digitate  veins  which  are  thin  and  diverge 
at  acute  angles  in  a  flabellate  manner  and  pursue  a  relatively  straight 
upward  course,  inosculating  in  the  marginal  regions.  They  send  off  fre- 
quent pseudo-dichotomous  inosculating  branches.  An  ultimate  areolation 
of  thin  transverse  veins  forms  an  open  four  or  five-sided  mesh.  The  epi- 
dermis is  preserved  in  some  instances.  The  stomata  are  few  and  scattered 
and  are  confined  to  one  surface  and  are  altogether  absent  from  the  broad 
leaf-bases. 

In  its  size,  outline,  and  venation  this  species  is  scarcely  to  be  distin- 
guished from  the  modern  Pistia  slratiotes  Linne,  which  is  certainly  a 
variable  and  widely  distributed,  chiefly  tropical,  species.  In  this  country 
it  is  found  from  Florida  to  Texas.  Elsewhere  it  occurs  in  the  West  Indies 
and  southward  through  Mexico  and  Central  America  to  Paraguay  and 
Argentina.  In  Africa  it  is  found  from  Natal  to  Senegambia  and  Nubia, 
occurring  also  in  Madagascar  and  the  Mascarene  Islands.  In  Asia  it 
occurs  throughout  the  East  Indies  and  northward  to  the  Philippines. 

The  fossil  forms  are  more  like  the  younger  leaves  of  the  modern  plant 
(possibly  a  phylogenetic  character  in  the  latter),  the  later  leaves  tending 
toward  a  cuneate  outline  with  a  truncated  apex  and  straighter  sides. 

But  few  fossils  have  been  referred  to  this  genus.  Hosius  and  von  der 
Marck  described  in  1880  what  they  called  Pistites  loriformis  from  the 
Lower  Senonian  of  Westphalia  (Pal.,  Bd.  xxvi,  p.  182,  pi.  xxxviii,  figs. 
151,  152),  but  this  is  probably  cycadean,  as  Schenk  suggested  (in 
Zittel's  Handbuch,  p.  378,  1890).  Lesquereux  in  1876  (Ann.  Kept.  U.  S. 
Geol.  and  Geog.  Survey,  Terr.,  p.  299,  1874)  named  a  remarkably  well- 
preserved  form  from  Point  of  Eocks,  Wyoming,  Pistia  corrugata.  This 
was  fully  described  and  illustrated  in  his  Tertiary  Flora  (p.  103,  pi.  Ixi, 
figs.  1,  3-7,  9-11,  1883)  and  included  leaves  of  various  sizes,  and  rootlets. 
It  comes  from  beds  belonging  to  the  Montana  formation  (Senonian) ,  which 
are  of  about  the  same  age  as  the  French  beds  from  which  the  only  other 
Cretaceous  species  is  known.  This  latter,  Pistia  mazelii,  was  mentioned 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  811 

and  figured  from  the  lignites  of  Fuveau  (Provence),  France,  by  Saporta 
and  Marion  in  their  popular  work,  L'Evolution  du  Regne  Vegetal,  pub- 
lished in  1885  (Phanerogames,  tome  ii,  p.  37,  figs.  114c,  114d),  but  has 
never  been  adequately  described. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Order  ARECALES 
Family  ARECACEAE 

Genus  SABALITES  Saporta 

[Etudes,  tome  ii,  1865,  p.  77J 

SABALITES  MAGOTHIENSIS  (Berry)  Berry 

Plate  LVI,  Figs.  4,  5 

Flabellaria  magothiensis  Berry,  1905,  Torreya,  vol.  v,  tf.  1,  2. 

Flabellaria  magothiensis  Berry,  1906,  Ann.  Kept.  State  Geol.  of  New  Jer- 
sey for  1905,  pp.  139-141. 

Flabellaria  magothiensis  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Glut),  vol.  xxxiii, 
p.  170. 

Flabellaria  magothiensis  Berry,  1910,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  21. 

Sabalites  magothiensis  Berry,  1911,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  405. 

Description. — Based  on  fragmentary  remains  of  a  large,  palmetto-like 
fan-palm.  Eays  numerous,  broad,  coriaceous,  longitudinally  striated  by 
thin  veins,  the  stouter  veins  occurring  at  intervals  of  from  2  mm.  to  4  mm. 

Remains  of  these  large  flabellate  palm  leaves  are  very  common  at  several 
localities  in  the  Magothy  formation  from  Earitan  Bay  in  New  Jersey  to 
the  Severn  Eiver  in  Maryland.  They  are  invariably  much  broken,  so  that 
they  baffle  precise  description  or  determination.  They  are  of  great  inter- 
est, however,  as  being  among  the  earliest  known  occurrences  of  undoubted 
palms.  They  are  associated  in  New  Jersey  with  petrified  palm  wood 
(Palmoxylon  diffwoodensis  Berry). 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Deep  Cut,  Delaware;  Grove 
Point,  Cecil  County;  Eound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel  County,  Maryland. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

53 


812  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

CLASS  DICOTYLEDONAE 

Order  MYR1CALES 
Family  MYRICACEAE 

Genus  MY  RICA  Linne 
[Sp.  PL,  1753,  p.  1024] 

MYRICA  LONGA  (Heer)   Heer 
Plate  LVII,  Figs.  1-3 

Proteoides  longus  Heer,  1874,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  iii,  Ab.  ii,  p.  110,  pi.  xxix, 

fig.  8b;  pi.  xxxi,  figs.  4,  5. 
Proteoides  longus  Dawson,  1883,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Canada,  vol.  i,  sec.  iv,  p. 

22,  pi.  ii,  fig.  8. 
Myrica  longa  Heer,  1883,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  65,  pi.  xviii,  fig. 

9b;  pi.  xxix,  figs.  15-17;  pi.  xxxiii,  fig.  10;  pi.  xli,  fig.  4d. 
Myrica  longa  Heer,  1883,  Ibidem,  Bd.  vii,  p.  21. 
Myrica  longa  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii,  p.  67,  pi. 

iii,  figs.  1-6. 

Myrica  longa  Bartsch,  1896,  Bull.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist.,  Iowa  Univ.,  vol.  iii,  p.  180. 
Myrica  longa  Knowlton,  1901,  21st  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt.  vii,  p. 

314,  pi.  xxxix,  fig.  7. 
Myrica  longa  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  170. 

Description. — Leaves  of  various  sizes,  linear  to  lanceolate  in  outline, 
with  a  stout  midrib,  numerous  thin,  ascending,  camptodrome  secondaries, 
entire  margins,  obtusely  pointed  apex,  narrowly  decurrent  base  and  long 
stout  petiole. 

This  species  was  described  by  Heer  as  a  Proteoides  and  subsequently 
referred  to  the  genus  Myrica.  It  occurs  in  both  the  Atane  and  Patoot 
beds  of  Greenland,  in  the  Dakota  sandstones  of  the  West,  in  the  Magothy 
formation  of  Maryland,  in  the  Woodbine  formation  of  Texas,  and  is  very 
common  in  the  Tuscaloosa  formation  of  Alabama.  Abroad  it  has  been 
recorded  1  from  the  lower  Turonian  of  Bohemia. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Grove  Point,  Cecil  County; 
Bodkin  Point,  Kound  Bay,  Little  Round  Bay,  Anne  Arundel  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

1  Fri£,  Archiv.  Naturw.  Landes  Bohm.,  Bd.  iv,  No.  1,  1878,  pp.  18,  94. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  813 

Order  SALICALES 
Family  SALICACEAE 

Genus  SALIX  Linne 
[Sp.  PL,  1753,  p.  1015] 

SALIX  FLEXUOSA  Newberry 
Plate  LVII,  Fig.  4 

Salix  flexuosa  Newberry,  1868,  Later  Ext.  Floras,  p.  21. 

Salix  flexuosa  Newberry,  1878,  111.  Cret.  and  Tert.  Plants,  pi.  i,  fig.  4. 

Salix  protewfolia  linearifolia  Lesquereux,   1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.   Survey, 

vol.  xvii,  p.  49,  pi.  xliv,  figs.  1-3. 
Salix  protewfolia  flexuosa  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 

xvii,  p.  50,  pi.  xliv,  figs.  4,  5. 
Salix  prota'folia  flexuosa  Hollick,  1894,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxi,  p. 

50,  pi.  clxxiv,  fig.  5. 

Salix  protetrfolia  flexuosa  Hollick,  1898,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xi,  p. 

59,  pi.  iv,  fig.  5a. 
Salix  protewfolia  flexuosa  Berry,  1903,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p. 

67,  pi.  xlviii,  fig.  12;  pi.  li,  fig.  2. 
Salix  flexuosa  Berry,  1906,  Ann.  Kept.  State  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey 

for  1905,  p.  145. 

Salix  flexuosa  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  171. 
Salix  protevfolia  linearifolia  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  i, 

p.  52,  pi.  viii,  fig.  12. 
Salix  protewfolia  flexuosa  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p. 

51,  pi.  viii,  figs.  5,  6a;  pi.  xxxvii,  fig.  8b. 

Salix  flexuosa  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p.  115. 
Salix  flexuosa  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  84,  pp.  32, 
109,  pi.  vii,  figs.  14-16;  pi.  xi,  fig.  1. 

Description. — Leaves  narrow,  linear-lanceolate  in  outline,  equally 
pointed  at  both  ends,  short  petioled,  ranging  from  5  cm.  to  10  cm.  in 
length,  and  from  8  mm.  to  13  mm.  in  maximum  width.  Margins  entire. 
Midrib  stout  below,  tapering  above,  often  somewhat  flexuous.  Secondaries 
more  or  less  remote,  about  ten  alternate  pairs,  branching  from  the  midrib 
at  angles  varying  from  35°  to  45°,  camptodrome,  of  fine  caliber,  often 
obsolete. 

This  species  was  described  by  Newberry  from  the  Dakota  group  in 
1868.  Lesquereux  subsequently  made  it  one  of  the  varieties  of  his  Salix 
protecefolia,  although  it  is  obviously  entitled  to  independent  specific  rank. 
It  is  of  rare  occurrence  in  the  Eariten  formation  of  New  Jersey,  where  it 


814  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

is  first  found  in  the  uppermost  beds  at  South  Amboy,  New  Jersey,  and 
it  is  pre-eminently  a  species  which  characterizes  the  Magothy  formation 
from  New  Jersey  to  Maryland,  and  homotaxial  horizons  to  the  southward. 
It  is  recorded  in  beds  of  Magothy  age  from  Marthas  Vineyard  to  the 
Potomac  River.  It  occurs  in  the  Black  Creek  beds  of  North  and  South 
Carolina,  and  in  the  Middendorf  member  in  the  latter  state.  In  Georgia, 
while  not  especially  abundant,  characteristic  leaves  of  this  species  are 
found  from  the  base  to  the  top  of  the  lower  Eutaw  formation  in  the 
western  part  of  the  state.  In  Alabama  it  is  very  common  at  a  relatively 
large  number  of  localities  from  the  base  to  the  top  of  the  Tuscaloosa  for- 
mation. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Deep  Cut,  Delaware ;  Grove 
Point,  Cecil  County;  Sullivan's  Cove,  Anne  Arundel  County.  Maryland. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

SALIX  LESQUEREUXII  .Berry 
Plate  LVII,  Figs.  5-8 

Salix  proteccfolia  Lesquereux,  1874,  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  60,  pi.  v,  figs.  1-4. 

Salix  protecefolia  Lesquereux,  1883,  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.   42,   pi.  i,  figs. 

14-16;  pi.  xvi,  fig.  3. 

Salix  proteccfolia  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii,  p.  49. 
Salix  proteccfolia  longifolia  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 

xvii,  p.  50,  pi.  xliv,  fig.  9. 
Proteoides  daphnogeoides  Newberry,   1896,   Mon.  U.   S.  Geol.   Survey,  vol. 

xxvi,  p.  72  (pars),  pi.  xxxii,  fig.  11. 
Dewalquea  greenlandica  Newberry,   1896,   Ibidem,   p.   129    (pars),   pi.   xli, 

fig.  12. 
Salix  proteccfolia  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p.  66, 

pi.  xviii,  figs.  3,  4. 
Salix  protecefolia  Lesquereux,  1898,  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  xlvi,  p.  94   (non 

Forbes). 

Salix  proteccfolia  Berry,  1900,  Ann.  Kept.  State  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jer- 
sey for  1905,  p.  139. 

Salix  proteccfolia  Kurtz,  1902,  Revista  Mus.  La  Plata,  vol.  x,  p.  51. 
Salix  proteccfolia  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  171,  pi. 

vii,  fig.  2. 

Salix  proteccfolia  Berry,  1907,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.,  n.  s.  No.  7,  p.  81. 
Salix  proteccfolia  Berry,  1909,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvi,  p.  252. 
Salix  lesquereuxii  Berry,  1910,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  21. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  815 

Salix  lesguereuxii  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p.  114. 
Salix  lesquereuxii  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  84,  pp. 
33,  109,  pi.  vii,  figs.  11-13. 

Description. — Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  somewhat  more  acu- 
minate above  than  below,  variable  in  size,  ranging  from  6  cm.  to  12  cm. 
in  length,  and  from  1.1  cm.  to  2.2  cm.  in  greatest  width,  which  is  usually 
slightly  below  the  middle.  Petiole  stout,  much  larger  than  in  Salix 
flexuosa,  ranging  up  to  1.2  cm.  in  length.  Midrib  stout  below,  tapering 
above.  Secondaries  numerous,  sometimes  as  many  as  twenty  pairs;  they 
branch  from  the  midrib  at  angles  of  about  45°  and  are  parallel  and  camp- 
todrome. 

This  is  an  exceedingly  variable  species,  as  might  be  expected  in  a  Salix, 
and  Lesquereux  established  several  varieties  of  which  at  least  one,  i.  e., 
linearifolia,  is  referable  to  Salix  flexuosa  Newberry.  Some  of  Lesque- 
reux's  forms  are  distinguishable  with  difficulty  from  the  latter,  and  this 
is  especially  shown  in  the  leaves  which  he  figures  on  plate  i  of  his  Cre- 
taceous and  Tertiary  Flora.  They  are,  however,  larger  and  somewhat 
more  robust,  of  a  thicker  texture,  and  broadest  near  the  base,  from  which 
they  taper  upward  to  an  exceedingly  acuminate  tip.  In  general,  Salix 
lesquereuxii  is  a  relatively  much  broader,  more  ovate  form  with  more 
numerous  and  better  seen  secondaries  and  a  longer  petiole. 

This  species  is  an  exceedingly  abundant  Cretaceous  type  in  both  the 
East  and  the  West,  ranging  in  the  Coastal  Plain  from  the  base  of  the 
Raritan  formation  to  the  top  of  the  Tuscaloosa  formation,  and  possibly 
through  the  Eutaw  formation  as  well.  It  is  abundant  in  the  Magothy, 
Black  Creek,  and  Middendorf  beds.  In  the  West  it  is  common  in  the 
Dakota  sandstone.  It  is  one  of  the  forms  recorded  by  Kurtz  from  the 
Upper  Cretaceous  of  Argentina,  indicating,  if  the  identification  is  correct, 
a  very  considerable  migration  during  the  early  Upper  Cretaceous.  In 
Alabama  it  ranges  from  the  bottom  to  the  top  of  the  Tuscaloosa  formation. 

Occurrence. — RARITAN  FORMATION.  East  Washington  Heights,  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia.  MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Deep  Cut,  Delaware ;  Grove 
Point,  Cecil  County,  Maryland. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 


816  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Genus  POPULUS  Linne 
[Sp.  PL,  1753,  p.  1034] 

POPULUS  STYGIA  Heer 
Plate  LVIII,  Fig.  1 

Populus  stygia  Heer,  1873,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  iii,  Ab.  ii,  p.  107. 

Populus  stygia  Heer,  1882,  Ibidem,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  64,  pi.  xvii,  fig.  5;  pi. 

xviii,  figs.  5-8;  pi.  xxxix,  fig.  5. 
Populus  stygia  Heer,  1883,  Ibidem,  Bd.  vii,  p.  30,  pi.  Iv,  fig.  6;    pi.  Ixiv, 

fig.  10. 
Populus  stygia  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii,  p.  44, 

pi.  iii,  fig.  12. 
Populus  stygia  Hollick,  1907,  Ibidem,  vol.  1,  p.  49,  pi.  vii,  fig.  30. 

Description. — "  P.  foliis  cordatis,  integerrimis,  nervo  primario  valido, 
nervis  secundariis  ramosis,  basilaribus  5,  infimis  margine  approximatis." 
—Heer,  1873. 

This  species  is  variable  in  size  with  a  subcoriaceous  texture,  entire 
margins,  cordate  base  and  obtuse  tip,  with  a  strongly  defined  venation.  It 
occurs  in  both  the  Atane  and  Patoot  beds  of  west  Greenland,  the  Dakota 
sandstone  of  Kansas,  and  the  Magothy  formation  of  Marthas  Vineyard. 
It  is  represented  in  Maryland  by  very  fragmentary  material  at  Bodkin 
Point,  but  rather  more  characteristic  although  scanty  material  from 
Sullivan's  Cove  on  Round  Bay,  which  is  certainly  identical  with  the 
Dakota  Sandstone  leaves  which  Lesquereux  referred  to  this  species. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION".  Bodkin  Point,  Sullivan's  Cove, 
Anne  Arundel  County. 

Collection. — U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Order  FAGALES 

Family  FAGACEAE 
Genus  QUERCUS  Linne 
[Sp.  PL,  1753,  p.  994] 

QUERCUS  MORRISONIANA  Lesquereux 
Plate  LVIII,  Fig.  2 

Quercus  morrisoniana  Lesquereux,  1883,  Cret.  and  Tert.  Flora,  p.  40,  pi. 

xvii,  figs.  1,  2. 
Quercus  morrisoniana  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii, 

p.  55. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  817 

Quercus  morrisoniana  Hollick,  1897,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.   Sci.,  vol.  xvi,  p, 

131,  pi.  xiii,  figs.  11,  12. 

Quercus  morrisoniana  Berry,  1903,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p.  72. 
Quercus  morrisoniana  Hollick,  1904,  Ibidem,  p.  411,  pi.  Ixxiii,  fig.  5. 
Quercus  morrisoniana  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  56, 

pi.  viii,  fig.  4. 
Quercus  morrisoniana  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  21. 

Description. — "  Leaves  of  medium  size,  coriaceous,  petiolate,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acuminate;  medial  nerve  strong;  secondary  nerves  numerous, 
alternate,  curved  in  passing  to  the  borders,  camptodrome,  simple,  or  some 
of  them  forking  near  the  borders." — Lesquereux,  1883. 

The  present  species  was  described  from  the  Dakota  group  of  Colorado 
and  has  been  subsequently  recognized  in  the  Magothy  formation  of  Long 
Island,  New  Jersey,  and  Maryland.  There  can  be  no  question  of  the 
identity  of  the  eastern  forms  with  those  of  the  West,  but  their  relation  to 
the  genus  Quercus  is  entirely  problematical. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Eound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel 
County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

QUERCUS  SEVERNENSIS  Berry 
Plate  LVII,  Fig.  9 

Quercus  severnensis  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  22, 
pi.  viii,  fig.  3. 

Description. — Leaves  of  small  size,  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  becom- 
ing gradually  narrowed  apically,  7  cm.  in  length  by  2.3  cm.  in  greatest 
width,  which  is  in  the  basal  half  of  the  leaf.  Apex  pointed.  Base  rounded. 
Petiole  short  and  stout.  Margin  entire  for  its  basal  fourth,  above  which 
'it  is  beset  with  distant,  prominent,  serrate  teeth  separated  by  inequi- 
lateral rounded  sinuses.  Midrib  stout.  Secondaries  remote,  six  to  eight 
pairs,  subopposite  to  alternate,  branching  from  the  midrib  at  angles  of 
from  45°  to  50°,  but  slightly  curved,  not  prominent:  basal  ones  sending 
branches  into  the  teeth,  distal  ones  running  direct  to  the  marginal  teeth. 

This  species  is  somewhat  suggestive  of  the  much  older  Quercophyllum 
clnnl-apinensis  Ward  of  the  Patapsco  formation,  and  it  is  closely  related  to 


818  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Quercus  holmesii  Lesquereux  of  the  Dakota  group  of  the  West  and  the 
Magothy  formation  of  New  Jersey.  Among  modern  oaks  analogies  may  be 
found  among  the  scrub  and  live  oaks  of  the  Pacific  Slope,  as,  for  example, 
Quercus  wislizeni,  Q.  tomentella,  and  Q.  clirysolepsis,  especially  the  first; 
and  with  Q.  ilex  of  Europe. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Eound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel 
County. 

Collection. — U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Order  (JRT1CALES 
Family  MORACEAE 

Genus  FICUS  Linne 
[Sp.  PI.,  1753,  p.  1059] 

Ficus  DAPHNOGENOIDES   (Heer)   Berry 
Plate  LVIII,  Fig.  3 

Proteoides  daphnogenoides  Heer,  1866,  Phyll.  Cret.  d.  Nebr.,  p.  17,  pi.  iv, 

figs.  9,  10. 
Proteoides  daphnogenoides  Lesquereux,  1874,  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  85,  pi.  xv,  figs. 

1,  2. 
Proteoides  daphnogenoides  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 

xvii,  p.  90. 
Proteoides  daphnogenoides  Hollick,  1892,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xi, 

p.  98,  pi.  iii,  figs.  1,  2. 
Ficus  proteoides  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii,  p.  77, 

pi.  xii,  fig.  2. 
Proteoides  daphnogenoides  Hollick,  1893,  Ibidem,  vol.  xii,  p.  36,  pi.  ii,  figs. 

4,  9,  13. 
Proteoides  daphnogenoides  Hollick,  1894,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxi, 

p.  52;  pi.  clxxvii,  fig.  1. 
Proteoides  daphnogenoides  Smith,  1894,  Geol.   Coastal   Plain   Ala.,   p.    348 

(determined  by  Ward). 
Proteoides  daphnogenoides  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 

xxvi,  p.  72,  pi.  xvii,  figs.  8,  9;  pi.  xxxii,  figs.  11,  13,  14;  pi.  xxxiii,  fig.  3; 

pi.  xii,  fig.  15. 
Eucalyptus  ?  attenuata  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi, 

pi.  xvi,  fig.  5  (non  figs.  2,  3). 
Proteoides  daphnogenoides  Berry,  1903,  Bull,  N.  Y.   Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii, 

p.  74,  pi.  li,  figs.  6-9. 
Ficus  daphnogenoides  Berry,  1905,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.    xxxii,   p. 

327,  pi.  xxi. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  819 

Ficus  daphnogenoides  Berry,  1906,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  173,  pi.  vii,  fig.  5. 
Ficus  daphnogenoides  Berry,  1907,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxiv,  p.  194,  pi.  xi,  figs. 

10,  11. 
Proteoides  daphnogenoides  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1, 

p.  59,  pi.  xii,  figs.  1-5. 
Ficus  daphnogenoides  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p. 

122,  pi.  xii,  fig.  4. 
Ficus  daphnogenoides  Berry,  1912,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxix,  p. 

394. 

Description. — "  Les  feuilles  sont  coriaces,  a  la  base  attenuees,  entieres ; 
la  nervure  mediane  est  forte ;  elle  porte  deux  nervures  secondaries  f aibles, 
aerodromes,  qui  sont  presque  paralleles  au  limbe;  mais  elles  ne  sont  pas 
opposees,  comme  chez  les  Daphnagene  et  Cinnamormim." — Heer,  1866. 

This  species  was  described  by  Heer  from  the  Dakota  group  of  Nebraska, 
and  was  based  upon  very  incomplete  material.  His  specimens  have  some 
long  ascending  secondaries,  but  Lesquereux's  more  complete  specimens 
from  the  same  horizon  and  region  show  that  these  secondaries  were  not 
aerodrome  but  camptodrome.  The  species  in  this  feature,  and  also  in 
other  respects,  differs  from  Protect,  and  its  allies  which  are  more  coriaceous, 
with  the  secondaries  branching  at  acute  angles  and  massed  toward  the 
often  apetiolate  base.  On  comparison  with  the  genus  Ficus  it  is  found  to 
closely  resemble  a  number  of  different  species  from  such  widely  separated 
localities  as  Central  and  South  America  and  the  Celebes.  Especially 
among  the  Mexican  and  Central  American  forms  are  very  similar  leaves 
seen,  e.  g.,  Ficus  fasciculata  Watson,  Ficus  lancifolia  Hooker  and  Arnott, 
Ficus  ligustrina  Kunth  and  Bouche,  and  Ficus  sapida  Miquel,  especially 
the  latter,  which  has  much  the  same  outline  and  consistency,  the  same 
prominent  midrib,  and  the  same  venation.  Placed  in  the  genus  Ficus, 
where  these  fossil  forms  properly  belong,  they  find  their  affinity  in  the 
group  which  includes,  among  others,  such  species  as  Ficus  elongata 
Hosius,  Ficus  bertlioudi  Lesquereux,  Ficus  suspecta  Velenovsky,  Ficus 
krausiana  Heer,  etc. 

This  species  has  been  found  to  be  quite  variable  in  size,  ranging  in  length 
from  11  cm.  to  22  cm.  and  in  width  from  1.9  cm.  to  3.7  cm.  It  is  usually 
widest  in  the  lower  half  of  the  leaf,  although  sometimes  the  base  is  quite 
narrow  and  the  widest  part  is  toward  the  middle.  In  all  unequivocal 


820  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

material  the  upper  half  of  the  leaf  is  narrow  and  is  produced  as  a  long, 
slender,  often  recurved  tip,  which  is  one  of  the  characteristic  features  of 
the  species.  This  tip  is  strictly  comparable  with  the  "  dripping  points  " 
developed  on  various  leaves  in  the  modern  tropics  where  precipitation  is 
heavy. 

Ficus  daphnogenoides  is  a  widespread  and  common  form  ranging  from 
Marthas  Vineyard  to  Texas  in  eastern  North  America,  and  from  Xorth- 
west  Territory  to  Kansas  and  Nebraska  in  the  Western  Interior. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Deep  Cut,  Delaware;  Grove 
Point,  Cecil  County,  Maryland. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Ficus  OVATIFOLIA  Berry 
Plate  LIX,  Fig.  4 

Ficus  ovata  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p.  70,  pi. 

xxiv,  figs.  1-3  (non  Don  1803). 
Ficus  woolsoni  Berry,  1907,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiv,  p.  194,  pi. 

xii,  fig.  1. 

Ficus  ovatifolia  Berry,  1909,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvi,  p.  253. 
Ficus  ovatifolia  Berry,  1911,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  410. 
Ficus  ovatifolia  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p.  123, 

pi.  xii,  fig.  3. 
Ficus  ovatifolia  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  84,  p.  Ill, 

pi.  xix,  figs.  5-7. 

Description. — Leaves  ovate  in  outline,  8  cm.  to  13  cm.  in  length  by 
4  cm.  in  width,  petiolate.  Apex  extended,  acute.  Base  rounded  or  some- 
what descending.  Margins  entire.  Principal  veins  three,  from  the  base, 
the  midrib  being  the  stoutest  and  slightly  flexuous.  The  lateral  veins 
diverge  at  angles  of  about  45°  and  curve  upward,  traversing  somewhat 
more  than  the  basal  half  of  the  leaf  and  connecting  with  branches  from 
the  lowest  pair  of  camptodrome  secondaries,  of  which  there  are  several 
alternating  pairs  branching  from  the  midrib  at  wider  angles.  The  laterals 
give  off  on  the  outside  eight  to  ten  camptodrome  veins.  Quadrangular 
areoles  formed  by  nearly  straight  transverse  nervilles  fill  all  the  inter- 
vening space. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  821 

This  species  is  very  close  to  Ficus  woolsoni  Newberry,  which  is  a  much 
less  elongated  comparatively  broader  leaf,  often  with  a  cordate  base  in 
consequence. 

Occurrence. — RARITAN  FORMATION.  East  Washington  Heights.  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

FlCUS    CECILENSIS   n.    Sp. 

Plate  LVIII,  Fig.  4 

Description. — Leaves  of  medium  size,  broad-lanceolate  in  general  out- 
line, with  a  narrowed  but  bluntly  pointed  tip  and  a  somewhat  more  gradu- 
ally narrowed,  pointed  base.  Length  about  13  cm.  Maximum  width,  in 
the  middle  part  of  the  leaf,  about  3.75  cm.  Margins  entire.  Texture  sub- 
coriaceous.  Petiole  very  stout,  its  length  unknown.  Midrib  very  stout 
and  prominent.  Secondaries  thin,  about  seven  alternate  pairs;  they 
diverge  from  the  midrib  at  irregular  intervals  at  angles  of  about  40°, 
curving  upward,  camptodrome.  Tertiaries  thin,  well  marked,  at  approxi- 
mately right  angles  to  the  midrib,  forming  large,  quadrangular,  usually 
transversely  elongated,  areoles. 

The  generic  reference  of  this  new  form  is  not  certainly  determined,  as 
it  partakes  of  the  features  of  lauraceous,  ericaceous,  and  rhamnaceous 
leaves  as  well  as  those  of  the  extensive  genus  Ficus.  It  is  readily  distin- 
guishable from  the  species  of  the  latter  with  which  it  is  associated. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.     Grove  Point  Cecil  County 

Collection. — U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Ficus  CRASSIPES   (Heer)   Heer 
Plate  LVIII,  Fig.  5;  Plate  LIX,  Figs.  2,  3 

Proteoides  crassipes  Heer,  1874,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  iii,  Ab.  ii,  p.  110,  pi. 

xxxi,  figs.  6-8a. 
Ficus  crassipes  Heer,  1882,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  70,  pi.  xvii, 

fig.  9a;  pi.  xxiv,  figs.  1,  2. 
Ficus  crassipes  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii,  p.  79, 

pi.  xiii,  fig.  3. 


822  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Ficus  crassipes  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  172. 
Ficus  daphnogenoides  Berry,  1907,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  n.  s.  No.  7, 

p.  81. 
Ficus  crassipes  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  84,  pp.  37, 

110,  pi.  x,  fig.  4;  pi.  xii,  figs.  8-10. 

Description. — Leaves  entire,  narrowly  lanceolate  in  outline,  about 
equally  tapering  to  the  acuminate  apex  and  base.  Length  12  cm.  to  20  cm. 
Greatest  width,  which  is  in  the  middle  part  of  the  leaf,  1.8  cm.  to  2.5  cm. 
Texture  coriaceous.  Midrib  stout,  often  extraordinarily  so.  Secondaries 
thin,  open,  ascending,  camptodrome. 

This  species  was  described  originally  from  the  Atane  beds  of  Western 
Greenland,  the  first  rather  fragmentary  specimens  collected  suggested  a 
relationship  with  the  genus  Proteoides.  Subsequently  the  original 
describer  referred  it  to  Ficus,  where  it  undoubtedly  belongs.  Lesquereux 
has  recorded  it  from  the  Dakota  group  and  it  is  common  in  the  Magothy 
formation  of  the  northern  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain  and  in  the  Black  Creek 
formation  of  North  Carolina.  It  persists  into  the  Eutaw  formation  of 
Georgia  and  is  especially  common  in  the  Middendorf  beds  of  South  Caro- 
lina. It  is  not  especially  common  in  the  Tuscaloosa  formation,  and  is  a 
species  which  is  especially  characteristic  of  the  post-Earitan  and  pre- 
Montana  horizons  of  eastern  North  America. 

The  leaf  substance  is  partially  preserved  in  part  of  the  Alabama  mate- 
rial and  shows  in  microscopic  preparations  the  spiral  tracheids  of  the  leaf 
veins  and  numerous  lactiferous  cells.  Both  lower  and  upper  epidermal 
layers  are  well  preserved.  They  are  thin  and  highly  cuticularized,  the 
epidermis  consisting  of  very  small,  nearly  equilateral,  quadrangular,  thick- 
walled  cells.  The  stomata  are  few  and  scattered  and  are  confined  to  the 
lower  surface.  They  consist  of  two  rather  thin,  sausage-shaped  guard 
cells  set  on  edge  (i.  e.,  much  higher  than  wide),  the  length  equal  to  two 
epidermal  cells. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Deep  Cut,  Delaware ;  Grove 
Point,  Cecil  County;  Little  Eound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel  County,  Maryland. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  823 

Ficus  KRAUSIANA  Heer 
Plate  LIX,  Fig.  1 

Ficus  krausiana  Heer,  1869,  Neue  Denks,  £chw.  Ges.,  Bd.  xxiii,  p.  15,  pi.  v, 

figs.  3-6. 
Ficus  krausiana  Fric,  1878,     Archiv.  Naturw.  Landes,  Eohm.,  Bd.  iv,  No. 

1,  pp.  18,  94. 
Ficus  beckwithii  Lesquereux,  1883,  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  46,  pi.  xvi,  figs. 

5;  pi.  xvii,  figs.  3,  4. 
f  Ficus  suspecta  Velenovsky,  1885,  Fl.  Bohm,  Kreidef.,  Theil  iv,  p.  10,  pi. 

v,  figs.  6,  9. 
Ficus  atavina  Hollick,  1892,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xi,  p.  103,  pi.  iv, 

figs.  4,  6  (non  Heer). 
Ficus  krausiana  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii,  p.  81, 

pi.  i,  fig.  5. 

Ficus  krausiana  Hollick,  1895,  Bull.  Geo.  Soc.  Amer.,  vol.  vii,  p.  13. 
Ficus  krausiana  Hollick,  1898,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xi,  p.  59,  pi.  iii, 

fig.  1. 
Ficus  krausiana  Fric  and  Bayer,  1901,  Archiv.  Naturw.  Landes  Bohm.,  Bd. 

xi,  No.  2,  p.  117. 
Ficus  krausiana  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  58,  pi.  ix, 

fig.  9;  pi.  x,  figs.  1-3. 

Ficus  krausiana  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  172. 
Ficus  krausiana  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  84,  pp. 

38,  110,  pi.  xi,  figs.  4-7;  pi.  xix,  fig.  4. 

Description. — Leaves  of  large  size,  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  broadest 
at  or  below  the  middle.  Apex  and  base  acutely  pointed,  the  apex  often 
extended  and  attenuated.  Petiole  and  midrib  stout.  Secondaries  regu- 
lar, open,  thin,  ascending,  camptodrome,  branching  from  the  midrib  at 
angles  of  45°  or  more.  Length  about  17  cm.  Greatest  width  about  4  cm. 

This  well  known  Upper  Cretaceous  species  was  described  originally 
from  the  Cenomanian  of  Moravia,  and  it  has  been  subsequently  recorded 
from  both  the  Cenomanian  and  Turonian  of  Bohemia.  It  occurs  at  a 
large  number  of  American  localities.  In  the  West  it  occurs  in  the 
Dakota  sandstone,  while  in  the  East  it  is  common  from  Marthas  Vineyard 
to  Alabama,  and  is  present  between  these  limits  in  Maryland,  North 
Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia.  These  occurrences  are  all  in  beds 
of  Magothy  age  or  younger.  In  both  North  and  South  Carolina  Ficuz 
fruits  are  associated  with  this  species,  but  whether  they  are  to  be  referred 
to  it  or  to  some  of  the  other  rather  numerous  species  of  Ficus  which 


824  SYSTEMATIC  PALEOXTOLOGY 

occur  at  the  same  localities  cannot  be  determined.  The  present  species 
is  one  of  the  commonest  post-Raritan  and  pre-Montana  fossils  in  the 
Coastal  Plain,  and  it  is  especially  abundant  in  the  Middendorf  forma- 
tion of  South  Carolina.  In  Alabama  it  is  not  uncommon  in  the  Tusca- 
loosa  formation  and  it  persists  into  the  basal  Eutaw  beds  in  Hale  County. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FOKMATIOX.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Order  PLATANALES 
Family  PLATANACEAE 

Genus  PLATANUS  Linne 
[Sp.  PL,  1753,  p.  999] 

PLATANUS  HEERII  Lesquereux 
Plates  LXV,  LXVI,  LXVII 

Platanus  heerii  Lesquereux,   1872,   Ann.   Kept.   U.    S.   Geol.    Survey,   Terr. 

(Hayden)  for  1871,  p.  303  (non  Ward). 
Sassafras  recurvatus  Lesquereux,    1873,   Ann.   Kept.    U.    S.    Geol.    Survey, 

Terr.  (Hayden)  for  1872,  p.  424  (non  Heer  1882). 
Platanus  heerii  Lesquereux,  1874,  Cret.  FL,  p.  70,  pi.  viii,  fig.  4;   pi.  ix, 

figs.  1,  2. 
Platanus  recurvata  Lesquereux,  1874,  Cret.  FL,  p.  71,  pi.  x,  figs.  4,  5  (non 

fig.  3). 

?  Platanus  heerii  Lesquereux,  1878,  Kept,  on  Clays  in  New  Jersey,  p.  29. 
Platanus  heerii  Heer,  1882,  FL  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  72,  pi.  vii,  figs. 

1,  2;  pi.  viii,  figs.  1,  2a;  pi.  ix,  figs.  1-4. 
f  Platanus  heerii  Lesquereux,  1883,  Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p.  44,  pi.  iii,  fig.  1; 

pi.  vii,  fig.  5. 
Sassafras  (Araliopsis)  recurvatum  Lesquereux,  1883,  Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  p. 

57  (pars). 
Sassafras  cretaceum  recurvatum  Berry,  1902,  Bot.  Gazette,  vol.  xxxiv,  p. 

438. 

Platanus  heerii  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  23. 
Platanus  heerii  Berry,  1911,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  411. 

Description. — Leaves  broadly  rhomboidal  in  outline,  more  or  less  trilo- 
bate. Lobes,  when  developed,  short  and  obtuse.  Base  decurrent.  Petiole 
long  and  stout.  Margin  sublobate,  undulate  or  irregularly  dentate. 
Texture  coriaceous.  Primaries  three,  stout,  diverging  at  acute  angles. 
The  lateral  primaries  are  as  stout  as  the  midrib  from  which  they  branch 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  825 

in  an  opposite  or  subopposite  position,  either  from  the  extreme  base  or  a 
considerable  distance  above  the  base.  In  the  latter  case  there  is  often  a 
prominent  secondary  given  off  from  the  midrib  on  either  side  below  the 
primaries.  The  primaries  may  give  off  a  few  rather  long,  straight,  eras- 
pedodrome  secondaries  to  the  rather  full  lateral  margin,  or  they  may  send 
off  a  stout  lateral  branch  at  varying  distances  above  the  base.  Secondaries 
from  the  midrib  few  in  number,  stout,  irregularly  spaced,  craspedodrome. 
Tertiaries  transverse,  platanoid. 

This  species  was  described  from  the  Dakota  sandstone  of  Kansas  by 
Professor  Lesquereux  in  1872,  who  subsequently  in  his  Cretaceous  Flora 
confused  it  with  Platanus  or  Sassafras  recurvatum.  The  latter,  if  it 
really  designates  a  species,  must  be  restricted  to  the  form  figured  by  Les- 
quereux on  pi.  x,  fig.  3  of  the  Cretaceous  Flora,  which  is  decidedly  differ- 
ent from  his  other  figures  on  that  plate.  The  latter  are  leaves  of  Platanus 
heerii,  while  the  former  must  be  referred  to  Sassafras  cretaceum*or  mira- 
bile.  Not  only  is  it  distinctly  trilobate  but  the  margin  is  entire  and  the 
venation  camptodrome,  while  in  the  leaves  of  Platanus  heerii  on  the  same 
plate  the  form  and  margin  are  different  and  the  venation  is  craspedo- 
drome. Professor  Heer  correctly  identified  Platanus  heerii  from  the 
Atane  beds  of  Greenland,  and  the  forms  which  he  figured  from  these  beds 
as  Sassafras  recurvatum  are  distinct  from  Platanus  heerii  and  resemble 
Lesquereux's  fig.  3  mentioned  above.  The  writer  some  years  ago  (1902, 
loc.  cit.)  in  discussing  Sassafras  recurvatum  pointed  out  the  composite 
nature  of  this  form  and  suggested  that  those  forms  which  are  here 
referred  to  Platanus  heerii  were  referable  to  Platanus,  while  the  other 
type  was  comparable  with  Sassafras  cretaceum  or  mirabile. 

Professor  Ward  in  1887  *  after  sending  figures  of  some  leaves  which  he 
had  collected  at  Black  Buttes,  Wyoming  (a  probably  basal  Eocene 
locality)  to  Lesquereux,  who  insisted  that  they  were  not  Platanus  heerii, 
persisted  in  identifying  them  as  this  species,  although  they  are  obviously 
not  closely  related  to  it. 

1  Ward,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  37,  1887,  p.  34,  pi.  xv,  figs.  3,  4. 


826  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Platanus  heerii  was  identified  by  Lesquereux  from  the  New  Jersey 
Karitan  in  collections  made  from  Pettifs  pits,  South  River,  but  as  the 
material  was  poor  and  the  species  has  not  since  been  detected  in  the  New 
Jersey  Earitan  this  occurrence  is  usually  ignored,  although  the  abundance 
of  this  species  in  the  Earitan  of  Maryland  renders  its  presence  in  New 
Jersey  probable.  Fragments  of  this  species  in  the  Maryland  Earitan  are 
very  common,  but  they  are  usually  in  a  bad  state  of  preservation.  The 
species  extends  northward  to  the  west  coast  of  Greenland  and  it  shows 
considerable  resemblance  to  Credneria  rhomboidea  described  by  Vele- 
novsky  from  the  Cenomanian  of  Bohemia,1  and  subsequently  transferred 
by  him  to  Platanus. 

Occurrence. — EAEITAN  FORMATION.  Drum  Point  Eailroad  near  head 
of  Severn  Eiver,  Anne  Arundel  County,  Maryland;  East  Washington 
Heights,  District  of  Columbia. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Genus  ASPID1OPHYLLUM  Lesquereux 
[Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Terr.  (Hayden)  for  1874,  p.  361,  1876] 

ASPIDIOPHYLLUM  TEILOBATUM  Lesquereux 
Plate  LX,  Figs.  1,  2;  Plate  LXI,  Figs.  1,  2 

Aspidiophyllum  trilobatum  Lesquereux,  1876,  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Terr.  (Hayden)  for  1874,  p.  361,  pi.  ii,  figs.  1,  2. 

Aspidiophyllum  trilobatum  Lesquereux,  1883,  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  87,  pi. 
xii,  fig.  1;  pi.  xiii,  figs.  1-5;  pi.  xiv,  fig.  1. 

Aspidiophyllum  trilobatum  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 
xvii,  p.  212. 

Aspidiophyllum  trilobatum  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii, 
p.  410. 

Description. — Medium  to  large  sized  leaves,  rhomboidal  in  general  out- 
line, obtusely  trilobate.  Length  10  cm.  to  25  cm.  Maximum  width, 
which  is  across  the  lobes  in  the  basal  half  of  the  leaf,  10  cm.  to  30  cm. 
Base  truncate  or  broadly  cuneate,  markedly  peltate.  Lobes  broad  and 
rounded.  Sinuses  open  and  rounded,  extending  less  than  half-way  to  the 

^elenovsky,  Fl.  Bohm.  Kreidef.,  Theil  i,  1882,  p.  11,  pi.  iii,  figs.  2,  3;  pi.  iv, 
fig.  1. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SUHVEY  827 

base.  Petiole  and  midrib  very  stout.  Lateral  primaries  stout  but  some- 
what less  so  than  the  midrib,  opposite,  curved,  diverging  from  the  midrib 
at  an  angle  of  about  45°,  or  more  rather  than  less,  inserted  some  distance 
(about  1  cm.)  above  the  peltate  base.  Secondaries  numerous,  rather 
strong,  approximately  parallel,  diverging  from  the  primaries  at  angles  of 
about  45°  or  more,  camptodrome.  Tertiaries  well  marked,  transverse,  of 
a  style  common  to  Ficus,  Platanus,  Sassafras,  etc.  Margin  entire,  some- 
what undulate  or  sublobate  in  some  specimens.  Texture  coriaceous.  The 
basal  peltate  shield  varies  from  broadly  rounded  to  suborbicular  and  in 
some  specimens  it  is  sublobate  with  a  craspedodrome  downwardly  directed 
secondary  running  to  the  tip  of  each  lobule.  Where  it  is  simply  rounded 
the  secondaries  are  all  camptodrome. 

This  species  was  described  by  Professor  Lesquereux  in  1874  and  was 
based  upon  material  from  the  Dakota  sandstone  of  Kansas,  to  which 
horizon  the  genus  has  been  hitherto  confined.  This  species  is,  however, 
not  uncommon  in  the  Raritan  deposits  of  Maryland  where  it  is  associated 
with  representatives  of  the  genus  Protophyllum ,  another  peculiar  Dakota 
sandstone  series  of  forms.  The  material  is  unfortunately  rather  poorly 
preserved,  having  been  much  macerated  before  fossilization,  but  it  is  com- 
plete enough,  as  is  shown  by  the  specimens  figured,  for  certainly  in 
identification. 

The  genus  Aspidiopliyllum,  in  which  three  species  have  been  described 
has  never  had  its  botanical  affinity  satisfactorily  determined,  although 
it  is  probably  related  to  Protophyllum.  Professor  Lesquereux  fancied 
that  it  was  related  to  his  Dakota  species  of  Sassafras  (Araliopsis), 
and  he  also  pointed  out  its  resemblance  to  some  of  the  European  forms 
referred  to  Zenker's  genus  Credneria.  Professor  Ward  was  disposed  to 
regard  it  as  related  to  Platanus,  and  certainly  the  species  Aspidiopliyllum 
dentatum  Lesquereux  is  very  close  to  those  species  of  Platanus,  which,  like 
Platanus  basilolata  Ward  or  Platanus  appendiculata  Lesquereux,  have  a 
peltate  basilar  shield,  a  condition  exhibited  as  an  atavistic  character  in 
occasional  leaves  of  the  modern  Platanus  occidentalis  Linne.  Schenk 
was  disposed  to  consider  Aspidiopliyllum  as  a  member  of  the  family 

54 


828  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Urticacece.  It  must  be  confessed,  however,  that  the  data  are  still  lacking 
from  which  to  settle  the  question. 

Occurrence. — RARITAN  FORMATION.  Shannon  Hill,  Cecil  County; 
Forked  Creek,  Severn  Eiver,  Anne  Arundel  County,  Maryland;  East 
Washington  Heights,  District  of  Columbia. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Genus  PROTOPHYLLUM  Lesquereux 
[Cret.  Fl.,  1874,  p.  100] 

PROTOPHYLLUM  STERNBERGII  Lesquereux 
Plate  LXII,  Figs.  1-3 ;  Plate  LXIII,  Figs.  1,  2 ;  Plate  LXIV,  Fig.  3 

Pterospermites  sternbergii  Lesquereux,  1873,  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 

Terr.  (Hayden),  for  1872,  p.  425. 
Protophyllum  sternbergii  Lesquereux,  1874,  Cret.   Fl.,  p.   101,  pi.  xvi;    pi. 

xviii,  fig.  2. 
Protophyllum  sternbergii  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 

xvii,  p.  189,  pi.  xlii,  fig.  1. 
Protophyllum  sternbergii  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii, 

p.  411. 

Description. — Leaves  of  large  size,  ranging  from  13  cm.  to  25  cm.  in 
length  by  from  10  cm.  to  20  cm.  in  maximum  width,  which  is  at  a  point 
below  the  middle ;  broadly  oval  in  outline,  with  an  obtusely  pointed  apex 
and  a  cordate  or  slightly  subpeltate  base.  Margins  entire,  somewhat 
undulate.  Midrib  stout.  Secondaries  stout,  about  ten  or  eleven  sub- 
opposite  to  alternate  pairs,  the  lower  pairs  branching  from  the  midrib  at  a 
wide  angle  which  becomes  acute  in  the  upper  pairs.  The  secondaries  are 
all  craspedodrome  and  send  off  one  or  two  strong  craspedodrome  branches. 
Tertiaries  fine,  transverse.  Texture  coriaceous. 

This  species,  which  has  not  hitherto  been  found  outside  of  the  Dakota 
sandstone,  from  which  horizon  it  was  described  as  a  species  of  Ptero- 
spermites by  Professor  Lesquereux  as  early  as  1872,  is  not  uncommon  in 
the  Earitan  deposits  of  Maryland.  The  specimens,  partly  because  of  the 
large  size  of  the  leaves,  are  rather  fragmentary,  some  of  the  more  complete 
fragments  being  figured.  There  can  be  no  question  of  their  identity  with 
the  western  forms  of  Protophyllum-,  although  the  true  systematic  position 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  829 

of  the  genus  remains  unsettled.  There  is  considerable  resemblance  to 
Lesquereux's  genus  Aspidiophyttum  and  also  to  the  European  forms 
referred  to  Zenker's  genus  Credneria,  both  of  which  are  genera  of  unde- 
termined botanical  affinity.  Lesquereux  referred  a  number  of  Dakota 
group  species  to  this  genus,  which  may  possibly  be  regarded  as  a  synthetic 
type. 

Occurrence. — RARITAN  FORMATLON.  Shannon  Hill  and  Bull  Moun- 
tain, Cecil  County,  Maryland;  East  Washington  Heights,  District  of 
Columbia. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum, 
X.  Y.  Botanical  Garden. 

PROTOPHYLLUM  MULTINERVE  Lesquereux 
Plate  LXIII,  Fig.  3;  Plate  LXIV,  Figs.  1,  2 

Pterospermites  multinervis  Lesquereux,  1872,  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, Terr.  (Hayden)  for  1871,  p.  302. 

Protophyllum  multinerve  Lesquereux,  1874,  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  105,  pi.  xviii,  fig.  1. 

Protophyllum  multinerve  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 
xvii,  p.  191,  pi.  xliii,  fig.  2 ;  pi.  Ixv,  fig.  1. 

Protophyllum  multinerve  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii, 
p.  411. 

Description. — Leaf  of  medium  size,  averaging  considerably  smaller 
than  the  preceding  species  and  more  nearly  orbicular  in  outline,  9  cm.  to 
15  cm.  in  length  by  9  cm.  to  13  cm.  in  maximum  width,  which  is  about 
midway  between  the  apex  and  the  base.  Apex  rounded  or  obtusely  pointed. 
Base  rounded  truncate,  subpeltate.  Margin  entire  or  regularly  undulate, 
usually  constricted  at  the  end  of  each  secondary  and  branch  of  a  secon- 
dary, with  usually  two  slight,  rounded  undulations  between  adjacent  con- 
strictions. Midrib  stout,  becoming  thin  above.  Secondaries  relatively 
thin,  numerous,  craspedodrome,  sending  off  from  one  to  three  craspedo- 
drome  branches.  Tertiaries  very  numerous,  thin,  mostly  transverse. 
Texture  coriaceous. 

This  species  has  hitherto  been  known  only  from  the  Dakota  sandstone 
of  southern  Kansas,  from  which  area  it  was  described  by  Professor  Les- 
quereux in  1871.  It  is  rather  common  in  the  Earitan  clays  at  Cedar  Point, 


830  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

but  the  remains  are  very  fragmentary,  some  of  the  larger  fragments  being 
those  figured.  They  clearly  represent  a  species  of  Protophyllum  distinct 
from  the  preceding  species  and  are  identical  with  Protophyllum  multi- 
nerve  in  their  observed  characters,  especially  in  the  peculiar  margin. 

Occurrence. — RARITAN  FORMATION.  Cedar  Point,  Baltimore  County, 
Maryland;  East  Washington  Heights,  District  of  Columbia. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Order  POLYGONALES 
Family  POLYGONACEAE 

Genus  COCCOLOBITES  n.  gen. 
COCCOLOBITES    CRETACEUS   n.   Sp. 

Plate  LXVIII,  Fig.  1 

Description. — Leaves  of  large  size,  elliptical  in  general  outline,  with  a 
broadly  rounded,  slightly  emarginate  tip,  and  a  broadly  cuneate  base. 
Length  about  9  cm.  Maximum  width,  near  the  middle  of  the  leaf,  about 
6  cm.  Margins  entire,  more  or  less  prominently  undulate,  inequilateral, 
occasionally  approaching  sublobate  in  the  prominence  of  some  of  the  undu- 
lations. Petiole  short  and  stout,  or  wanting.  Midrib  stout.  Secondaries 
stout,  about  seven  camptodrome  pairs.  Tertiaries  prominent,  forming 
open  polygonal  meshes. 

This  species  is  obviously  new,  although  it  resembles  somewhat  the 
Earitan  leaf  described  by  Newberry  *  as  Pkyllites  undulatus,  which  differs 
principally  in  its  finer  venation. 

The  resemblance  to  the  leaves  of  the  Eocene  and  existing  species  of 
Coccolobis  has  suggested  the  proposal  of  a  new  genus  allied  to  and 
possibly  ancestral  to  the  latter.  Coccolobis  has  about  one  hundred  and 
twenty  species  in  the  existing  flora,  many  of  which  are  coastal  forms,  and 
all  confined  to  the  American  tropics. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

'Newberry,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p.  131,  pi.  xxiv,  fig.  10,  1896. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  831 

Order  RANALES 
Family  MAGNOLIACEAE 

Genus  MAGNOLIA  Linne 
[Sp.  PI.,  1753,  p.  535] 

MAGNOLIA  HOLLICKI  Berry 
Plate  LXIX,  Fig.  3 

Dicotyledonous  leaf  impression  Hitchcock,  1841,  Geol.  Mass.,  vol.  ii,  p.  430, 

pi.  xix,  fig.  1. 
Magnolia  auriculata  Hollick,  1894,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxi,  p.  61,  pi. 

clxxix,  figs.  6,  7  (non  Lamarck,  1783). 

Magnolia  auriculata  Smith,  1894,  Geol.  Coastal  Plain  Ala.,  p.  348. 
Magnolia  auriculata  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p. 

75,  pi.  Iviii,  figs.  1-9,  11  (non  fig.  10). 

Magnolia  auriculata  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  174. 
Magnolia  auriculata  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  67,  pi. 

xix,  fig.  5;  pi.  xx,  figs.  5,  8. 

Magnolia  tiollicki  Berry,  1909,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvi,  p.  253. 
Magnolia  hollicki  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p.  136, 

pi.  xv,  fig.  3. 

Description. — Leaves  orbicular-ovate  in  outline,  4  cm.  to  10  cm.  in 
length  by  2  em.  to  5.5  cm.  in  width,  petiolate.  Apex  acute,  slightly 
extended  in  one  or  two  specimens.  Base  usually  pronounced  auriculate. 
Petiole  and  midrib  stout.  Secondaries  few,  six  or  seven  pairs,  subopposite, 
camptodrome.  Texture  smooth  and  subcoriaceous. 

This  fine  species  is  abundant  and  well  preserved  at  Woodbridge  in  the 
New  Jersey  Earitan  and  in  the  Magothy  formation  of  Maryland  and 
Marthas  Vineyard.  Professor  Newberry  was  somewhat  uncertain  as  to  its 
relationship  with  Magnolia  and  compared  it  with  Aristolochia,  Polygo- 
num,  and  Toxylon.  The  latter  is  the  only  genus  which  is  at  all  sug- 
gestive, and  it  furnishes  no  instances  of  auriculate  bases,  while  this  char- 
acter of  the  base  prevails  in  more  than  one  modern  species  of  Magnolia. 
The  outline,  the  consistency,  and  the  venation  are  all  in  accord  in  point- 
ing to  Magnolia  as  the  proper  generic  reference.  This  is  one  of  those 
forms  mentioned  from  Marthas  Vineyard  by  Professor  Hitchcock  in  his 
Geology  of  Massachusetts,  published  in  1841. 


832  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

It  is  sparsely  represented  in  the  Tuscaloosa  formation  of  Alabama, 
and  has  been  confused  with  Magnolia  speciosa  by  both  dewberry  and 
Ward. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

MAGNOLIA  LACOEANA  Lesquereux 
Plate  LXX,  Figs.  1,  2 

Magnolia  lacoeana  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii,  p. 

201,  pi.  Ix,  fig.  1. 
Magnolia  lacoeana  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p.  73, 

pi.  Iv,  figs.  1,  2. 
Magnolia  lacoeana  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  65,  pi. 

xvii,  fig.  2. 

Magnolia  lacoeana  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey,  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  23. 
Magnolia  lacoeana  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p.  134, 

pi.  xvi,  fig.  2. 

Description. — Leaves  broadly  oval  to  almost  orbicular  in  outline,  obtuse 
or  abruptly  pointed  above  and  rounded  to  a  somewhat  cuneate  base  below, 
10  cm.  to  12  cm.  in  length  by  8.5  cm.  to  9.5  cm.  in  maximum  width. 
Midrib  stout,  somewhat  flexuous.  Secondaries  numerous,  camptodrome 
medianly  stout,  ten  to  twelve  pairs  ;  they  branch  from  the  midrib  at  acute 
angles,  immediately  curving  outward,  forming  festoons  near  the  margin, 
which  is  somewhat  undulate  in  one  specimen  which  Professor  Newberry 
referred  to  this  species. 

This  species  differs  from  its  contemporaries,  especially  in  its  nearly 
round  outline;  Professor  Lesquereux  finds  a  resemblance  to  Magnolia 
inglefieldi  Heer  from  Greenland,  and  it  also  suggests  some  of  the  Arctic 
forms  which  have  been  referred  to  Magnolia  capellinii  Heer. 

While  this  species  is  reported  from  such  widely  separated  points  as 
Marthas  Vineyard  and  Kansas,  it  is  nowhere  abundant  and  is  usually 
poorly  preserved,  suggesting  that  the  leaves  were  readily  macerated.  In 
Alabama  it  appears  to  be  confined  to  the  lower  Tuscaloosa. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FOKMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — U.  S.  National  Museum. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  833 

MAGNOLIA  LONGIPES  Hollick 
Plate  LXIX,  Fig.  2 

Magnolia  longipes  Hollick,  1894,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxi,  p.  60,  pi. 

clxxviii,  fig.  3. 
Magnolia  alternans  Ward,  1894  in  Smith,  Geol.  Coastal  Plain  Ala.,  p.  348 

(non  Heer). 
Magnolia  longipes  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p.  76, 

pi.  liv,  figs.  1  3. 
Magnolia  longipes  ?  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  64,  pi. 

xxi,  figs.  5,  6. 

Magnolia  longipes  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  23. 
Magnolia  longipes  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p.  135, 

pi.  xiv,  fig.  1. 

Description. — Leaves  oblong-ovate  in  outline,  apparently  about  18  cm. 
in  length  by  6  cm.  or  7  cm.  in  maximum  width,  which  was  below  the 
middle.  Apex  obtusely  rounded.  Base  usually  cuneate.  Midrib  and 
petiole  very  stout,  the  latter  unusually  long,  reaching  12  cm.  or  13  cm. 
in  some  specimens.  Secondaries  camptodrome,  relatively  thin  and  remote, 
ten  to  twelve  pairs,  branching  from  the  midrib  at  angles  of  about  45° 
and  soon  curving  upward  to  join  a  branch  from  the  secondary  next  above. 
This  forms  a  series  of  large  arches  which  approximately  parallel  the  mar- 
gin, and  constitutes  one  of  the  distinctive  characters  of  this  species, 
others  being  the  long  petiole  and  the  oblong,  almost  straight-sided,  shape. 

This  is  a  very  striking  Magnolia  and  is  frequent  in  the  middle  Karitan 
at  Woodbridge,  New  Jersey.  Fragmentary  specimens  which  have  been 
correlated  with  these  remains  are  reported  from  Long  Island.  It  is 
apparently  quite  different  in  appearance  from  any  of  the  other  Cretaceous 
species  of  Magnolia,  although  it  suggests  somewhat  a  gigantic  form  of 
Magnolia  woodbridgensis.  It  is  found  in  the  Magothy  formation  of 
Maryland  and  the  Tuscaloosa  formation  of  Alabama.  In  the  absence  of 
complete  specimens,  only  the  basal  part  being  usually  preserved,  it  is 
quite  possible  that  the  present  specimens  are  not  distinct  from  some  of 
the  associated  Magnolias. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — U.  S.  National  Museum. 


834  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

MAGNOLIA  OBTUSATA  Heer 
Plate  LXVIII,  Figs.  2-4 

Magnolia  capellinii  Heer,  1874,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct,  Bd.  iii,  Ab.  ii,  pi.  xxxiii, 

fig.  4. 
Magnolia  obtusata  Heer,  1882,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  90,  pi.  xv, 

fig.  12,  pi.  xxi,  fig.  3. 
Magnolia  obtusata  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii,  p. 

201,  pi.  Ix,  figs.  5,  6. 

Magnolia  obtusata  Berry,  1903,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p.  76,  pi. 

xlvii,  fig.  4. 
Magnolia  obtusata  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  23. 

Description. — Leaves  of  variable  size,  oblong-ovate  or  obovate  in  out- 
line, entire,  with  a  broadly  rounded  apex  and  a  narrowed  cuneate  base, 
ranging  from  7  cm.  to  14  cm.  in  length,  and  2.4  cm.  to  7  cm.  in  greatest 
width,  which  is  above  the  middle.  Petiole  and  midrib  stout.  Secondaries 
few  in  number  ascending,  curved,  camptodrome.  Texture  coriaceous. 

This  species  was  described  from  the  Atane  beds  of  Greenland  by  Heer, 
and  was  based  upon  rather  fragmentary  material.  Subsequently  Lesque- 
reux recorded  some  fine  specimens  from  the  Dakota  group  of  Kansas. 
It  is  present  in  the  Magothy  formation  from  New  Jersey  to  Maryland, 
and  in  beds  of  homotaxial  age  in  South  Carolina.  In  western  Alabama 
it  appears  to  be  confined  to  the  lower  Tuscaloosa  of  Fayette  County. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

MAGNOLIA  BOULAYANA  Lesquereux 
Plate  LXIX,  Fig.  1 

Magnolia  boulayana  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii,  p. 

202,  pi.  Ix,  fig.  2. 

Magnolia  glaucoides  Hollick,  1894,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxi,  p.  60. 

pi.  clxxv,  figs.  1,  7. 

Magnolia  glaucoides  Smith,  1894,  Geol.  Coastal  Plain  in  Alabama,  p.  348. 
Magnolia  glaucoides  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p. 

74,  pi.  Ivii,  figs.  1-4. 
Magnolia  boulayana  Knowlton,  1901,  Twenty-first  Ann.  Rept.  U.   S.  Geol. 

Survey,  pt.  vii,  p.  318. 
Magnolia  glaucoides  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  fig.  6, 

p.  67,  pi.  xix,  fig.  6;  pi.  xx,  fig.  6. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  835 

Magnolia  boulayana  Berry,  1909,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvi,  p.  254. 
Magnolia  boulayana  Berry,  1910,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  23. 
Magnolia  boulayana  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  84,  p. 
112,  pi.  xx,  fig.  5. 

Description. — Leaves  narrowly  elliptical  in  outline,  unusually  uniform 
in  size  and  shape,  8.5  cm.  to  13  cm.  in  length  and  3.5  cm.  to  4.5  cm.  in 
maximum  width.  Apex  usually  bluntly  rounded,  sometimes  acute.  Base 
matching  the  apex.  Petiole  mediumly  stout,  3  cm.  to  4  cm.  in  length. 
Midrib  mediumly  stout.  Secondaries  slender,  often  obsolete,  about  eleven 
pairs,  equidistant,  parallel,  camptodrome,  branching  from  the  midrib  at 
an  angle  of  about  40°.  Tertiaries,  when  seen,  transverse.  Texture  cori- 
aceous. 

This  species  was  described  originally  from  the  Dakota  group  of  Kansas 
by  Professor  Lesquereux.  Professor  Newberry  described  the  Karitan 
remains  which  are  abundant  at  the  Woodbridge  locality  as  a  new  species, 
and  it  has  been  kept  distinct  by  Hollick,  who  recognized,  however,  its 
practical  identity  with  the  Dakota  group  plant.  There  can  be  no  ques- 
tion that  they  belong  to  the  same  species,  and  it  seems  probable  that 
Magnolia  van  ingeni  described  by  Hollick 1  should  also  be  referred  to  the 
same  species. 

In  addition  to  the  localities  already  mentioned  this  species  is  found 
on  Marthas  Vineyard  and  Long  Island,  in  the  Eutaw  formation  of 
western  Georgia,  and  in  the  Woodbine  formation  of  the  western  Gulf 
region  (Texas).  Characteristic  specimens  of  this  species  are  present  in 
the  lower  Tuscaloosa  beds  of  Alabama. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Grove  Point,  Cecil  County; 
Eound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

MAGNOLIA  TENUIFOLIA  Lesquereux 
Plate  LXX,  Fig.  2 

Magnolia  tenuifolia  Lesquereux,  1868,  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  xlvi,  p.  100. 
Magnolia  tenuifolia  Lesquereux,  1874,  Cret.  Flora,  p.  92,  pi.  xxi,  fig.  1. 
Magnolia  tenuifolia  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii,  p. 
198,  pi.  xxiv,  fig.  1. 

1  Hollick,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxi,  1894,  p.  61,  pi.  clxxv,  fig.  6. 


836  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Magnolia  tenuifolia  Berry,  1903,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p.  77,  pi. 

xlvii,  fig.  10. 
Magnolia  tenuifolia  Berry,  1904,  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxi,  p.  76,  pi.  i, 

fig.  7. 
Magnolia  tenuifolia  Hollick,  1904,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p.  413, 

pi.  Ixxiii,  fig.  2. 

Magnolia  tenuifolia  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  174. 
Magnolia  tenuifolia  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  i,  p.  64,  pi. 

xvii,  fig.  1;  pi.  xviii,  figs.  4,  5. 

Description. — "  Leaves  large,  oblong,  entire,  narrowed  upward  to  a 
blunt  point,  downward  to  a  thick  petiole;  median  nerve  tbick;  secon- 
daries open,  parallel,  alternate,  inequidistant,  forking  at  a  distance  from 
the  borders,  camptodrome ;  the  lower  gradually  shorter,  at  right  angles  to 
the  median  nerve  and  like  tertiaries,  curving  backward." — Lesquereux, 
1892. 

This  species  is  widely  distributed  in  the  Dakota  sandstone  of  the  West. 
Along  the  Atlantic  border  it  is  represented  in  post-Karitan  deposits  by 
fragmentary  and  not  positively  identified  material  from  Marthas  Vine- 
yard, through  Long  Island,  New  Jersey,  and  Delaware  to  the  Maryland 
border. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FOEMATION.    Deep  Cut,  Delaware. 

Collection. — -Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

MAGNOLIA  CAPELLINII  Heer 
Plate  LXIX,  Fig.  4 

Magnolia  capellinii  Heer,  1863,  Phyll.  Cret.  d.  Nebr.,  p.  21,  pi.  iii,  figs.  5,  6. 
Magnolia  capellinii  Heer,  1874,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  iii,  Ab.  ii,  p.  115,  pi. 

xxxiii,  figs.  1-4. 
Magnolia  capellinii  Heer,  1882,  Ibidem,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  90,  pi.  xxiv,  figs. 

3-5;  pi.  xxv,  figs.  1-3;  pi.  xlv,  fig.  1. 
Magnolia  capellinii  Velenovsky,  1883,  Fl.  Bohm.  Kreidef.,  Theil  ii,  p.  20,  pi. 

vii,  figs.  8,  9. 
Magnolia  capellinii  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii,  p. 

203,  pi.  Ixvi,  fig.  1. 
Magnolia  capellinii  Dawson,  1894,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Canada,  1st  ser.,  vol.  xi, 

sec.  iv,  p.  63,  pi.  xi,  fig.  49;  pi.  xiii,  fig.  49a. 
Magnolia  capellinii  Hollick,  1895,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xii,  p.  234, 

pi.  vi,  fig.  6. 
Magnolia  capellinii  Hollick,  1895,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.,  vol.  vii,  p.  13. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  837 

Magnolia  capellinii  FriC  and  Bayer,  1901,  Archiv.  Naturw.  Landes.  Bohm., 

Bd.  xi,  Nr.  ii,  p.  127. 
Magnolia  capellinii  Hollick,  1904,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p.  413, 

pi.  Ixxviii,  fig.  3. 
Magnolia  capellinii  Berry,  1904,  Bull.  Torrey  Club,  vol.  xxxi,  p.  76,  pi.  iii, 

fig.  3. 
Magnolia  capellinii  Berry,  1906,  Ann.  Rept.  State  Geol.  of  New  Jersey  for 

1905,  p.  138. 
Magnolia  capellinii  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  63,  pi. 

xvii,  figs.  3,  4. 
Magnolia  capellinii  Berry,  1907,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiv,  p.  195, 

pi.  xii,  figs.  4,  5. 

Magnolia  capellinii  Berry,  1911,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  406. 
Magnolia  capellinii  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  84,  pp. 

43,  112,  pi.  xx,  fig.  6. 

Description. — "  M.  foliis  coriaceis,  late  ovalibus,  integerrimis,  nervis 
secundariis  angulo  acuto  egredientibus,  curvatis,  camptodromis." — Heer, 
1866. 

These  leaves  vary  considerably  in  size,  averaging  about  13  cm.  in 
length  by  7  cm.  in  width.  Outline  broadly  ovate,  the  base  and  apex 
usually  about  equally  pointed,  although  occasional  specimens  have  a  some- 
what obtuse  apex.  The  texture  is  coriaceous  or  subcoriaceous.  Midrib 
and  petiole  stout.  Secondaries  usually  seven  or  eight  alternate  or  sub- 
opposite  pairs  at  regular  intervals,  approximately  parallel,  camptodrome. 

This  widespread  species  in  some  of  its  forms  approaches  quite  close  to 
the  less  narrow  and  less  apically  extended  forms  of  Magnolia  speciosa 
Heer.  Ordinarily,  however,  the  latter  species  may  be  readily  distinguished 
by  its  relatively  narrower  form  with  the  produced  apex  and  decurrent  base. 

Described  originally  from  the  Dakota  sandstone  by  Heer,  Magnolia 
Capellinii  has  been  detected  at  a  large  number  of  localities  of  homotaxial 
age,  occurring  in  the  Cretaceous  of  Greenland  and  of  the  Pacific  Coast, 
and  in  the  Cenomanian  of  Bohemia.  In  the  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain  it  char- 
acterizes the  Magothy  formation  and  is  present  in  the  Black  Creek  beds  of 
North  Carolina,  the  basal  Eutaw  of  Georgia,  and  the  Tuscaloosa  formation 
of  Alabama.  It  was  doubtfully  recorded  from  the  New  Jersey  Raritan  by 
Lesquereux  in  1878,  but  it  has  never  been  detected  in  the  abundant  col- 
lections of  Raritan  plants  studied  by  Professor  Newberry  and  the  writer 
and  is  not  at  present  admitted  to  be  a  member  of  the  Raritan  flora. 


838  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Grove  Point,  Cecil  County; 
Bound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Genus  ILL.ICIUM  Linne 
[Syst,  ed.  x,  1759,  p.  1050] 

ILLIOIUM  DELETOIDES  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXX,  Fig.  6 

Description. — Leaves  of  relatively  small  size,  lanceolate  in  general  out- 
line, with  an  acuminate  apex  and  a  narrowly  decurrent  base.  Length 
about  9  cm.  Maximum  width,  in  the  middle  part  of  the  leaf,  about 
1.5  cm.  to  2  cm.  Margins  entire,  but  usually  more  or  less  undulate. 
Texture  coriaceous.  Petiole  not  preserved.  Midrib  stout,  prominent, 
more  or  less  flexuous.  Secondaries  about  ten  subopposite  to  alternate  pairs, 
diverging  from  the  midrib  at  wide  angles  (about  65° ),  pursuing  relatively 
straight  courses  two-thirds  of  the  distance  to  the  margins,  where  they  turn 
upward  to  form  wide  ascending  camptodrome  arches. 

This  species  may  be  compared  with  a  variety  of  described  species  in 
unrelated  genera,  as,  for  example,  in  the  genera  Nyssa,  Daphne,  Apocy- 
num,  Andromeda,  and  various  Lauracece;  but  it  is  believed  to  have  more 
in  common  with  Illicium,  in  which  only  two  other  Cretaceous  species  are 
known.  These  are  Illicium  deletum  Velenovsky1  from  the  Cenomanian 
of  Bohemia  and  Illicium  watereensis  Berry  2  from  the  Middendorf  beds  of 
South  Carolina.  The  present  species  differs  from  the  latter  in  its  less 
numerous  and  less  ascending  secondaries.  It  is  very  close  to  the  Bohemian 
species,  which  fact  has  suggested  the  specific  name  of  this  form.  It  is  a 
more  slender  leaf  with  fewer  secondaries,  and  would,  but  for  its  wide  geo- 
graphical separation,  probably  be  considered  to  be  merely  a  variant  of  the 
Bohemian  type. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — U.  S.  National  Museum. 

1  Velenovsky,  Fl.  Bohm.  Kreideform.,  Theil  iii,  1884,  p.  4,  pi.  iii,  fig.  5. 

2  Berry,  E.  W.,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.    Geol.  Survey,  No.  84,  p.  44,  pi.  xiv,  fig.  8, 
1914. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  839 

Genus  CARPITES  Schimper 
[Pal.  V6g6t,  tome  iii,  1874,  p.  421] 

CARPITES  LIRIOPHYLLI  Lesquereux 
Plate  LXX,  Figs.  4,  5 

Carpites  liriophylli  Lesquereux,  1883,  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  77,  pi.  xi,  fig.  5. 
Carpites  liriophylli  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  174. 

Description. — A  ligneous  winged  seed  or  carpel,  ovate  in  general  out- 
line, flattened,  curved  somewhat  toward  the  thickened  proximal  end 
which  also  shows  a  vertical  scar  of  attachment  about  3  mm.  in  length. 
Surface  somewhat  striated,  2.5  cm.  to  3  cm.  in  length,  6  mm.  to  7  mm.  in 
maximum  width  midway  between  the  ends ;  distal  end  more  narrowed  than 
proximal,  acuminate;  proximal  end  obtuse. 

This  species  was  described  by  Lesquereux  from  the  Dakota  group  and 
based  on  a  single  specimen  found  in  association  with  the  problematical 
genus  Liriophyllum.  It  reappears  in  the  Magothy  in  more  typical  form 
and  appears  to  be  definitely  related  to  the  genus  Liriodendron. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Deep  Cut,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Family  NYMPHAEACEAE 

'  enus  NELUMBITES  Berry 
[Maryland  Geol.  Survey,  Lower  Cret.,  1911,  p.  462] 

The  genus  Nelumbites  was  proposed  by  the  writer  in  1911  for  ancestral 
forms  related  to  the  modern  genus  Nelumbo,  with  Menispermites  vir- 
giniensis  Fontaine  1  from  the  Patapsco  formation  of  Maryland  and  Vir- 
ginia as  the  type.  One  additional  Patapsco  species,  Nelumbites  tenui- 
nervis  (Fontaine)  Berry,  was  described.  Additional  species  include  the 
following  Magothy  form  and  probably  the  large-leafed  Nelumbo  kempii 
Hollick 2  from  the  same  formation  in  New  Jersey  and  on  Long  Island  and 
Marthas  Vineyard.  Small-leafed  forms  also  occur  at  higher  horizons  in 
the  Montana  group  and  in  the  Laramie  and  Shoshone  group  of  the  West. 

1  Fontaine,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xv,  1890,  p.  321,  pi.  clxi,  figs.  1,  2. 

2  Hollick,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  i,  1907,  p.  61,  pi.  xiii,  figs.  1-4;  pi. 
xiv,  figs.  1,  2;  pi.  xv ;  pi.  xvi,  figs.  1-6. 


840  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Still  other  and  mostly  larger  species  are  referred  to  the  allied  genus 
Nelumbium  of  Jussieu. 

While  the  Patapsco  species  have  the  characteristic  peltate  leaves  they 
are  not  radially  symmetrical  as  are  the  later  species,  but  have  the  petiole 
attached  near  to  one  margin  giving  them  an  appearance  much  like  that  of 
a  number  of  supposed  species  of  Menispermites.  The  venation  is,  how- 
ever, nearer  that  of  Nelumlo  and  its  allies,  the  secondaries  being  promi- 
nent on  the  lower  surface,  obsolete  on  the  upper  surface,  and  forking  after 
the  manner  of  the  Nymphceacece.  If  these  leaves  were  not  floating  it  is 
surprising  that  a  petiole  stout  enough  to  hold  the  leaf  erect  is  not  found 
fossil,  unless  the  leaf  normally  abscissed  from  the  apex  instead  of  the  base 
of  the  petiole.  It  is  hoped  that  sooner  or  later  specimens  will  be  found 
showing  whether  or  not  the  stomata  were  confined  to  the  upper  surface 
and  thus  confirming  or  disproving  the  assumption  here  made  that  they 
were  aquatic  in  habit.  The  existing  species  of  Nelumbo  are  two  in  num- 
ber, both  large  aquatic  perennials,  one  North  American  and  the  other 
Asiatic  and  Australian.  It  has  seemed  better  to  establish  a  new  genus 
for  the  reception  of  these  Cretaceous  forms,  which,  while  expressing  their 
proper  affinities,  does  not  unduly  extend  our  conception  of  the  modern 
genus. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  in  this  connection  that  Saporta  *  has  reported 
two  species  of  Nelumbium  from  the  supposed  Albian  of  Portugal,  but  as 
these  are  not  fully  defined  and  are  also  unfigured  their  relation  to  the 
American  species  is  unknown. 

XELUMBITES  PRIM^VA  (Berry)  Berry 
Plate  LXXV,  Fig.  4 

Nelumbo  primceva  Berry,  1903,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p.  75,  pi. 

xliii,  fig.  1. 
Nelumbo  primceva  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  23. 

Description, — Leaves  of  variable  size,  peltate,  orbicular  or  broadly 
elliptical  in  general  outline.  Diameter  ranging  from  3  cm.  or  4  cm.  to 
about  10  cm.  Margins  entire,  texture  subcoriaceous.  Primaries  eight, 

1  Saporta,  Comptes  Rendus,  tome  cxix,  1894,  pp.  835-837. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  841 

generally  straight,  prominent  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaf,  forking 
dichotomously  at  variable  distances  from  their  origin,  giving  off  thin, 
transverse  more  or  less  curved  secondaries. 

The  present  species,  which  is  probably  a  descendant  of  Nelumbites 
virginiensis,  was  described  originally  from  Cliffwood  Bluff,  New  Jersey. 
It  is  only  known  from  imperfect  materials,  but  is  much  smaller  and  more 
delicate  than  Nelumlo  Tcempii  Hollick  (op.  cit.) .  It  is  much  like  Nelumbo 
laramiensis  Hollick/  which  has,  however,  twelve  primaries.  Other  com- 
parable species  are  Nelumbo  intermedia  Knowlton 2  with  twelve  or  thirteen 
weak  primaries,  and  Nelumbo  dawsoni  Hollick 3  with  eighteen  primaries. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Round  Bay,  Anne  Arundel 
County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Order   ROSALES 
Family  LEGUMINOSAE 

Genus  LUGUMINOSITES  Bowerbank 
[Foss.  Fr.  and  Seeds  London  Clay,  1840,  p.  124] 

LEGUMINOSITES  CORONILLOIDES  Heer 
Plate  LXXVI,  Fig.  4 

Leguminosites  coronilloides  Heer,  1874,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct,  Bd.  iii,  Ab.  ii,  p. 

119,  pi.  xxxiv,  fig.  14. 

Colutea  coronilloides  Heer,  1882,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  100. 
Leguminosites  coronilloides  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 

xvii,  p.  149,  pi.  xiii,  fig.  10. 
Leguminosites  Jrigidus  Hollick,  1892,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xii,  p.  34, 

pi.  ii,  figs.  11. 
Leguminosites  coronilloides  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 

xxvi,  p.  97,  pi.  xlii,  fig.  48. 
Leguminosites  coronilloides  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1, 

p.  86,  pi.  xxxii,  figs.  16,  17. 
Leguminosites  coronilloides  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii, 

p.  24. 

Leguminosites  coronilloides  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jer- 
sey, p.  153. 

1  Hollick,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxi,  1894,  p.  307. 

2  Knowlton,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  163,  p.  53,  pi.  xiii,  figs.  3-5,  1900. 

3  Based  on  Brasenia  antiqua  Dawson,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Canada,  vol.  iii,  sec. 
iv,  p.  15,  tf.,  1886. 


842  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Description. — "  L.  foliolis  parvulis,  ovalibus,  breviter  petiolatis,  nervis 
secundariis  distantibus,  curvatis,  subtilissimis." — Heer,  1874. 

Leaflets  small,  oval  and  unsymmetrical  in  outline.  Length  ranging 
from  1.5  cm.  to  2.8  cm.  Width  ranging  from  8.5  mm.  to  12  mm.  Mar- 
gins entire.  Petiolule  short.  Midrib  stout.  Secondaries  thin,  remote, 
three  to  five  pairs,  alternate,  camptodrome,  often  obsolete. 

Leguminous  leaflets  from  a  number  of  widely  removed  localities  have 
been  referred  to  this  species,  and  while  all  of  these  are  very  similar  in 
general  characters  their  positive  identity  cannot  be  affirmed  with  any 
great  confidence.  Described  originally  from  the  Atane  beds  of  Green- 
land, they  have  been  detected  by  Lesquereux  in  the  Dakota  group,  by 
Newberry  in  the  Earitan  formation,  by  Hollick  at  Marthas  Vineyard  and 
Staten  Island,  and  by  the  writer  from  Maryland.  They  are  very  similar 
to  other  species  of  Leguminosites,  as,  for  example,  Leguminosites  frigidus 
Heer l  described  from  the  Patoot  beds. 

Professor  Heer  in  his  last  report  (loc.  cit.}  refers  this  form  to  the  old 
world  genus  Colutea,  but  it  does  not  seem  wise  to  follow  him  in  this  ref- 
erence with  no  more  evidence  than  is  available. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

LEGUMINOSITES  CANAVALIOIDES  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXXVI,  Fig.  6 

Description. — Leaves  compound,  probably  trifoliate.  Leaflets  large, 
elliptical  in  general  outline,  with  a  rounded  apex  and  base.  Length 
about  7  cm.  Maximum  width,  in  the  middle  part  of  the  leaflet,  about 
6  cm.  Margins  entire.  Texture  subcoriaceous.  Petiolule  wanting.  Mid- 
rib stout,  becoming  attenuated  diatad.  Secondaries  numerous,  thin, 
camptodrome,  about  ten  pairs,  diverging  from  the  midrib  at  angles  of 
about  55°.  Tertiary  areolation  papilionaceous,  mostly  immersed. 

This  species  respresents  a  leguminous  leaflet  of  unknown  generic 
affinity  named  from  its  resemblance  to  the  leaflets  of  the  existing  species 

1Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct,  Bd.  vii,  p.  44,  pi.  Iv,  figs.  21,  22;  pi.  Ixv,  fig.  13,  1883. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  843 

Canavalia,  which  number  about  a  dozen,  of  the  tropics  of  both  hemis- 
pheres. In  the  Lower  Eocene  of  southeastern  North  America  there  is  an 
undoubted  species  of  Canavalia  very  close  to  the  existing  Canavalia  obtusi- 
folia  (Lamarck)  D.  C.,  a  common  West  Indian  strand  plant. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

LEGUMINOSITES  OMPHALOBIOIDES  Lesquereux 
Plate  LXXVI,  Fig.  5 

Leguminosites  omphalobioides  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 

vol.  xvii,  pi.  xxxviii,  fig.  4. 
Leguminosites  omphalobioides  Newberry,  1896,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxvi,  p.  97,  pi. 

xlii,  fig.  39. 
Leguminosites  omphalobioides  Berry,  1910,   Bull.    Torrey   Bot.    Club,   vol. 

xxxvii,  p.  24. 
Leguminosites  omphalobioides  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New 

Jersey,  p.  155. 

Description. — Leaflets  elliptical  in  outline,  3.2  cm.  to  4  cm.  in  length 
by  1.5  cm.  to  1.7  cm.  in  greatest  breadth,  which  is  about  half-way  between 
the  apex  and  the  base.  Texture  subcoriaceous.  Apex  rather  broadly 
rounded.  Base  slightly  narrowed  and  decurrent  to  the  point  of  attach- 
ment. Lesquereux  speaks  of  a  short  petiole,  but  this  is  lacking  in  his 
type  figure  and  in  all  the  specimens  examined  by  the  writer.  The  midrib 
is  not  especially  wide,  but  is  quite  prominent.  The  secondaries  are  thin 
and  alternate ;  they  number  about  six  pairs,  and  branch  from  the  midrib 
at  angles  of  50°,  or  somewhat  less,  curving  upward  close  to  the  margins, 
camptodrome. 

This  species  was  described  originally  from  the  Dakota  group  of  Kansas, 
and  subsequently  found  in  the  Magothy  formation  of  Maryland  and  the 
Tuscaloosa  formation  of  Alabama. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

55 


844  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Genus  LIRIODENDROPS1S  Newberry 
[Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  1896,  p.  82] 

LIRIODENDROPSIS  CONSTRICTA  Ward 

Liriodendropsis  simplex  Hollick,  1893,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xii,  p. 

235,  pi.  vii,  fig.  3. 
Liriodendropsis  simplex  constricta  Ward,  1896,  16th  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol. 

Survey,  pt.  i,  p.  540,  pi.  ci,  fig.  8. 
Liriodendropsis  constricta  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1.  p. 

71,  pi.  xxii,  fig.  7;  pi.  xxvi,  figs.  6-15;  pi.  xl,  fig.  15. 

Description. — Leaves  ovate  in  general  outline  with  a  rounded  ultimately 
cuneate  base,  constricted  abruptly  on  each  side  the  apical  portion  nar- 
rowed and  straight-sided  with  an  emarginate  apex.  Length  ranging 
from  4  cm.  to  9  cm.  Maximum  width,  in  the  basal  part,  ranging  from 
2  cm.  to  4  cm.  Secondary  and  tertiary  venation  indistinguishable  from 
that  of  Liriodendropsis  simplex  or  angustifolia  of  one  or  the  other  of 
which  it  is  probably  a  variant  and  not  a  distinct  species. 

Forms  answering  to  the  foregoing  diagnosis  are  recorded  from  Marthas 
Vineyard,  Massachusetts,  and  Glen  Cove,  Long  Island,  where  they  are 
associated  Avith  large  numbers  of  leaflets  of  Liriodendropsis  simplex  and 
angustifolia.  A  single  leaflet  is  likewise  associated  with  these  two  species 
in  Alabama  which  fact  lends  emphasis  to  its  doubtful  specific  rank.  The 
Maryland  material  is  rare  and  not  positively  determined. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Genus  COLUTEA  Linne 
[Sp.  PI.,  1753,  p.  723] 

COLUTEA  OBOVATA  Berry 
Plate  LXXVI,  Figs.  1,  2 

Colutea  obovata  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  175,  figs. 
5,  6. 

Description. — Leaves  small,  ovate  in  general  outline,  inequilateral,  with 
rounded  margins  and  apical  auricles  separated  by  a  deep  and  rounded 
sinus.  The  Tuscaloosa  leaf  is  somewhat  smaller  than  the  type  and 
measures  1.3  cm.  along  the  midrib,  1.6  cm.  from  apices  to  base,  and  1.2  cm. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  845 

in  greatest  width,  which  is  the  distal  half  of  the  leaf.  Base  cuneate. 
Midrib  slightly  curved.  Secondaries  four  or  five  subopposite  pairs  which 
are  thin,  ascending  and  camptodrome.  Tertiaries  fine. 

This  small  species  was  described  by  the  writer  from  material  collected 
in  the  Magothy  formation  of  Maryland  and  it  is  also  found  in  the  Tusca- 
loosa  formation  of  Alabama.  It  appears  to  be  entirely  distinct  from  the 
other  known  Cretaceous  species,  of  which  there  are  several.  It  resembles 
more  or  less  some  of  the  various  leaves  which  have  been  identified  as 
Colutea  primordialis  Heer  from  Greenland,  the  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain, 
and  the  Western  Interior. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

COLUTEA  PRIMORDIALIS  Heer 
Plate  LXXV,  Fig.  3 

Colutea  primordialis  Heer,  1882,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  99,  pi. 

xxvii,  figs.  7-11;  pi.  xliii,  figs.  7,  8. 
Colutea  primordialis  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii, 

p.  148,  pi.  xiii,  figs.  8,  9. 
Colutea  primordialis  Hollick,  1894,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxi,  p.  56, 

pi.  clxxiv,  fig.  2. 
Colutea  primordialis  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p. 

97,  pi.  xix,  figs.  4,  5. 

Colutea  primordialis  Hollick,  1907,  Ibidem,  vol.  1,  p.  84,  pi.  xxxii,  figs.  14,  15. 
Colutea  primordialis  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  24. 
Colutea  primordialis  Berry,  1911,  IMdem,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  407. 
Colutea  primordialis  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p. 

156,  pi.  xx,  fig.  4. 

Description. — "  C.  foliolis  membranaceis,  breviter  petiolatis,  pollicari- 
bus,  ovalibus,  integerrimis,  basi  attenuatis,  apice  profunde  emarginatis, 
nervis  secundariis  subtilissimis,  camptodromis." — Heer,  1882. 

This  species  was  described  from  the  Atane  beds  of  west  Greenland  and 
subsequently  recorded  from  the  Dakota  sandstone  of  Kansas,  the  Karitan 
formation  of  New  Jersey,  and  the  Magothy  formation  of  Marthas  Vine- 
yard and  Long  Island.  Typical  forms  are  not  uncommon  in  the  upper 
part  of  the  Magothy  formation  at  Grove  Point. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 


846  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Genus  BAUHINIA  Linne 
[Sp.  PL,  1753,  p.  374] 

BAUHINIA  MARYLANDICA  Berry 

Plate  LXXV,  Figs.  5-7 
Bauhinia  marylandica  Berry,  1908,  Torreya,  vol.  viii,  p.  218,  figs.  1-3. 

Description. — Leaves  small,  about  3  cm.  in  greatest  length  by  2.5  cm.  in 
greatest  breadth,  elliptical  in  general  outline,  bilobate;  the  apical  sinus 
narrow  and  pointed,  reaching  one-half  to  two-thirds  of  the  distance  to 
the  base;  lobes  narrow,  ascending,  somewhat  falcate  in  outline,  obtusely 
pointed;  midrib  straight,  giving  off  one,  two  or  three  sharply  ascending 
pairs  of  opposite,  camptodrome  secondaries,  these  give  off  a  series  of 
broadly  rounded  inequilateral  tertiary  arches  which  are  directed  upward 
and  outward ;  the  upper  pair  of  secondaries  the  most  prominent ;  from  the 
juncture  of  the  midrib  and  sinus  a  pair  of  much  reduced  secondaries  is 
given  off  and  these  join  the  secondary  next  below  in  one  or  two  broad 
arches. 

The  present  species  was  described  in  1908  from  the  Magothy  formation 
at  Grove  Point,  Maryland,  where  it  is  abundant.  It  is  sparingly  repre- 
sented in  the  lower  part  of  the  Tuscaloosa  formation  of  western  Alabama. 

The  form  and  venation  of  these  leaves  are  exactly  like  several  of  the 
existing  species  of  Bauhinia,,  and  are  so  well  marked  that  there  can  be  no 
doubt  of  the  existence  of  a  species  of  Bauhinia  growing  along  the  middle 
and  south  Atlantic  coast  during  the  deposition  of  the  Upper  Cretaceous, 
a  species  whose  descendants  along  with  those  of  its  congeners  migrated 
finally  to  their  present  tropical  habitat,  perhaps  gradually  with  the  oscil- 
lation of  climatic  conditions,  and  perhaps  not  until  the  Pleistocene  glaci- 
ation  to  the  northward  forced  them  to  make  a  comparatively  sudden 
retreat  to  the  southward. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Grove  Point,  Cecil  County, 
Eound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SUEVEY  847 

Genus  DALBERGIA  Linne,  f. 
[Suppl.,  1781,  p.  52] 

DALBERGIA  SEVERNENSIS  Berry 
Plate  LXXVI,  Fig.  3 

Dalbergia  severensis  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii,  p. 
407,  pi.  xix,  fig.  2. 

Description. — Leaflets  of  rather  small  size,  oblanceolate  in  general  out- 
line, with  a  markedly  emarginate  apex,  gently  curved  sides  and  narrowly 
pointed  base.  Length  about  5  cm.  Maximum  width,  in  the  middle  part 
of  the  leaf,  about  1.5  cm.  Margins  entire.  Texture  subcoriaceous. 
Petiolule  wanting.  Midrib  stout  below,  thin  above.  Secondaries  thin, 
five  or  six  pairs,  diverging  from  the  midrib  at  angles  of  45°  or  less,  the 
lower  ascending,  the  upper  curved,  all  eventually  camptodrome. 

This  handsome  form  is  clearly  distinct  from  related  forms  and  is 
identical  in  its  characters  with  the  fossil  leguminous  leaflets  usually 
referred  to  the  genus  Dalbergia.  The  modern  species  number  about  four 
score  distributed  throughout  the  Oriental  and  Occidental  tropics,  and 
there  is  a  strong  generic  similarity  in  their  foliage.  The  fossil  species  of 
Dalbergia  are  numerous,  extending  from  the  Upper  Cretaceous  through 
the  Tertiary. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Little  Eound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel 
County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Order  GERANIALES 
Family  EUPHORBIACEAE 

Genus   CROTONOPHYLLUM  Velenovsky 
[Kvetena  6esk6ho  cenomanu,  1889,  p.  20] 

CROTONOPHYLLUM  CRETACEUM  Velenovsky 
Plate  LXXVI,  Figs.  7,  8 

Crotonophyllum  cretaceum  Velenovsky,  1889,  Kvetena  cesk6ho  cenomanu, 

p.  20,  pi.  v,  figs.  4-11. 
Crotonophyllum  cretaceum  Fric  and  Bayer,  1901,  Archiv.  Naturw.  Landes. 

Bohm.,  Bd.  xi,  Nr.  ii,  p.  137,  tf.  101. 


848  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Description. — Leaves  of  variable  size  and  form,  in  general  ovate  to 
lanceolate  in  outline,  with  a  sharply  pointed  apex  and  decurrent  base. 
Length  ranging  from  9  cm.  to  15  cm.  Maximum  width,  usually  in  the 
middle  part  of  the  leaf,  ranging  from  2  cm.  to  5  cm.  Petiole  stout. 
Midrib  stout  and  slightly  nexuous,  prominent.  Secondaries  numerous, 
camptodrome,  their  angle  of  divergence  and  subsequent  course  dependent 
on  the  shape  of  the  individual  leaves ;  in  general  they  diverge  at  an  acute 
angle  and  are  ascending.  Texture  coriaceous. 

These  leaves  exhibit  a  wide  range  of  variation,  some  forms  being 
entire  and  lanceolate,  with  the  margins  but  slightly  undulate.  Usually 
these  undulations  are  pronounced,  one  or  more  on  either  one  or  both  sides 
of  the  lamina  becoming  emphasized  to  form  a  pronounced  constriction. 
These  sinuses  are  sometimes  rounded,  more  often  they  are  sharply  pointed 
and  extend  about  half-way  to  the  midrib.  These  constrictions  may  be  in 
the  apical,  median  or  basal  region.  Usually  they  are  above  the  middle 
and  divide  the  leaf  into  a  lower  ovate  portion  and  an  upper  linear- 
lanceolate  portion. 

This  species,  which  is  the  type  of  the  genus,  was  described  by  Velenovsky 
(in  Bohemian)  in  1889  from  the  Cenomanian  of  Vyserovic,  Bohemia,  and 
compared  with  existing  species  of  Croton,  some  of  which  it  greatly 
resembles.  It  remained  the  only  species  until  recently  when  the  writer 
described1  the  closely  related  Crotonophyllum  pandurceformis  from  the 
Middendorf  beds  of  South  Carolina  and  the  Tuscaloosa  formation  of 
Alabama.  A  previously  described  form  which  while  much  smaller  is 
otherwise  quite  similar  to  the  widest  Maryland  specimen  is  Cinnamomum 
membmnaceum  (Lesquereux)  Hollick.2 

The  genus  is  also  represented  in  the  Lower  Eocene  flora  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi embayment. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

1  Berry,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  84,  p.  48,  pi.  vii,  figs.  5-10,  1914. 
3  Hollick,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  1907,  p.  75,  pi.  xxix,  figs.  5,  6. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SUEVEY  849 

Order  SAPINDALES 
Family  1LICACEAE 

Genus  ILEX  Linne 
[Sp.  PI.,  1753,  p.  125] 

ILEX  SEVERNENSIS  Berry 
Plate  LXXVII,  Figs.  1,  2 

Ilex  severnensis  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  407,  pi. 
xix,  figs.  1,  la. 

Description. — Leaves  of  small  size,  oblong  in  general  outline,  with  a 
cuspidate  apex  and  a  narrowly  rounded  base.  Length  about  2  cm.  Maxi- 
mum width  about  6.5  cm.  Texture  coriaceous.  Margins  entire  below; 
above,  with  a  few  irregularly  spaced  salient  serrate  teeth.  Midrib  rela- 
tively stout.  Secondary  venation  thin  and  more  or  less  obsolete,  consist- 
ing of  a  vein  which  forms  a  marginal  hem  all  around  and  numerous  trans- 
verse veins  between  it  and  the  midrib.  The  latter  are  for  the  most  part 
nearly  straight,  diverging  from  the  midrib  at  angles  of  about  90°,  giving 
the  leaf  a  scalariform  appearance,  as  shown  in  the  enlarged  figure  of  this 
form. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Little  Eound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel 
County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Family  CELASTRACEAE 

Genus  ELAEODENDRON  Jacques,  .f. 
[Nova  Acta  Helv.,  vol.  I,  1787,  p.  36] 

ELJEODENDRON  MARYLANDICUM  Berry 
Plate  LXXVII,  Figs.  3-6 

Elceodendron  marylandicum  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii, 
p.  24,  pi.  viii,  fig.  1. 

Description. — Leaf  orbicular  in  general  outline,  6.5  cm.  to  8.5  cm.  in 
length  by  4.7  cm.  to  6.2  cm.  in  greatest  width,  which  is  about  midway 
between  the  apex  and  the  base.  Apex  evenly  rounded,  somewhat  emargi- 
nate  in  one  specimen.  Base  cuneate,  slightly  decurrent.  Margin  entire 


850  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

below,  furnished  above  with  a  few  irregularly-spaced  and  very  small  spine- 
like  teeth.  Petiole  extremely  stout,  3  cm.  long  in  one  of  the  smaller 
specimens.  Midrib  also  stout,  thinning  rapidly  toward  the  tip.  Secon- 
daries five  or  six  pairs,  alternate,  camptodrome,  branching  from  the  mid- 
rib at  an  angle  of  about  50°  to  55°  and  curving  slightly  upward  to  join 
lateral  branches  from  the  secondaries  next  above.  From  the  outer  side 
of  these  successive  arches  short  tertiaries  run  to  the  marginal  teeth  in 
those  parts  of  the  leaf  in  which  the  teeth  are  developed. 

This  very  handsome  and  well-marked  species  is  represented  by  a  num- 
ber of  specimens  from  Grove  Point.  It  finds  its  nearest  relative  in  certain 
of  the  larger  and  more  orbicular  variants  of  the  upper  Raritan  and 
Magothy  species  Celastrophyllum  newberryanum  Hollick;  in  fact,  it 
would  seem  reasonable  to  suppose  that  the  present  species  which  has  thus 
far  been  found  at  the  extreme  top  of  the  Magothy  formation  at  Grove 
Point  may  be  descended  from  Celastropliyllum  newberryanum,  which 
characterizes  particularly  the  upper  Earitan  at  South  Amboy,  New  Jersey. 
The  writer  was  long  undecided  whether  or  not  to  refer  the  new  species  to 
Cclaslrophyllum  or  Elceodendron,  and  it  may  also  seem  preferable  eventu- 
ally to  transfer  C.  newberryanum  to  the  latter  genus,  with  which  it  shows 
many  characters  in  common.  The  present  species  may  be  compared  with 
Elceodendron  dioicum  Grisebach  from  the  West  Indies. 

The  genus  Elceodendron  has  mainly  a  Tertiary  history,  although 
Hollick  has  described  a  Magothy  species  recently  from  Gay  Head, 
Marthas  Vineyard  (Elceodendron  strictum). 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FOKMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Genus  CELASTRUS  Linne 
[Sp.  PI.,  1753,  p.  196] 

CELASTKUS  AECTICA  Heer 
Plate  LXXVII,  Fig.  7 

Celastrus  arctica  Heer,  1883,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  vii,  p.  40,  pi.  Ixi,  figs.  5d, 

5e. 
Celastrus  arctica  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p.  98, 

pi.  xiii,  figs.  8-18. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  851 

Celastrus  arctica  Hollick,  1898,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xi,  p.  60,  pi.  iv, 

fig.  8. 
Celastrus  arctica  Hollick,  1904,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p.  408,  pi. 

Ixx,  figs.  12,  13. 
Celastrus  arctica  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  88,  pi. 

xxxiii,  figs.  9-11. 

Celastrus  arctica  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  407. 
Celastrus  arctica  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p.  172, 

pi.  xxv,  figs.  1-5. 

Description. — "  C.  foliis  parvulis,  lineari-lanceolatis,  apice  longe 
attenuates,  basi  angustatis,  denticulatis,  nervis  secundariis  angulo  acuto 
egredientibus." — Heer,  1883. 

Leaves  elongated  and  narrow,  linear-lanceolate  in  outline,  with  an 
equally  acuminate  apex  and  base  and  a  short  stout  petiole.1  Length  rang- 
ing from  4  cm.  to  13  cm.,  width  ranging  from  0.5  cm.  to  1.5  cm.  Mid- 
rib stout.  Secondaries  numerous,  parallel,  nearly  straight,  branching 
from  the  midrib  at  acute  angles  which  range  from  12°  to  37°,  inosculating 
near  the  margin,  short  branches  from  this  marginal  hem  entering  the 
teeth.  Margin  regularly  and  somewhat  remotely  dentate  with  shallow 
rounded  sinuses  between  the  teeth,  the  cuneate  base  entire-margined. 

This  species,  which  is  exceedingly  abundant  in  the  upper  Earitan  beds 
at  South  Amboy,  but  which  has  not  been  found  elsewhere  in  the  New 
Jersey  Earitan,  was  described  originally  from  the  Patoot  beds  of  Green- 
land which  are  usually  correlated  with  the  Senonian  of  Europe.  It  is 
abundant  at  the  top  of  the  Magothy  formation  in  Maryland.  The  Green- 
land material  was  limited  and  the  specimens  were  small  in  size  compared 
with  the  usual  Earitan  forms.  There  is,  however,  no  question  of  their 
identity. 

Professor  Heer  (op.  cit.)  compared  this  species  with  Celastrus  ettings- 
liauseni 2  of  the  European  Tertiary  which  resembles  a  number  of  modern 
species  of  Celastrus  of  the  East  Indian  region. 

The  present  species  exhibits  considerable  resemblance  to  the  leaflets  of 
the  palmately  compound  Dewalqueas  of  the  Upper  Cretaceous  and  Lower 

1  A  single  specimen  from  Little  Round  Bay  has  a  petiole  2  cm.  in  length. 

2  Heer,  Fl.  Tert.  Helv.,  Bd.  iii,  1859,  p.  68,  pi.  cxxi,  figs.  46,  46b  (non  Vele- 
novsky,  1882). 


852  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Eocene,  but  no  evidence  of  a  similar  habit  is  indicated  among  the  large 
number  of  specimens  collected  by  the  writer. 

This  species  is  recorded  by  Hollick  from  Block  Island  and  Long  Island, 
and  is  also  present  in  the  Kreischerville  beds  of  Staten  Island. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Little  Eound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel 
County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Genus  CELASTROPHYLLUM  Goeppert 
[Tertiarfl.  Java,  1854,  p.  52] 

CELASTKOPHYLLUM  CRENATUM  Heer   (?) 

Celastrophyllum  crenatum  Heer,  1885,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  vii,  p.  41,  pi.  Ixii, 
fig.  2. 

Celastrophyllum  crenatum  Smith,  1894,  Geol.  Coastal  Plain  Ala.,  p.  348. 

Celastrophyllum  crenatum  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 
xxvi,  p.  99,  pi.  Ixviii,  figs.  1-18. 

Celastrophyllum  crenatum  Berry,  1907,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiv, 
p.  197,  pi.  xiii,  fig.  5. 

Celastrophyllum  crenatum  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jer- 
sey, p.  178,  pi.  xxii,  fig.  9;  pi.  xxiii,  fig.  2. 

Celastrophyllum  crenatum  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No. 
84,  p.  50. 

Description. — Leaves  very  variable  in  size,  2  cm.  to  8  cm.  in  length  by 
1  cm.  to  5  cm.  in  width,  ovate  or  elliptical  in  outline,  broadly  rounded 
above,  narrowed  and  generally  inequilateral  below.  Margins  entire  below, 
coarsely  toothed  above,  with  somewhat  variable,  rounded,  crenate  or 
crenate-dentate  teeth.  Occasional  specimens  are  entire  throughout  and 
some  have  a  markedly  inequilateral  base.  Midrib  mediumly  stout.  Secon- 
daries numerous,  nine  or  ten  pairs,  subopposite,  branching  from  the  mid- 
rib at  angles  somewhat  in  excess  of  45°,  slightly  curved  upward  and 
parallel,  branching  near  the  margin  to  form  festoons  from  which  branches 
enter  the  marginal  teeth. 

This  species  was  described  originally  by  Professor  Heer  from  the  Patoot 
beds  of  Greenland,  and  unfortunately  only  a  single  small  leaf  was  figured. 
The  Earitan  leaves,  which  are  abundant,  grade  into  much  larger  forms 
which  are  also  present  in  the  Black  Creek  formation  of  North  Carolina 
and  the  Tuscaloosa  formation  of  Alabama. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  853 

The  species  is  rare  in  South  Carolina,  fragmentary  specimens  being 
sparsely  represented  in  the  Middendorf  beds.  It  is  represented  by 
fragmentary  and  not  certainly  determined  specimens  in  the  Maryland 
Magothy.  The  genus  is  characteristic  of  the  late  Lower  and  early  Upper 
Cretaceous  of  eastern  North  America. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

CELASTROPHYLLUM  UNDULATUM  Newberry   (?) 

Celastrophyllum  undulatum  Smith,  1894,  Geol.  Coastal  Plain.  Ala.,  p.  348 
(nomen  nudum). 

Celastrophyllum  undulatum  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 
xxvi,  p.  xxxviii,  figs.  1-3. 

Celastrophyllum  undulatum  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii, 
p.  198. 

Celastrophyllum  undulatum  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jer- 
sey, p.  175. 

Description. — Leaves  of  large  size,  10  cm.  to  15  cm.  in  length  by  4  cm. 
to  8  cm.  in  width,  ovate-oblong  or  ovate  in  outline,  with  an  obtuse  or 
bluntly  pointed  apex  and  somewhat  narrowed  base.  Margin  strongly 
undulate  or  broadly  and  coarsely  crenate,  somewhat  variable  in  the  char- 
acter of  its  teeth.  Midrib  stout.  Secondaries  numerous,  a  dozen  or  more 
subopposite  pairs,  which  branch  from  the  midrib  at  a  wide  angle  and 
fork  near  the  margins  to  form  festoons  which  coincide  approximately  with 
the  marginal  teeth. 

This  very  large  species  resembles  the  larger  leaves  that  are  referred  to 
Celastrophyllum  crenatum  Heer,  but  is  much  larger  and  more  elongate  in 
outline.  Its  size  has  apparently  rendered  perfect  specimens  rare  and  the 
recovered  remains  are  usually  fragmentary.  Velenovsky  hints  at  its 
identity  with  the  leaves  named  by  him  Myrica  zenkeri  from  the  Bohemian 
Cretaceous,  although  this  resemblance  is  obviously  slight,  the  present 
species  more  nearly  resembling  the  Bohemian  leaves  which  this  author 
identifies  as  a  species  of  Ternstrwmia,  as  well  as  various  lower  Eocene 
species  of  Ternstroemites  of  the  Mississippi  embayment  area. 


854  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

It  was  described  originally  from  the  New  Jersey  Earitan  and  is  repre- 
sented by  considerable  fragmentary  material  in  the  lower  Tuscaloosa  beds 
of  Alabama.  Large  leaves  of  this  species  occur  in  the  Black  Creek  beds 
of  North  Carolina.  Doubtfully  determined  material  is  present  in  Mary- 
land. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Round  Bay,  Anne  Arundel 
County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Order  RHAMNALES 
Family  RHAMNACEAE 

Genus  RHAMN1TES  Forbes 
[Quart.  Jour.  Geol.  Soc.  Lond.,  vol.  vii,  1851,  p.  103] 

RHAMNITES  APICULATUS  Lesquereux 
Plate  LXXVIII,  Fig.  3 

Rhamnites  apiculatus  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii, 

p.  171,  pi.  xxxvii,  figs.  8-13. 
Rhamnites  apiculatus  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  25. 

Description. — "  Leaves  small,  coriaceous,  short  petioled,  entire,  ovate, 
obovate  or  elliptical,  rounded  at  apex  to  an  apiculate  point;  primary 
nerve  narrow,  secondaries  thin,  camptodrome,  curving  to  and  along  the 
borders. 

"  Base  more  or  less  narrowly  attenuated  either  acutely  or  broadly  cunei- 
form, apex  rounded,  tipped  by  a  minute  point  or  mucro.  According  to 
the  width  of  the  cuneate  base  the  secondaries  are  at  a  more  or  less  acute 
angle  of  divergence,  the  lowest  pairs  branching  and  anastomosing  in 
areoles  along  the  borders,  the  upper  more  open,  shorter  and  parallel.  The 
size  of  the  leaves  varies  little,  being  from  3  cm.  to  4  cm.  in  length,  and 
from  17  mm.  to  25  mm.  in  width,  measured  either  above  or  below  the 
middle ;  some  of  the  leaves  are  obovate,  others  nearly  regularly  oval,  others 
still  more  enlarged  above  the  base  and  ovate." — Lesquereux,  1892. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Eound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel 
County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 


MAEYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  855 

Family  VITACEAE 

Genus  CISSITES  Heer 
[Phyll.  Cret.  Nebr.,  1866,  p.  19] 

CISSITES  FOEMOSUS  MAGOTHIENSIS  Berry 
Plate  LXXVIII,  Fig.  4 

Cissites  formosus  magothiensis  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol. 
xxxvii,  p.  25. 

Description. — Leaves  trilobate,  consisting  of  an  elongated  terminal  lobe 
and  two  lateral  lobes  which  diverge  from  it  at  angles  of  about  45°.  The 
lobes  may  be  entire  or  sublobate,  with  rounded  tops,  and  separated  by  open 
rounded  sinuses  reaching  about  half-way  to  the  base  which  is  broadly 
cuneate.  Length  about  11  cm.  to  12  cm.  Maximum  width,  from  tip  to 
tip  of  the  lateral  lobes,  about  9  cm.  Margins  entire.  Midrib  stout, 
becoming  thin  distad.  Lateral  primaries  supra-basilar,  subopposite, 
thinner  than  the  midrib.  Secondaries  thin,  numerous,  camptodrome, 
except  for  a  craspedodrome  one  running  to  the  broadly  rounded  tip  of 
each  subordinate  lobe. 

Cissites  formosus  was  described  by  Heer 1  from  the  Atane  beds  of  West 
Greenland,  and  it  has  been  recorded  from  the  Dakota  sandstone  of  the 
West  and  the  Earitan  formation  of  New  Jersey.  The  present  variety 
differs  from  the  type  in  lacking  the  long  bifurcated  lateral  lobes,  in  the 
more  elongated  terminal  lobe  and  the  less  development  of  subordinate 
lobation.  It  is  confined  to  the  Magothy  formation  of  Maryland,  but  may 
be  compared  with  Cissites  dentato-lobatus  Lesquereux  of  the  Dakota 
group,  and  Cissites  vitifolia  Velenovsky  of  the  Cenomanian  of  Bohemia. 
All  of  these  forms  are  probably  descended  from  Cissites  parvifolius  Berry, 
which  is  so  common  in  the  Patapsco  formation  and  the  Albian  of  Portugal. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FOEMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

1  Heer,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  85,  pi.  xxi,  figs.  5-8,  1882. 


850  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

ClSSITES    NEWBEKRYI   n.    Sp. 

Cissites  crispus  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p.  108, 

pi.  xlii,  figs.  20-23  (non  Velenovsky,  1885). 

Cissites  crispus  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxii,  p.  177. 
Cissites  crispus  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p.  186. 

Description. — Leaves  of  variable  but  small  size,  narrowly  elliptical  or 
obovate  to  nearly  orbicular  in  general  -outline.  Length  ranging  from 
5.5  mm.  to  2  cm.  Maximum  width,  in  the  middle  part  of  the  leaf,  ranging 
from  4  mm.  to  1.75  cm.  Apex  broad  or  narrow,  bluntly  pointed.  Base 
narrowly  or  broadly  cuneate.  Margins  with  relatively  very  large,  some- 
what irregular  teeth,  which  are  either  serrate  or  dentate.  Texture  sub- 
coriaceous.  Petiole  relatively  long  and  stout,  about  one-half  the  length 
of  the  lamina.  Midrib  curved  or  flexuous,  thin.  Secondaries  thin,  two  or 
three  opposite  to  alternate  pairs,  diverging  from  the  the  midrib  at  acute 
angles,  indifferently  camptodrome  or  craspedodrome.  Tertiaries  obsolete. 

This  species,  while  it  resembles  Cissites  crispus  Velenovsky1  and  is 
probably  related  to  it,  is  entirely  distinct.  This  is  especially  true  of  the 
Magothy  leaves  contained  in  carbonate  of  iron  nodules  which  the  writer 
has  identified  as  this  species  from  New  Jersey  and  Delaware,  both  this 
and  the  Earitan  determinations  are  therefore  referred  to  a  new  species 
named  in  honor  of  the  late  Professor  Newberry. 

It  differs  from  Cissites  crispus  by  its  relatively  longer  and  narrower 
form ;  its  serrate  and  dentate  instead  of  crenate  teeth ;  its  more  ascending 
and  frequently  camptodrome  secondaries ;  its  obsolete  tertiaries ;  and  its 
cuneate  instead  of  markedly  cordate  base. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Deep  Cut,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

1  Velenovsky,  Fl.  Bb'km.  Kreidef.  Theil  iv,  1885,  p.  12,  pi.  iv,  fig.  6. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SUKVEY  857 

Order  MALVALES 
Family  STERCULIACEAE 

Genus  STERCUL1A  Linne 
[Sp.  PL,  1753,  p.  1007] 

STEECULIA  MINIMA  Berry 
Plate  LXXX,  Figs.  1-3 

Sterculia  mucronata  Berry,  1903,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p.  90,  pi. 

xliii,  fig.  3. 

Sterculia  minima  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  177. 
Sterculia  minima  Berry,  1906,  Ann.  Kept.  State  Geol  Survey  of  New  Jersey 
for  1905,  pp.  139,  140,  141,  152. 

Description. — Leaves  of  small  size,  digitately  bilobate,  trilobate, 
quadrilobate  (and  probably  quinquelobate,  although  the  latter  type  has 
not  been  discovered).  Length  ranging  from  3.75  cm.  to  6.5  cm.  Maxi- 
mum width  from  tip  to  tip  of  the  lateral  lobes  ranging  from  3  cm.  to 
7  cm.  Leaf  substance  subcoriaceous.  Margins  entire.  Lobes  narrow, 
acutely  pointed,  somewhat  conical,  diverging  from  one  another  at  angles 
of  about  35°,  separated  by  usually  deep  sinuses,  rounded  at  their  angles 
and  extending  to  or,  usually,  below  the  middle  of  the  leaf.  Leaf  base 
broadly  cuneate  or  rounded.  Primaries  two  or  three,  of  aproximately 
equal  caliber,  diverging  from  one  another  at  angles  of  about  35°  some  dis- 
tance above  the  base  of  the  leaf.  Petiole  not  preserved,  probably  relatively 
long  or  it  would  not  furnish  sufficient  leverage  to  break  the  leaf  across  the 
base  of  the  primaries  as  is  the  case  in  nearly  every  specimen.  Secondaries 
mostly  immersed  in  the  leaf-substance,  a  few  that  are  visible  show  that 
they  diverge  from  the  primaries  at  wide  angles,  at  frequent,  more  or  less 
regular,  intervals  and  have  their  ends  connected  by  flat  wide  arches  close 
to  the  margins. 

The  present  species  is  the  smallest  of  the  American  Cretaceous  species 
of  Sterculia,  although  some  of  the  smaller  forms  approach  it  in  size  and 
appearance.  It  may  be  distinguished  from  the  latter  by  its  smaller  size, 
its  less  conical  lobes,  directed  upward  instead  of  laterally,  and  its  supra- 
basilar  primaries. 


858  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

In  common  with  numerous  existing  and  fossil  species  of  Sterculia  it  is 
an  exceedingly  variable  form  in  the  number  of  its  lobes,  but  is  other- 
wise well  characterized.  It  is  only  known  from  the  Magothy  forma- 
tion and  ranges  from  Earitan  Bay,  in  New  Jersey,  to  Maryland.  The 
modern  species  of  Sterculia  number  upwards  of  one  hundred.  They  are 
divided  into  three  sections,  Digitate,  Lobate,  and  Integrifolise.  The 
first  is  almost  entirely  oriental  (farther  India  to  New  South  Wales)  with 
only  one  endemic  American  species  (in  Mexico).  The  second  is  found 
in  Asia,  Africa,  Australia,  and  America.  It  contains  more  existing 
species  in  America  than  either  of  the  other  two  sections  and  all  of  the 
rather  numerous  Middle  Cretaceous  species  of  America,  including  the 
present  form,  appear  to  belong  in  this  section.  The  third  section  is  repre- 
sented in  the  modern  flora  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  America  (five  or  six 
species). 

The  present  species  is  not  unlike  some  of  the  smaller  forms  of  Sterculia 
mucronata  Lesquereux 1  It  is  also  very  similar  to  and  probably  represents 
an  ancestral  form  of  Sterculia  labruscoides  Berry,  a  Middle  Eocene  (Clai- 
borne)  species  of  the  Mississippi  embayment  region.  Several  recent 
tropical  American  species  of  the  section  Lobate  resemble  it  more  or  less 
closely.  Perhaps  the  most  similar  modern  form  is  Sterculia  diversifolia 
Don,  especially  the  variety  occidentalis  Bentham  of  the  Australian  region 
as  pointed  out  by  the  writer  in  1903. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Grove  Point,  Cecil  County, 
Maryland;  Deep  Cut,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

STERCULIA  CLIFFWOODENSIS  Berry 
Plate  LXXX,  Fig.  4 

Sterculia  cliffwoodensis  Berry,  1903,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p.  88, 

pi.  xliii,  fig.  5. 
Sterculia,  cliffwoodensis  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p. 

178. 

1  Lesquereaux,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii,  1892,  p.  182,  pi.  xxx, 
figs.  1-4. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  859 

Description. — Leaves  of  relatively  large  size,  palmately  trilobate,  with  a 
somewhat  decTirrent  base,  divided  three-fourths  of  the  distance  to  the  base 
by  openly  cuneate,  ultimate  rounded  sinuses.  Lobes  diverging  at  angles 
of  from  45°  to  50°,  linear-lanceolate  or  slender-conical,  elongated,  acumi- 
nate, the  middle  one  the  same  size  as  or  slightly  wider  than  the  later  lobes. 
Margins  entire.  Texture  subcoriaceous.  Length  about  17  cm.  Petiole 
stout,  its  length  unknown.  Midrib  straight,  stouter  than  the  lateral  pri- 
maries. Lateral  primaries  suprabasilar,  never  observed  to  be  opposite,  but 
diverging  from  the  midrib  at  angles  of  about  45°  from  2  mm.  to  4  mm. 
apart,  slightly  curved  at  first  and  then  straight  to  the  tip  of  the  lateral 
lobes.  Secondaries  thin,  often  obsolete,  diverging  from  the  primaries  at 
wide  angles,  often  approaching  90°,  straight  for  two-thirds  to  three- 
fourths  of  the  distance  to  the  margins  where  they  turn  abruptly  upward 
to  form  flat  arches  joining  the  secondaries  next  above.  Tertiaries  thin, 
usually  obsolete,  forming  relatively  large  three-sided,  four-sided,  or  five- 
sided,  mostly  isodiametric  meshes. 

This  handsome  species  is  unfortunately  represented  by  very  fragmentary 
material,  the  long  slender  lobes  being  usually  broken  away.  It  was 
described  from  Cliffwood  Bluff,  New  Jersey,  in  1903,  and  subsequently 
detected  near  the  eastern  border  of  Maryland.  It  is  rather  close  to  Ster- 
culia  lugubris  Lesquereux  *  from  the  Dakota  group,  a  species  that  has  been 
tentatively  identified  by  the  writer  2  from  the  Woodbine  formation  of 
northeastern  Texas.  The  latter  has  more  ascending  lobes,  which  are  also 
somewhat  widened  medianly.  It  has  much  stouter  primaries,  the  laterals 
being  opposite  and  basal. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Deep  Cut,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

1  Lesquereux,  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  81,  pi.  vi,  figs.  1-3,  1883. 

2  Berry,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxix,  p.  399,  pi.  xxxi,  fig.  3,  1912. 


50 


860  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

order  THYMELEALES 

Family  LAURACEAE 

Genus  C1NNAMOMUM  Sprengel 
[Anleit.,  Bd.  ii,  1818,  p.  340] 

CINNAMOMUM  NEWBERRYI  Berry 
Plate  LXXI,  Fig.  6 

Cinnamomun  sezannense  Heer,  1882,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  77, 

pi.  xix,  fig.  8;  pi.  xxxiii,  figs.  11,  12  (non  Watelet). 
Cinnamomum  sezannense  Heer,  1883,  Ibidem,  Bd.  vii,  p.  30,  pi.  Ixi,  fig.  la 

(non  Watelet). 
Cinnamomum  sezannense  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 

xvii,  p.  107,  pi.  xii,  fig.  7  (non  fig.  6,  which  is  a  leaf  of  Cinnamomum 

membranaceum  (Lesquereux)  Hollick). 
Cinnamomum  sezannense  Dawson,  1894,  Trans.  Roy.  Soc.  Canada,  1st  ser., 

vol.  xi,  sec.  iv,  p.  64,  pi.  xiii,  fig.  58  (non  Watelet). 
Cinnamomum  sezannense  Hollick,  1894,  Bull.  Torrey  Club,  vol.  xxi,  p.  53, 

pi.  clxxx,  figs.  5,  7  (non  Watelet). 
Cinnamomum  intermedium  Smith,  1894,  Geol.  Coastal  Plain  in  Ala.,  p.  348 

(nomen  nudum). 
Cinnamomum  intermedium  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 

xxvi,  p.  89,  pi.  xxix,  figs.  1-8,  10  (non  Ettingshausen). 
Cinnamomum  intermedium  Hollick,  1901,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  i, 

p.  74,  pi.  xxix,  fig.  7;  pi.  xxx,  figs.  1,  2  (non  Ettingshausen). 
Cinnamomum  sezannense  Penhallow,   1902,   Trans.   Roy.   Soc.   Canada,   2d 

ser.,  vol.  viii,  sec.  iv,  p.  46  (non  Watelet). 
Cinnamomum  sezannense  Hollick,  1903,  Ann.  Rept.  N.  Y.  State  Mus.,  55th 

for  1901,  p.  r.  50. 
Cinnamomum  intermedium  Berry,  1906,  Rept.  State  Geol.  of  New  Jersey 

for  1905,  p.  139,  pi.  xx,  figs.  2-6  (non  Ettingshausen). 
Cinnamomum  intermedium  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii, 

p.  179,  pi.  vii,  figs.  3,  4. 
Cinnamomum  intermedium  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii, 

p.  27,  (non  Ettingshausen). 

Cinnamomum  newberryi  Berry,  1911,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  423. 
Cinnamomum  newberryi  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey, 

p.  150,  pi.  xvi,  fig.  3. 
Cinnamomum  newberryi  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No. 

84,  pp.  54,  117,  pi.  ix,  figs.  12,  13;  pi.  xxi,  figs.  9-11. 

Description. — Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  7  cm.  to  12  cm.  in 
length  by  2.3  cm.  to  4  cm.  in  width.  Apex  usually  obtusely  pointed,  some- 
times acute.  Below  narrowed  to  an  acute  base.  Petiole  stout.  Venation 
stout.  Primaries  three,  the  laterals  diverging  from  the  midrib  at  acute 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SUEVEY  861 

angles  usually  some  distance  above  the  base,  and  traversing  at  least  more 
than  half  the  distance  to  the  tip.  Secondaries  in  the  upper  half  of  the 
leaf,  three  or  four  pairs,  alternate,  camptodrome.  The  laterals  give  off 
numerous  camptodrome  branches  on  the  outside. 

This  species  is  quite  common  in  the  Earitan  formation  of  New  Jersey  at 
nearly  all  of  the  fossiliferous  localities,  and  it  has  also  a  considerable  addi- 
tional range,  extending  eastward  on  Long  Island  and  southward  through 
Delaware  and  Maryland  to  Alabama.  A  very  similar  leaf  which  is  widely 
distributed  in  the  Cenomanian  of  Bohemia  is  identified  by  Velenovsky *  as 

Numerous  occurrences  of  Cinnamomum  newberryi  have  been  confused 
with  the  European  Lower  Eocene  species  Cinnamomum  sezannense 
Watelet,  although  the  two  are  perfectly  distinct. 

Occurrence. — EARITAN  FORMATION.  East  Washington  Heights,  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia.  MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Deep  Cut,  Delaware ;  Grove 
Point,  Cecil  County;  Eound  Bay  and  Little  Eound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel 
County,  Maryland. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Genus  LAURUS  Auct. 

LAURUS  PLUTONIA  Heer 

Plate  LXXI,  Fig.  5 

Laurus  plutonia  Heer,  1882,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  75,  pi.  xix,  figs. 

Id,  2-4;  pi.  xx,  figs.  3a,  4-5;  ph  xxviii,  figs.  10,  11;  pi.  xliii,  figs.  4b. 
Laurus  plutonia  Heer,  1883,  Ibidem,  vol.  vii,  p.  30,  pi.  xlviii,  fig.  2;  pi.  Ixii, 

fig.  la. 
Laurus  plutonia  Velenovsky,  1884,  Fl.  Bohm.  Kreidef.  Theil  iii,  p.  1,  pi.  iv, 

figs.  2-4. 
Laurus  plutonia  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii,  p.  91, 

pi.  xiii,  pt.  i,  p.  14;  pi.  A,  fig.  6;  pi.  B,  fig.  5. 
Laurus  plutonia  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p.  85, 

pi.  xvi,  figs.  10,  11. 
Laurus  plutonia  Hollick,  1898,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xl,  p.  60,  pi.  iv, 

figs.  6,  7. 
Laurus  plutonia  Fric  and  Bayer,  1901,  Archiv.  Naturw.  Landes.  Bohm.,  Bd. 

xi,  Nr.  ii,  p.  130,  tf.  94. 
Laurus  plutonia  Berry,  1903,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p.  79,  pi.  i, 

figs.  9-11. 

1  Velenovsky,  Fl.  Bohm.  Kreidef.  Theil  i,  p.  30,  pi.  vii,  figs.  5-8,  10;  pi.  viii, 
figs.  1-5,  1882. 


862  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Laurus  plutonia  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxi,  p.  77,  pi.  iii, 

fig.  1. 

Laurus  plutonia  Berry,  1906,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  178. 
Laurus  plutonia  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  80,  pi.  xxvii, 

figs.  9,  11;  pi.  xxviii,  figs.  1,  2. 

Laurus  plutonia  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  26. 
Laurus  plutonia  Berry,  1912,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxix,  p.  401. 
Laurus  plutonia  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  86,  p.  52, 

pi.  xi,  fig.  2;  pi.  xiii,  fig.  6. 

Description. — Leaves  lanceolate  in  outline,  usually  tapering  almost 
equally  in  both  directions,  but  sometimes  less  acute  at  the  base.  Length 
7  cm.  to  11  cm.  Maximum  width  1.5  cm.  to  2.5  cm.  Midrib  mediumly 
stout.  Petiole  short  and  stout,  6  mm.  to  15  mm.  in  length.  Secondaries 
slender,  eight  or  more  alternate  pairs,  camptodrome. 

This  species  was  described  by  Heer  from  the  Atane  beds  of  Greenland, 
and  a  large  number  of  somewhat  variable  and  fragmentary  specimens  were 
figured. 

Subsequent  to  its  description  by  Professor  Heer,  this  species  was 
recorded  from  a  very  large  number  of  Cretaceous  plant  beds  so  that  its 
present  range,  both  geographical  and  geological,  is  rather  wide.  A  num- 
ber of  these  records  are  not  entirely  above  question,  and  this  appears  to  be 
especially  true  of  the  forms  from  the  Cenomanian  of  Bohemia  which 
Velenovsky  so  identifies  (op.  cit.). 

Laurus  plutonia  is  evidently  a  rare  plant  in  the  Earitan  formation,  but 
becomes  abundant  in  immediately  succeeding  floras,  being  common  in 
that  of  the  Dakota  group  of  the  West,  and  in  the  Magothy  formation  of  the 
East,  at  a  number  of  localities  in  New  Jersey  and  Maryland.  It  is  a  com- 
mon form  in  the  insular  Cretaceous  floras,  and  also  occurs  in  the  Tusca- 
loosa,  Woodbine  and  Eutaw  formations  of  the  Gulf  Coastal  Plain.  Sup- 
posed fruits  are  figured  by  Heer  (loc  cit.,  pi.  xlii,  fig.  4b).  In  South 
Carolina  this  species  is  represented  by  typical  leaves  which  are  not 
at  all  uncommon  in  the  Middendorf  beds.  It  has  not  yet  been  detected  in 
the  North  Carolina  Cretaceous. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  F  OKMATIOX.  Grove  Point,  Cecil  County; 
Bound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel  County. 

Collection. — Marvland  Geological  Survey. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  863 

LAURUS  HOLLICKII  Berry 
Plate  LXXI,  Fig.  4 

Laurus  hollickii  Berry,  1903,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p.  79,  pi.  Hi, 

fig.  4. 
Laurus  hollickii. Berry,  1904,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxi,  p.  77,  pi.  iii, 

fig.  2. 

Laurus  hollickii  Berry,  1906,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  178. 
Laurus  hollickii  Berry,  1906,  Ann.  Kept.,  State  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey 

for  1905,  pp.  138-141. 
Laurus  hollickii  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  26. 

Description. — Leaves  of  variable  size,  lanceolate  in  general  outline,  the 
apex  and  base  about  equally  acuminate.  Length  ranging  from  4  cm.  to 
8  cm.  Maximum  width,  in  the  middle  part  of  the  leaf,  ranging  from 
8  mm.  to  14  mm.  Margins  entire,  evenly  rounded.  Texture  subcoria- 
ceous.  Midrib  stout,  straight  or  curved.  Secondaries  thin  but  prominent, 
distant,  usually  evenly  spaced,  about  five  pairs,  diverging  from  the  midrib 
at  acute  angles,  ascending,  evenly  curved,  dying  out  by  diminishing  camp- 
todrome  inosculations  along  the  borders.  Tertiaries  obsolete. 

This  characteristic  small  lauraceous  form  is  common  in  the  Magothy 
formation  to  which  it  is  confined.  It  ranged  from  Raritan  Bay  in  New 
Jersey  to  the  Severn  River  in  Maryland,  and  suggests  numerous  modern 
species  of  Nectandra  as  well  as  various  early  Eocene  species  of  this  genus. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Deep  Cut,  Delaware ;  Grove 
Point,  Cecil  County;  Round  Bay,  Little  Round  Bay,  Anne  Arundel 
County,  Maryland. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

LAURUS  PROTE^EFOLIA  Lesquereux 
Plate  LXXV,  Fig.  1 

Laurus  proteccfolia  Lesquereux,  1876,  Bull.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geog.  Survey 
Terr.,  vol.  i,  1875,  p.  393. 

Laurus  protecefolia  Lesquereux,  1876,  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Geog.  Sur- 
vey Terr,  for  1874,  p.  342,  pi.  v,  figs.  1,  2. 

Laurus  prote&folia  Lesquereux,  1883,  Cret.  and  Tert.  Flora,  p.  52,  pi.  iii, 
figs.  9,  10;  pi.  xvi,  fig.  6. 

Laurus  protewfolia  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii,  p. 
92. 

Laurus  protecefolia  Knowlton,  1901,  21st  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt. 
vii,  p.  318. 


864  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Laurus  protecefolia  Berry,  1903,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p.  78,  pi. 
xlvii,  fig.  9;  pi.  xlix,  fig.  6. 

Laurus  protecefolia  Berry,  1904,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxi,  p.  78,  pi. 
i,  fig.  10. 

Laurus  protecejolia  Berry,  1905,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxii,  p.  46,  pi.  ii,  fig.  3. 

Laurus  protecefolia  Berry,  1906,  Ann.  Kept.  State  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jer- 
sey for  1905,  p.  138. 

Laurus  protea'folia  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  26. 

Description. — "  Leaves  subcoriaceous,  broadly  lanceolate,  gradually  nar- 
rowed from  below  the  middle  into  a  long  acumen,  more  rapidly  narrowed 
to  the  base;  middle  nerve  narrowly  grooved  and  comparatively  narrow; 
lateral  veins  oblique,  slender,  curving  to  and  along  the  borders,  parallel, 
except  the  lower  pair,  which  is  more  oblique  and  ascends  higher."- 
Lesquereux,  1876. 

This  species  was  described  originally  from  the  Dakota  group  and  has  a 
considerable  range  in  the  American  Upper  Cretaceous,  being  recorded 
from  the  Woodbine  formation  of  Texas  and  not  at  all  rare  in  the  Magothy 
formation  from  New  Jersey  to  Maryland.  It  greatly  resembles  certain 
undescribed  Wilcox  Eocene  species  of  Nectandra  and  Oreodaplme,  as  well 
as  various  existing  tropical  American  species  in  these  two  genera. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Grove  Point,  Cecil  County; 
Eound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Genus  LAUROPHYLLUM  Goeppert 
[Tertiarfl.  Java,  1854,  p.  45] 

LAUROPHYLLUM  ELEGAXS  Hollick 
Plate  LXXI,  Figs.  1-3 

Laurus  plutonia  Hollick,  1892,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xi,  p.  99,  pi.  iii, 

figs.  3,  4  (non  Heer). 
Laurus  plutonia  Hollick,  1893,  Ibidem,  vol.  xi,  p.  236,  pi.  vi,  fig.  1    (non 

Heer). 
Proteoides  daphnogenoides  Hollick,  1898,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xi,  p. 

420,  pi.  xxxvi,  fig.  2  (non  Heer). 
Laurophyllum  elegans  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  81, 

pi.  xxvii,  figs.  1-5. 
Laurophyllum  elegans  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  pp. 

26,  198. 
Laurophyllum  elegans  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  84, 

p.  53,  pi.  xii,  fig.  6. 


865 

Description. — Leaves  elongate-lanceolate,  somewhat  flexuous,  about 
12  cm.  to  13  cm.  in  length  by  about  2  cm.  in  greatest  width,  which  is  about 
midway  between  the  apex  and  the  base;  from  this  point  they  narrow 
gradually  apically  into  an  attenuated  acuminate,  usually  curved,  tip ;  and 
basally  into  a  long,  narrowly  cuneate  base.  Midrib  and  petiole  stout. 
Secondaries  numerous,  usually  less  close  and  somewhat  coarser  than  in 
Laurophyllum  nervillosum,  branching  from  the  midrib  at  an  acute  angle 
below,  which  becomes  more  open  above  the  base  of  the  leaf ;  they  are  usually 
more  curved  than  in  L.  nervillosum  and  more  distinctly  camptodrome. 
Tertiaries  transverse  throughout. 

These  leaves  were  recorded  originally  by  Hollick  as  Laurus  plutonia 
Heer  and  were  later  compared  with  Laurus  angusta  Heer,  which  latter 
species  they  resemble  more  than  they  do  the  former.  In  outline  they  are 
not  unlike  Laurophyllum  angustifolium  Newberry  from  the  Raritan  for- 
mation of  Woodbridge,  New  Jersey,  but  differ  decidedly  in  venation.  They 
are  also  similar  to,  but  quite  distinct  from,  Laurophyllum  nervillosum 
Hollick  of  the  Magothy  and  Laurophyllum  reticulatum  Lesquereux  of  the 
Dakota  group. 

The  types  were  from  transported  materials  associated  with  the  terminal 
moraine,  from  which  numerous  specimens  have  been  collected.  Those 
from  Tottenville,  Staten  Island,  are  undoubtedly  of  Raritan  age,  while 
those  from  Glen  Cove  were  probably  from  the  Magothy  formation.  The 
species  is  certainly  known  from  the  upper  Raritan  at  South  Amboy,  New 
Jersey,  and  is  common  in  the  Magothy  formation  of  Maryland.  It  is 
sparsely  represented  in  the  Black  Creek  beds  of  North  Carolina  and  is  not 
uncommon  near  Middendorf,  South  Carolina. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FOKMATION.  Grove  Point,  Cecil  County; 
Round  Bay,  Anne  Arundel  County. 

Collection. — U.  S.  National  Museum. 

LAUEOPHYLLUM  ANGUSTIFOLIUM  Newberry 

Laurophyllum  angustifolium  Newberry,  1896,  Mon,  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol. 

xxvi,  p.  86,  pi.  xvii,  figs.  10,  11. 
Laurophyllum  angustifolium  Berry,  1903,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii, 

p.  80,  pi.  xlvii,  figs.  1,  5,  8;  pi.  xlix,  figs.  1-5. 


866  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Laurophyllum  angustifolium  Berry,    1906,    Bull.    Torrey    Bot.    Club,    vol. 
xxxiii,  p.  178. 

Description. — Leaves  elongate-lanceolate,  very  symmetrical  in  outline, 
10  cm.  to  15  cm.  in  length  by  1.5  cm.  to  2  cm.  in  width,  widest  above  the 
middle,  tapering  with  almost  straight  sides  to  the  elongate-acute  base. 
Apex  narrowed,  subacute.  Petiole  short  and  stout.  Midrib  also  stout. 
Secondaries  fine,  often  obsolete,  twelve  to  fifteen  pairs,  branching  from 
the  midrib  at  an  angle  of  about  45°  and  curving  upward,  camptodrome. 
Texture  subcoriaceous. 

This  species  was  originally  described  from  the  middle  Raritan  of 
New  Jersey,  where  it  is  common.  It  has  also  been  found  in  the  overlying 
Magothy  formation  in  both  New  Jersey  and  Maryland  and  in  the  Tusca- 
loosa  formation  of  Alabama.  In  the  absence  of  complete  and  well-marked 
specimens  it  is  often  difficult  to  differentiate  it  from  contemporaneous 
species  of  other  genera  with  similar  lanceolate  leaves. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Genus  SASSAFRAS  Nees 
[Hand.  Bot.,  vol.  ii,  1831,  p.  418] 

SASSAFRAS  ACUTILOBUM  Lesquereux 
Plates  LXXII;  LXXIII;  LXXIV,  Figs.  1,  2:  LXXV,  Fig.  2 

Sassafras  acutilobum  Lesquereux,  1874,  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  79,  pi.  xiv,  figs.  1,  2. 
Sassafras  acutilobum  Lesquereux,  1883,  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  56,  pi.  v,  figs. 

1,  5. 
Sassafras  acutilobum  Velenovsky,  1884,  Fl.  Bohm  Kreidef.,  Thiel  iii,  p.  2, 

pi.  ii,  fig.  1. 

Sassafras  acutilobum  Lesquereux,  1892,  Fl.  Dakota  Group,  p.  100. 
Sassafras  acutilobun  Hollick,  1893,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xii,  p.  236, 

pi.  vii,  fig.  1. 
Sassafras  acutilobum  Newberry,  1896,  Fl.  Amboy  Clays,  p.  87,  pi.  xxv,  figs. 

1-10;  pi.  xxvi,  figs.  2-6. 
Sassafras  acutilobum  Fri6    and    Bayer,    1901,    Archiv.    Naturw.    Landes, 

Bohm.  Bd.  xi,  Nr.  ii,  p.  129,  tf.  93. 

Sassafras  acutilobum  Kurtz,  1902,  Revista  Mus.  La  Plata,  vol.  x,  p.  53. 
Sassafras  acutilobum  Berry,  1902,  Bot.  Gazette,  vol.  xxxiv,  p.  438. 
Sassafras  acutilobum  Berry,  1903,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  pi.  81, 

pi.  xlv,  figs.  1,  2. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  867 

Sassafras  acutilobum  Berry,  1904,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxi,  pi    i 

fig.  6. 
Sassafras  acutilobum  Berry,  1906,  Ann.  Kept.  State  Geol.  Survey  of  New 

Jersey  for  1905,  p.  139,  pi.  xxii,  figs.  4,  5. 
Sassafras  acutilo'bum  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  77,  pi. 

xxx,  figs.  8,  9. 

Sassafras  acutilo'bum  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  22. 
Sassafras  acutilobum  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p. 

140,  pi.  xviii,  fig.  2. 

Description. — Trilobate  leaves,  variable  in  size  and  outline.  Length 
2.5  cm.  (in  young  leaves  which  are  preserved  at  Woodbridge,  New  Jersey) 
up  to  14  cm.,  averaging  10  cm.  to  12  cm.  Width  from  the  tips  of  the 
lateral  lobes  likewise  ranging  from  1  cm.  to  15  cm.,  averaging  about 
10  cm.  Lobes  mostly  conical  and  acute,  the  middle  being  usually  slightly 
the  broadest  and  longest.  Lateral  lobes  directed  more  or  less  laterally. 
Base  decurrent.  The  sinuses  between  the  lobes  are  usually  open  and 
rounded,  the  margins  forming  an  angle  of  approximately  90°.  There  is 
considerable  variation,  however,  in  this  respect,  some  of  the  leaves  having 
comparatively  narrow  sinuses  with  the  lobes  directed  upward,  as  in 
Sassafras  progenitor  Hollick,  while  others  at  the  opposite  extreme  of  the 
series  have  extremely  shallow  sinuses,  so  shallow  that  the  leaf  has  the 
appearance  of  a  triangularly  pointed,  entire  leaf.  The  lateral  primaries 
may  branch  from  the  midrib  at  or  near  the  base,  as  they  do  in  a  majority 
of  the  Raritan  forms,  or  their  point  of  divergence  may  be  a  considerable 
distance  above  the  base,  as  in  modern  Sassafras  leaves.  Their  angle  of 
divergence  from  the  midrib  varies  from  about  30°  to  40°.  The  secon- 
daries are  usually  numerous.,  regular,  camptodrome,  and  connected  by 
transverse  tertiaries,  although  in  the  Raritan  leaves  this  uniformity  is 
often  lacking.  Petiole  stout  and  long.  The  margin  vein  along  the 
sinus,  a  marked  feature  in  modern  leaves  of  this  genus,  is  generally  want- 
ing in  this  species,  although  present  in  occasional  specimens. 

This  species  is  apparently  widely  distributed  and  almost  as  variable  as 
the  modern  Sassafras.  Described  originally  from  the  Dakota  group  as  a 
variety  of  Sassafras  mudgei,  it  occurs  also  on  Marthas  Vineyard  and  Long 
Island  and  in  the  Raritan  and  Magothy  formations  of  New  Jersey  and 
Delaware.  It  has  been  recorded  from  Cerro  Guido,  Argentina,  and  Vele- 


868  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

novsky  identifies  somewhat  doubtful  remains  from  the  Cenomanian  of 
Bohemia  as  this  species.  Probable  Sassafras  fruit  has  been  found  in  the 
same  strata  with  S.  acutilolum,1  tending  to  show  that  it  is  a  true  Sassafras, 
notwithstanding  its  dissimilarities;  however,  this  is  not  certain,  as  the 
leaves  and  fruits  were  not  found  associated. 

There  is  considerable  doubt  as  to  whether  or  not  these  Coastal  Plain 
leaves  are  generically  related  to  Sassafras.  Whether  the  Dakota  group 
forms  are  those  of  Sassafras  it  is  not  easy  to  decide.  No  modern  Sassafras 
leaves  have  the  primaries  and  the  lateral  lobes  so  nearly  horizontal;  the 
secondaries  are  not  so  uniformly  regular,  nor  do  they  curve  upward  to 
join  the  next  above  at  a  point.  In  the  modern  leaf  an  outwardly  and 
downwardly  directed  branch  from  the  latter  is  emphasized.  There  is 
never  such  an  open  sinus,  amounting  as  it  does  to  nearly  90°,  and  the  lobes 
in  the  modern  leaf  have  their  margins  inflated  and  not  straight.  In  these 
ancient  leaves  the  sinus  seldom  has  a  marginal  vein,  the  secondary  in  this 
region  usually  forking  and  striding  it,  or  curving  to  join  its  neighbor. 
The  secondary  system  seems  to  be  uniform  throughout  the  leaf,  while  in 
the  modern  leaf  there  is  always  evidence  of  changed  conditions  in  that 
region  around  the  sinus;  the  secondaries  or  their  representatives  from 
both  the  primaries  and  the  midrib  are  changed  in  size  and  direction,  and 
usually  belong  to  the  tertiary  system.  None  of  the  Dakota  leaves  of  this 
species  show  the  characteristic  basal  venation  of  the  modern  leaf.  While 
we  should  not,  necessarily,  expect  Cretaceous  species  to  conform  to  the 
modern  type,  still  the  character  of  the  secondary  system  in  the  former  is 
so  different  from  what  would  obtain  in  a  leaf  descended  from  a  simple 
ancestor,  such  as  Sassafras  is  thought  to  have  done,  that  we  are  inclined 
to  associate  these  leaves  with  those  trilobed  forms  which  have  been  referred 
to  Aralia  or  Sterculia,  laying  aside,  for  the  present,  any  consideration  as 
to  whether  or  not  they  are  true  species  of  Aralia  and  Sterculia. 

However,  in  view  of  the  present  uncertainty,  and  because  of  the  havoc 
to  the  stratigraphic  value  of  these  leaves  which  would  be  wrought  by  any 
change  of  name,  they  are  retained  in  the  genus  Sassafras  pending  more 
positive  evidence  of  their  affinity. 

1  Lesquereux,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii,  p.  230,  1892. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  869 

Occurrence. — KARITAN  FORMATION.  Brightseat,  Prince  George's 
County,  Maryland;  East  Washington  Heights,  District  of  Columbia. 
MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Grove  Point,  Cecil  County,  Maryland. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 


Order  MYRTALES 

Genus  EUCALYPTUS  Auct. 

EUCALYPTUS  ?  ATTENUATA  Newberry 

Eucalyptus  ?  attenuate.  Smith,  1894,  Geol.  Coastal  Plain  Ala.,  p.  348  (nomen 

nudum). 
Eucalyptus  ?  attenuata  Ward,  1895,  15th  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  p. 

371  (nomen  nudum). 
Eucalyptus  ?  attenuata  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi, 

p.  iii,  pi.  xvi,  figs.  2,  3  (non  fig.  5). 
Eucalyptus  ?  attenuata  Berry,  1906,  Ann.  Kept.  State  Geol.  Survey  of  New 

Jersey  for  1905,  p.  138. 
Eucalyptus  ?  attenuata  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p. 

180. 

Eucalyptus  ?  attenuata  Berry,  1907,  Ibidem,  p.  203. 
Eucalyptus  f  attenuata  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey, 

p.  195,  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  6. 

Description. — Leaves  lanceolate  in  outline,  9  cm.  to  12  cm.  in  length  by 
1.5  cm.  to  2  cm.  in  greatest  width,  which  is  in  the  basal  half  of  the  leaf. 
Margin  entire,  somewhat  undulate  in  some  specimens.  Apex  narrow  and 
produced,  acutely  pointed.  Base  cuneate.  Petiole  stout,  1  cm.  to  2  cm. 
in  length.  Midrib  stout,  especially  in  its  lower  part.  Secondaries  numer- 
ous, branching  from  the  midrib  at  an  acute  angle,  reticulate-camptodrome. 

This  species  has  little  in  common  with  the  leaves  usually  referred  to 
this  genus,  except  its  outline,  which  is  also  that  of  a  great  many  unallied 
genera.  It  is  somewhat  suggestive  of  some  of  the  leaves  referred  to  Lauro- 
pliyllum,  in  fact  many  possible  relationships  could  be  suggested,  all  of 
which  possess  equal  elements  of  uncertainty. 

This  species  is  common  in  the  upper  Earitan  and  has  a  recorded  range 
of  considerable  extent  in  somewhat  later  formations.  It  is  recorded  from 


870  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

the  Magothy  formation  of  New  Jersey  and  Maryland,  the  Black  Creek 
formation  of  North  Carolina,  and  the  Tuscaloosa  formation  of  Alabama. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Grove  Point,  Cecil  County; 
Round  Bay,  Anne  Arundel  County. 

Collection. — U.  S.  National  Museum. 

EUCALYPTUS  LATIFOLIA  Hollick 
Plate  LXXXI,  Figs.  6,  7 

Eucalyptus  latifolia  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  97,  pi. 

xxxv,  figs.  1-5. 
Eucalyptus  latifolia  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  26. 

Description. — Leaves  elongate-ovate  in  outline,  tapering  to  a  somewhat 
abruptly  attenuated  and  more  or  less  curved  or  flexuous  tip.  Base  cuneate. 
Length  about  15  cm.  Maximum  width,  about  half-way  between  the  apex 
and  the  base,  about  5  cm.  Midrib  stout,  flexuous.  Secondaries  thin, 
numerous,  diverging  from  the  midrib  at  angles  of  from  45°  to  50°,  nearly 
straight  or  flexuous,  their  tops  joined  by  a  marginal  vein.  Margins  entire. 
Texture  subcoriaceous. 

These  large  leaves  occur  in  the  Magothy  formation  of  Marthas  Vine- 
yard, Long  Island,  and  Maryland.  They  are  not  uncommon  at  one 
locality  in  the  lower  Tuscaloosa  of  Alabama.  Their  relation  to  Eucalyptus 
is  extremely  doubtful,  but  a  change  of  generic  reference  is  not  considered 
advisable  at  the  present  time. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Round  Bay,  Anne  Arundel 
County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

EUCALYPTUS  GEINITZI  (Heer)  Heer 
Plate  LXXXI,  Figs.  1-5 

Myrtophyllum  geinitzi  Heer,  1872,  Fl.  v.  Moletein,  p.  22,  pi.  xi,  figs.  3,  4. 
Myrtophyllum  geinitzi  Heer,  1874,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  iii,  Ab.  ii,  p.  116,  pi. 

xxxii,  figs.  14-17. 
Myrtophyllum  geinitzi  Fri£,  1878,  Archiv.  Naturw.  Landes,  Bohm.,  Bd.  iv, 

Nr.  i,  pp.  18,  94. 
Eucalyptus  geinitzi  Heer,  1885,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  93,  pi.  iv, 

figs.  1,  13;  pi.  xix,  fig.  Ic. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  871 

Eucalyptus  geinitzi  Engelhardt,  1891,  Isis.  Ab.  vii,  p.  102. 

Eucalyptus  geinitzi  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii,  p. 

138,  pi.  xxxvii,  fig.  20. 
Myrtophyllum  warderi  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii, 

p.  136,  pi.  liii,  fig.  10. 
Eucalyptus  ?  angustifolia  Newberry,   1896,   Mon.   U.   S.   Geol.   Survey,  vol. 

xxvi  (non  Desv.  1822),  p.  Ill,  pi.  xxxii,  figs.  1,  6,  7. 
Eucalyptus  geinitzi  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p. 

110,  pi.  xxxii,  figs.  2,  12  (non  figs.  15,  16). 
Eucalyptus  geinitzi  Krasser,  1896,  Beitr.  z.  Kennt.  Kreidef.  Kunstadt  in 

Mahren,  p.  22. 
Eucalyptus  geinitzi  Hollick,  1898,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xi,  p.  60,  pi.  iv, 

figs.  1-3. 
Eucalyptus  geinitzi  FriC  and  Bayer,  1901,  Archiv.  Naturw.  Landes,  Bohm., 

Bd.  xi,  Nr.  ii,  p.  142,  tf.  110. 
Eucalyptus  geinitzi  Berry,  1903,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p.  87,  pi. 

liii,  fig.  3. 
Eucalyptus  ?  angustifolia  Hollick,  1904,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p. 

408,  pi.  Ixx,  figs.  8,  9. 
Eucalyptus  geinitzi  Berry,  1904,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxi,  p.  78, 

pi.  iv,  fig.  5. 

Eucalyptus  geinitzi  Berry,  1906,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  180. 
Eucalyptus  geinitzi  Berry,  1907,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxiv,  p.  201,  pi.  xv,  fig.  4. 
Eucalyptus  ?  angustifolia  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p. 

95,  pi.  xxxv,  figs.  9,  14,  15. 
Eucalyptus  geinitzi  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  i,  p.  96,  pi. 

xxxv,  figs.  1-8,  10-12. 
Eucalyptus  geinitzi  Berry,  1907,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  n.  s.,  No.  7,  p. 

81. 
Myrtophyllum  warderi  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  97, 

pi.  xxxv,  fig.  13. 

Eucalyptus  geinitzi  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  26. 
Eucalyptus  geinitzi  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p.  189, 

pi.  xxviii,  fig.  7. 

Eucalyptus  geinitzi  Berry,  1912,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxix,  p.  402. 
Eucalyptus  geinitzi  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  84,  p. 

56,  pi.  xiii,  figs.  8-12;  pi.  xiv,  fig.  1. 

Description. — Leaves  lanceolate  in  outline,  broadest  near  the  middle 
and  tapering  almost  equally  in  both  directions  to  the  acute  apex  and  base. 
There  is  considerable  variation  in  size,  averaging  about  15  cm.  in  length 
by  2.2  cm.  in  greatest  width.  The  petiole  is  very  stout,  as  is  the  prominent 
midrib,  which  leaves  a  sharp  groove  in  impressions  showing  the  lower 
surface.  Secondaries  numerous,  thin,  branching  from  the  midrib  at  acute 
angles,  about  45°,  and  running  with  but  a  slight  curvature  to  the  marginal 


872  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

vein,  which  is  either  almost  straight  when  the  secondaries  are  close  set,  or 
more  or  less  bowed  when  the  secondaries  are  some  little  distance  apart,  as 
is  often  the  case. 

This  species  is  especially  wide-ranging.  It  was  described  originally 
from  the  Cenomanian  of  Moravia  and  has  since  been  recorded  from  the 
Cenomanian  of  Saxony  and  the  Cenomanian  and  Turonian  of  Bohemia, 
from  the  Atane  beds  of  Greenland,  the  Dakota  sandstone  of  the  West,  and 
from  Marthas  Vineyard  to  Texas  along  the  Atlantic  coast.  It  ranges 
upward  into  the  Black  Creek  formation  of  North  Carolina  and  is  not  rare 
in  the  Middendorf  beds  of  South  Carolina.  In  the  Tuscaloosa  formation 
of  Alabama  the  species  has  not  been  commonly  met  with,  but  this  may 
simply  be  due  to  accidents  of  preservation. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Deep  Cut,  Delaware;  Grove 
Point,  Cecil  County ;  Bound  Bay  and  Little  Eound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel 
County,  Maryland. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

EUCALYPTUS  WARDIANA  Berry 

Eucalyptus  ?  dubia  Berry,  1903,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p.  87,  pi. 

lii,  fig.  1  (non  Ettingshausen,  1887). 

Eucalyptus  wardiana  Berry,  1905,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxii,  p.  47. 
Eucalyptus  wardiana  Berry,  1906,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  180. 
Eucalyptus  wardiana  Berry,  1906,  Kept.  State  Geol.  of  New  Jersey  for  1905, 

pp.  138,  139,  141. 
Eucalyptus  wardiana  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  84,  p. 

57,  pi.  xiv,  figs.  3,  4. 

Description. — Leaves  linear-lanceolate  in  outline  with  a  pointed  base 
and  a  gradually  narrowed,  acuminate  tip.  Length  about  8  cm.  to  10  cm. 
Maximum  width  about  1.3  cm.  Margins  entire.  Texture  subcoriaceous. 
Midrib  of  medium  size.  Secondaries  very  numerous,  equally  spaced,  at 
intervals  of  about  1  mm. ;  they  diverge  from  the  midrib  at  angles  of  about 
60°  and  pursue  relatively  straight  courses  to  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
margins  where  their  ends  are  united  by  a  straight  aerodrome  marginal 
vein  running  close  to  and  parallel  with  the  margins.  Tertiaries  forming 
a  double  series  of  nearly  isodiametric  four-sided  or  five-sided  meshes  in 
each  interval  between  adjacent  secondaries. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  873 

This  species  greatly  resembles  some  of  the  smaller  forms  that  have  been 
referred  to  Eucalyptus  geinitzi,  especially  those  with  closely  spaced  secon- 
daries. It  is,  however,  quite  different  from  the  type  of  that  species,  and 
may  be  distinguished  by  its  thinner  midrib,  more  numerous  secondaries, 
straighter  marginal  veins  and  more  prominent  tertiaries.  It  also  greatly 
resembles  Eucalyptus  angusta  Velenovsky '  of  the  Cenomanian  of  Bohemia, 
which  species  has  been  recorded  by  the  writer  from  the  upper  Earitan  of 
New  Jersey  and  the  later  Upper  Cretaceous  in  North  Carolina  and 
Georgia.  It  is  possible  that  the  two  species  may  be  confused  since  much 
of  the  material  is  fragmentary.  Eucalyptus  wardiana  is,  however,  more 
elongated,  straighter,  with  more  prominent  tertiary  areolation,  and  with 
the  secondaries  diverging  at  a  wider  angle.  It  characterizes  the  Magothy 
formation  from  Earitan  Bay  in  New  Jersey  to  the  Severn  Eiver  in  Mary- 
land, and  also  occurs  in  the  Middendorf  beds  of  South  Carolina.  • 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Deep  Cut,  Delaware;  Grove 
Point,  Cecil  County;  Eound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel  County,  Maryland. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Order  UMBELLALES 
Family  ARALIACEAE 

Genus  HEDERA  Linne 
[Sp.  PI.,  1753,  p.  202] 

HEDERA  CRETACEA  Lesquereux 

Hedera  cretacea  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii,  p.  127, 

pi.  xviii,  fig.  1. 
Hedera  cretacea  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  180. 

Description. — "Leaves  subcoriaceous,  broadly  rhomboidal  in  outline, 
obtusely  trilobate,  subcordiform  at  base;  borders  undulate  between  the 
lobes,  entire  downward,  nervation  palmately  five  divided  from  the  base; 
lower  primary  nerves  simple,  short  and  thin,  the  upper  thick,  passing  up 
to  the  point  of  the  lobes,  branching  on  the  lower  side  and  forking;  secon- 
daries four  pairs,  opposite,  short,  equidistant,  and  parallel  with  the  upper 
primaries. 

1  Velenovsky,  Fl.  Bohm.  Kreidef .,  Theil  iv,  p.  3,  pi.  iii,  figs.  2-12,  1885. 


874  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

"  The  only  leaf  seen  of  this  species  is  7  cm.  long,  8.5  cm.  broad  between 
the  points  of  the  lobes,  which  are  short  and  obtuse.  The  lower  secondaries 
are  thick,  forking  at  the  apex  and  becoming  effaced  before  reaching  the 
borders,  being,  however,  apparently  camptodrome  like  the  branches  of 
the  primaries." — Lesquereux,  1892. 

The  present  material  is  fragmentary  and  not  certainly  determined  as 
this  species,  although  it  is  apparently  distinct  from  the  allied  Hedera 
cecilensis  Berry. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Deep  Cut,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

HEDERA  CECILENSIS  Berry 
Plate  LXXVIII,  Figs.  1,  2 

Hedera  cecilensis  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  28,  pi. 
viii,  fig.  2. 

Description. — Leaves  of  medium  size,  orbicular  in  general  outline  with 
a  tendency  toward  trilobation,  6  cm.  to  7  cm.  in  length  by  about  6  cm.  in 
greatest  width.  Margin  entire,  with  shallow  undulate  lobes.  Petiole  and 
midrib  stout.  Lateral  primaries  suprabasilar,  not  differentiated  from  the 
secondaries  in  some  specimens.  Secondaries  one  pair  below  the  lateral 
primaries  and  one  or  two  remote  pairs  above,  forking  dichotomously  and 
craspedodrome  in  habit. 

This  species  resembles  in  a  general  way  several  which  Lesquereux 
referred  to  the  genus  Cissites,  as  for  example,  Cissites  harkerianus  and 
Cissites  acuminatus.  In  appearance  it  suggests  the  somewhat  larger 
Dakota  group  leaf  which  Lesquereux  christened  Platanus  cissoides.  It  is 
closely  related  to  Hedera  cretacea  Lesqureux,  differing  in  the  suprabasilar 
primaries  and  in  the  details  of  the  general  outline. 

Hedera  cecilensis  is  a  very  well  marked  species  and  is  evidently  allied 
to  Hedera,  clearly  differentiated,  however,  from  any  of  the  previously 
described  forms.  The  genus  is  rather  prominent  in  Upper  Cretaceous 
floras,  both  in  Europe  and  America,  the  present  species  and  Hedera 
cretacea  Lesquereux  resembling  closely  the  existing  species.  The  present 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  875 

material  is  from  the  upper  Magothy  at  Grove  Point  in  Cecil  County, 
from  which  it  takes  its  name. 

Occurrence.— MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Genus  ARALIA  Linne 

[Sp.  PL,  1753,  p.  273] 

ARALIA  GROENLANDICA  Heer 

Aralia  groenlandica  Heer,  1882,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  84,  pi. 

xxxviii,  fig.  3;  pi.  xxxix,  fig.  1;  pi.  xlvi,  figs.  16,  17. 
Aralia  groenlandica  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii,  p. 

134,  pi.  liv,  figs.  1-3. 
Aralia  groenlandica  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p. 

116,  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  4. 
Aralia  groenlandica  Berry,  1903,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p.  94,  pi. 

xlv,  fig.  4. 
Aralia  groenlandica  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  98,  pi. 

xxxvii,  figs.  3-6. 

Aralia  groenlandica  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p.  199. 
Aralia  groenlandica  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  408. 

Description. — "  A.  foliis  magnis,  coriaceis,  laevigatis,  basi  rotundatis, 
lobis  subsequalibus,  lobo  medio  sinu  lato,  rotundato,  separate." — Heer, 
1882. 

This  species  is  very  poorly  defined,  both  Heer  and  Lesquereux  including 
in  it  leaves  showing  a  quite  considerable  range  of  variability.  They  are 
all  coriaceous,  trilobate  leaves  of  considerable  size  with  long  and  short 
petioles.  Length  6  cm.  to  10  cm.  Width  7  cm.  to  12  cm.  Lobes  ovate, 
pointed  or  rounded,  with  open  rounded  sinuses,  the  lateral  lobes  showing  a 
tendency  to  become  sublobate  below.  Primaries  slender,  camptodrome. 
Lesquereux  makes  "  five  nerved  from  the  top  of  the  petiole,"  a  character  of 
this  species  as  it  is  in  all  the  specimens  which  he  figures  and  in  one  or 
two  of  Heer's  figures.  These  extra  laterals  are  much  more  slender  than 
are  the  regular  primaries  and  are  not  constant  unless  the  species  be  con- 

N 

sidered  composite. 

The  Coastal  Plain  leaves  referred  to  this  species  by  Newberry,  Hollick, 
and  the  writer  are  as  a  rule  somewhat  smaller  in  size,  with  narrower 
lobes.  This  species  is  infrequent  in  the  Earitan,  and  the  leaves  referred 

57 


876  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

to  it  are  suggestive  of  what  Newberry  called  Aralia  patens.  The  species 
is  more  abundant  in  the  somewhat  later  Cretaceous  deposits  of  Marthas 
Vineyard,  Cliffwood  Bluff,  and  Sullivan's  Cove.  It  was  described  origi- 
nally from  the  Atane  beds  of  Greenland  and  is  also  present  in  considerable 
abundance  in  the  Dakota  group  of  Kansas. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Eound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel 
County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

AEALIA  RAVNIANA  Heer 
Plate  LXXXII,  Fig.  4;  Plate  LXXXIII,  Figs.  1-4 

Aralia  ravniana  Heer,  1882,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  84,  pi.  xxxviii, 

figs.  1,  2. 

Aralia  greenlandica  Heer,  1882,  Ibidem,  pi.  xlvi,  fig.  17. 
Aralia  ravniana  Berry,  1903,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p.  92,  pi.  xliv, 

fig.  7;  pi.  liii,  fig.  2;  pi.  Ivii,  fig.  1. 

Aralia  ravniana  Berry,  1904,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxi,  p.  79. 
Aralia  ravniana  Berry,  1910,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  27. 

Description. — "  A.  foliis  amplis,  coriaceis,  laevigatis,  quinquelobis,  lobis 
integerrimis,  lobo  medio  maximo,  basi  valde  contracto,  ovali,  lobis  laterali- 
bus  oblongo-lanceolatis." — Heer,  1882. 

This  most  striking  species  of  Aralia,  because  of  its  large  size,  has  always 
been  found  in  a  fragmentary  condition.  Specimens  showing  all  parts  of 
the  leaf  have  now  been  collected,  the  Maryland  material  conclusively  con- 
firming the  restoration  of  this  leaf  made  by  the  writer  in  1903  (op.  cit.). 
It  also  confirms  the  supposition  made  from  the  venation  of  the  Xew 
Jersey  material,  that  instead  of  a  broadly  ovate  median  lobe,  as  Heer 
supposed,  this  middle  lobe  was  sublobate  by  the  greater  or  less  develop- 
ment of  a  lateral  lobe  on  each  side,  as  shown  in  the  accompanying  restora- 
tion based  on  the  Maryland  material.  The  species  may  be  more  fully 
defined  in  the  light  of  all  of  the  material  as  follows :  Leaves  of  large  size, 
ranging  from  16  cm.  to  21  cm.  in  length  and  from  19  cm.  to  23  cm.  in 
maximum  width,  orbicular  in  general  outline,  deeply  pinnate-lobate. 
Apex  of  the  terminal  and  lateral  lobes  bluntly  pointed.  Base  broadly 
cuneate.  Margins  entire.  Texture  subcoriaceous.  Lobes  usually  seven  in 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  877 

number,  separated  by  relatively  narrow  ultimately  rounded  sinuses,  com- 
prising an  o\7ate  medium  terminal  lobe  and  two  main  lateral  lobes  on 
either  side,  the  lower  pair  being  more  or  less  divided.  In  the  Maryland 
material  the  auxiliary  lobe  on  the  lower  side  of  each  main  lateral  lobe  is 
feebly  developed.  In  the  Greenland  material  it  is  at  least  half  as  large 
as  the  main  lobe  and  the  separating  sinus  extends  half-way  to  the  base. 
Petiole  stout,  its  full  length  unknown.  Midrib  very  stout  and  prominent, 
straight.  Lateral  primaries  two  on  each  side,  stout  and  prominent,  the 
lower  pair  subopposite  and  suprabasilar,  the  upper  pair  sometimes  sub- 
opposite,  oftener  separated  by  a  wide  interval.  The  lower  primary  may 
fork  a  short  distance  above  its  base,  as  it  does  in  the  Greenland  material 
after  an  interval  of  only  about  1  cm.,  or  this  fork  may  be  at  least  4  cm. 
above  the  base  as  in  the  Maryland  material,  the  distance  depending  on  the 
extent  to  which  the  auxiliary  lobe  is  developed.  The  angle  of  divergence 
of  the  primaries  from  the  midrib  is  about  40°,  but  varies  from  specimen 
to  specimen,  the  basal  pair  in  general  being  somewhat  more  divergent  than 
the  upper  pair.  The  secondary  and  tertiary  venation  is  usually  obsolete. 
Some  specimens  show  a  few  thin  remote  secondaries  diverging  from  the 
primaries  at  angles  of  about  45°  and  sweeping  upward  in  ascending  camp- 
todrome  curves. 

This  species  was  described  by  Heer  from  the  Greenland  Upper  Creta- 
ceous (Atane  beds)  and  has  been  found  by  the  writer  in  the  Magothy  for- 
mation of  both  New  Jersey  and  Maryland.  The  fragments  from  Marthas 
Vineyard,  Massachusetts,  and  Tottenville,  New  York,  identified  as  this 
species  by  Hollick,1  are  not  this  species  in  the  writer's  judgment.  There  is 
a  great  display  of  Aralia-like  forms  in  the  Middle  Cretaceous  both  of  this 
country  and  Europe,  and  these  forms  are  especially  abundant  in  the 
Dakota  sandstone  of  the  West.  Among  this  diverse  display  of  forms 
Aralia  ravniana  is  approached  in  both  size  and  outline  by  Aralia  towneri 
Lesquereux  of  the  Dakota  sandstone,  which  is  to  be  regarded  as  a  closely 
related  geographical  mutant.  Comparisons  with  existing  plants  are  not 
so  satisfactory,  although  many  tropical  Araliacece  show  suggestive  resem- 

1  Hollick,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  99,  pi.  xxxvii,  figs.  1,  2,  1907. 


878  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

blances.    The  Moracece  in  the  genus  Artocarpus  and  its  allies  also  show 
many  features  of  this  fossil  species. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

ARALIA  WASHINGTONIANA  Berry 
Plate  LXXXII,  Fig.  3 

Aralia  washingtoniana  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  p. 
27,  pi.  viii,  fig.  4. 

Description. — Leaves  of  medium  size,  broadly  trilobate,  about  9  cm.  to 
10  cm.  in  length  by  8  cm.  in  greatest  width.  Sinuses  shallow  and  rounded. 
Lobes  broadly  rounded.  Petiole  and  midrib  stout.  Lateral  primaries 
scarcely  to  be  distinguished  from  the  secondaries.  Secondaries  four  or 
five  subopposite  pairs,  rather  straight,  indifferently  camptodrome  or  cras- 
pedodrome.  Tertiaries  well  marked,  transverse.  Margins  entire. 

The  remains  of  this  species  are  numerous  but  fragmentary.  In  general 
outline  and  venation  they  suggest  a  species  of  Aspidiopliyllum,  but  they 
lack  the  characteristic  base  of  that  genus.  There  is  some  resemblance, 
not  close,  however,  to  Aralia  rotundiloba  Newberry  and  to  Aralia  nassau- 
ensis  Hollick. 

Occurrence. — EARITAN  FORMATION.  East  Washington  Heights,  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia. 

Collection. — U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Genus  ARALIOPSOIDES  n.  gen.1 
ARALIOPSOIDES  BREVILOBA  Berry 

Plate  LXXXVI,  Fig.  2 
Araliopsis  breviloba  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  417. 

Description. — Leaves  of  medium  size,  fan-shaped  in  general  outline, 
between  10  cm.  and  11  cm.  in  length  by  the  same  dimensions  in  maximum 

1  Since  proposing  the  very  appropriate  name  Araliopsis  (Bull.  Torrey  Bot. 
Club,  vol.  xxxviii,  1911,  p.  413)  for  this  genus,  the  writer  has  discovered  that 
this  name  is  preoccupied,  having  been  used  by  Engler  in  1895  for  a  monotypic 
and  little-known  genus  of  Rutacecc  from  Africa. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  879 

width,  which  is  from  tip  to  tip  of  the  lateral  lobes.  Trilobate.  Apical 
lobe  very  short  and  conical.  Lateral  lobes  short  and  pointed,  somewhat 
recurved  outward.  Sinuses  open,  shallow  and  rounded,  not  extending 
more  than  one-fifth  of  the  distance  from  the  apex  to  the  base.  Lateral 
margins  at  first  full  and  rounded,  then  curving  inward  to  the  decurrent 
base.  Primaries  three  in  number,  equally  stout  and  curved,  the  laterals 
subopposite  and  suprabasilar.  Secondaries  numerous,  curved,  campto- 
drome,  branching  from  the  primaries  at  angles  of  less  than  45°.  Ter- 
tiaries  transverse.  Margins  entire  throughout.  Texture  coriaceous. 

This  characteristic  leaf  is  probably  the  end  term  of  a  series  of  forms 
starting  with  Araliopsoides  cretacea,  but  whether  it  represents  an  extreme 
of  variation  of  that  species  or  a  distinct  but  related  species  cannot  be 
definitely  determined.  The  present  form  suggests  various  species  from 
the  Dakota  sandstone  of  the  West,  which  Professor  Lesquereux  referred  to 
the  genus  Cissites.  It  is  also  similar  to  the  form  from  the  Cenomanian  of 
Bohemia  described  by  Velenovsky 1  as  Aralia  anisoloba,  differing  slightly 
in  outline  and  lacking  the  remotely  dentate  margins  of  the  latter. 

Occurrence. — RARITAN  FORMATION.    Bull  Mountain,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

ARALIOPSOIDES  CRETACEA  (Newberry)  2 

Plate  LXXIV,  Fig.  3;  Plate  LXXXIV,  Figs.  1,  2;  Plate  LXXXV,  Figs. 
1-5 ;  Plate  LXXXVIII,  Figs.  1-3 

Sassafras  cretaceum  Newberry,  1868,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.,  vol.  ix,  p. 

14  (non  Penhallow,  1904  and  1908). 

Sassafras  cretaceum  Newberry,  1878,  Ills.  Cret.  and  Tert.  PL,  pi.  vi,  figs.  1-4. 
Sassafras  cretaceum  Newberry,  1898,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxxv,  p. 

98,  pi.  vi,  figs.  1-4;  pi.  viii,  figs.  1,  2  (non  pi.  vii,  figs.  1-3). 
Sassafras  cretaceum  Lesquereux,  1878,  Cret.  F.,  p.  80,  pi.  xi,  figs.  1,  2;  pi. 

xii,  fig.  2. 

Sassafras  cretaceum  ?  Kurtz,  1902,  Revista  Mus.  La  Plata,  vol.  x. 
Sassafras  cretaceum  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  22. 
Araliopsis  cretacea  Berry,  1911,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  413. 

1  Velenovsky,  Fl.  Bohm.  Kreidef.,  Theil  i,  1882,  p.  22,  pi.  v,  figs.  4-6. 

2  This  form  was  cited  in  1878  by  Saporta  and  Marion    (M6m.  Cour.  Sav. 
Etrang.  Acad.,  tome  xli,  1878,  p.  78),  as  Araliopsis  (Sassafras)  cretacea,  but 
there  is  no  evidence  to  show  that  they  had  any  generic  proposal  in  mind. 


880  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Description. — "  Leaves  petiolate,  decurrent  at  base,  very  smooth  above, 
strongly  nerved  below ;  three-lobed  ;  lobes  entire  and  acute.  The  nervation 
is  all  strongly  defined ;  the  central  nerve  straight  or  nearly  so ;  the  lateral 
primary  nerve  springing  from  it  at  an  angle  of  30° ;  secondary  nerves 
regularly  arched  till  they  approach  the  margin  of  the  lobes,  when  they  are 
abruptly  curved  and  run  together.  From  these  the  tertiary  nerves  are 
given  off  at  a  right  angle,  and  from  these  the  quaternary  nerves  spring 
at  a  similar  angle,  together  forming  a  network  of  which  the  areoles  are 
subquadrate." — Newberry,  1868. 

Professor  Newberry  includes  under  Sassafras  cretaceum  the  various 
forms  described  by  Professor  Lesquereux  as  8.  mudgei,  S.  subintegri- 
folium,  S.  integrifolium,  S.  obiusum,  S.  cretaceum  dentatum,  3.  cre- 
taceum obiusum,  S.  acutilobum,  Cissites  harkianus,  and  C.  salisburice- 
folius.  While  this  shows  the  undoubted  composite  nature  of  S.  cretaceum, 
it  also  shows  that  the  extremes  of  leaf  form  above  mentioned  are  so  closely 
connected  with  the  more  typical  leaf  by  a  series  of  intermediate  forms  that 
the  question  of  where  one  species  shall  end  and  another  begin  is  an 
extremely  difficult  one. 

The  writer  considers  the  leaf  figured  by  Prof.  Newberry  on  pi.  vi,  fig.  1, 
Later  Ext.  FL,  to  be  the  typical  form  of  this  species,  thus  agreeing  with 
Newberry's  original  description  and  with  his  later  opinion  expressed  in 
1898.  This  type  bears  considerable  resemblance  to  some  modern  Sassa- 
fras leaves.  A  slight  widening  of  the  terminal  lobe  of  some  of  these  in  the 
basal  region  would  give  a  leaf  strikingly  like  Araliopsoides  cretacea ;  or 
were  the  sinuses  of  the  latter  slightly  deeper  we  would  have  the  typical 
modern  leaf.  The  basal  portion  of  the  leaf  is  like  Sassafras,  and  the  indi- 
cations point  to  a  similar  venation  in  this  region.  The  first  pair  of  secon- 
daries do  not  branch  to  form  margins  of  the  sinuses;  the  left  one  runs 
directly  to  the  sinus,  however,  and  may  possibly  have  conformed  to  the 
margin  and  been  effaced  in  the  specimen ;  the  right  one  is  stronger  and 
runs  almost  to  the  sinus  where  it  makes  a  sharp  turn  upward,  continuing 
until  it  joins  the  next  secondary.  This  feature  is  analogous  to  those  in 
the  modern  leaf,  which  may  indicate  the  mode  of  origin  of  this  peculiar 
character.  This  leaf  seems  to  form  a  central  figure  from  which  a  series  of 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  881 

forms  grade  in  several  directions,  culminating  in  quite  dissimilar  leaves. 
Lesquereux's  Sassafras  cretaceum  is  a  more  planatoid  leaf,  with  more 
acute  tips,  a  tendency  to  become  dentate,  and  with  the  primaries  inserted 
nearer  the  base.  Closely  allied  to  the  preceding  is  his  Sassafras  (Arali- 
opsis}  mirabile,  which  serves  as  a  connecting  link  with  his  Platanus 
recurvata.  From  the  aforementioned  Sassafras  cretaceum  of  Lesquereux 
it  is  but  a  step  to  such  a  leaf  as  the  one  shown  on  pi.  viii,  fig.  2,  Later 
Ext.  FL,  and  to  the  trilobed  forms  referred  to  Cissites  harkerianus,  and 
these  in  turn  grade  into  the  more  Cissoid  forms  of  this  species,  such  as 
those  shown  on  pi.  ii,  fig.  3,  Cret.  Flora.  The  primaries  are  basal  and  of  not 
much  greater  caliber  than  the  regularly  succeeding  straight  secondaries. 
It  is  but  a  step  from  this  leaf  to  that  of  Cissites  heerii  on  the  one  hand, 
with  its  palmately  five-pointed  blade,  and  to  such  forms  as  Cissites 
acuminatus  on  pi.  v,  fig.  4,  Cret.  and  Tert.  FL,  on  the  other;  which  in 
turn,  by  the  elimination  of  the  decreasing  dentate  points,  gives  us  the 
leaf  shown  on  pi.  v,  fig.  3,  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.  In  the  second  series  of 
leaves  diverging  from  the  typical  Sassafras  cretaceum,  pi.  viii,  fig.  1, 
Later  Ext.  FL,  is  removed  a  slight  distance  by  the  shortening  of  the  blade, 
the  thickening  of  the  primaries  and  secondaries,  and  the  shortening  and 
rounding  of  the  lobes  (Sassafras  obtusum)  ;  while  a  smaller  leaf  would 
be  its  logical  descendant;  and  from  these  leaves  to  those  referred  to  the 
typical  Cissites  salisburicefolius  is  but  a  step.  In  the  third  series  of 
leaves  diverging  from  the  typical  Sassafras  cretaceum,  we  note  that  the 
leaf  has  its  lobes  much  produced,  narrow  and  running  to  a  sharp  point, 
as  in  the  beautiful  leaf  on  pi.  vii,  fig.  1,  Later  Ext.  Fl.,  which,  however, 
is  still  referred  to  Sassafras  cretaceum.  Lesquereux's  Sassafras  acuti- 
lolum  does  not  differ  greatly  from  the  preceding  except  in  the  direction  of 
the  lobes,  which  is  a  questionable  specific  character.  From  this  leaf  it  is 
no  great  jump  to  those  trilobed  forms  which  are  referred  to  Aralia  welling- 
toniana,  the  chief  difference  being  in  the  margin.  Thus  we  have  an  inter- 
related series  connecting  those  leaves  which  seem  to  show  affinity  to 
Sassafras  with  those  which  suggest  Platanus  on  the  one  hand,  and  with 
others  which  suggest  Cissites  and  Aralia  on  the  other. 


882  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

While  it  may  be  considered  probable  that  from  a  biologic  viewpoint  the 
forms  mentioned  in  the  foregoing  paragraphs,  as  well  as  others  not  cited, 
represent  the  variations  of  a  single  species  of  Upper  Cretaceous  tree,  or 
at  least  represent  the  leaves  of  closely  filiated  species,  it  seems  best  from 
the  viewpoint  of  systematic,  and  especially  stratigraphic,  paleobotany, 
that  most  of  the  differentiations  instituted  by  Lesquereux  be  perpetuated. 
Consequently  the  present  series  is  limited  to  the  typical  material  as  defined 
and  illustrated  by  the  original  describer. 

Falling  within  these  limits  are  a  number  of  unrecorded  occurrences 
from  the  Raritan  formation  of  Maryland. 

Occurrence. — EAEITAN  FORMATION.  Bull  Mountain  and  Shannon 
Hill,  Cecil  County ;  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County ;  Glymont,  Charles 
County,  Maryland;  East  Washington  Heights,  Overlook  Inn  Road,  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

AEALIOPSOTDES  CRETACEA  DENTATA  (Lesquereux)  Berry 
Plate  LXXXVII,  Fig.  1 

Sassafras  (Araliopsis)  cretaceum  dentatum  Lesquereux,  1846,  Ann.  Kept.  U. 

S.  Geol.  and  Grogr.  Survey  Terr,  for  1874,  p.  344. 
Sassafras  (Araliopsis)  cretaceum  Lesquereux,  1874,  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  80   (pars), 

pi.  xi,  figs.  1,  2. 
Araliopsis  cretacea  dentata  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii, 

p.  416. 

Description. — Leaves  of  small  or  medium  size,  trilobate  in  general  out- 
line, with  cuneate  or  decurrent  base,  and  acuminate  tips.  Length  ranging 
from  6  cm.  to  11  cm.  Maximum  width,  at  a  point  about  midway  between 
the  apex  and  the  base,  ranging  from  5  cm.  to  10.5  cm.  Sinuses  separating 
the  broad  and  rapidly  narrowed  lobes,  open  and  rounded,  not  reaching 
half-way  to  the  base.  Margins  entire  below,  more  or  less  dentate  above. 
Teeth  not  prominent,  widely  and  irregularly  spaced,  separated  by  very 
shallow  sinuses.  Petiole  stout,  enlarged  at  the  base,  about  3  cm.  in  length. 
Midrib  stout  and  prominent.  Lateral  primaries,  one  on  each  side  running 
to  the  tips  of  the  lateral  lobes,  stout,  prominent,  diverging  from  the  midrib 
at  acute  angles  (45°  or  less)  above  its  base,  slightly  curved  outward 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  883 

in  their  course.  Secondaries  relatively  stout,  numerous,  subparallel, 
camptodrome  in  those  parts  of  the  leaves  where  the  margin  is  entire,  a 
lesser  or  greater  number  craspedodrome  in  leaves  or  parts  of  leaves  where 
the  margin  is  dentate. 

This  species  was  described  by  Lesquereux  from  the  Dakota  sandstone 
as  a  form  of  Sassafras.  It  may  be  distinguished  from  the  type  by  its 
usually  smaller  size  and  its  more  or  less  toothed  margin.  It  is  not  com- 
mon and  may  not  be  entitled  to  even  varietal  rank. 

Occurrence. — RARITAN  FORMATION.    Bull  Mountain,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

ARALIOPSOIDES  CRETACEA  SALISBURI^EFOLIA  (Lesquereux)   Berry 
Plate  LXXXVI,  Fig.  1 ;  Plate  LXXXVII,  Figs.  2,  3 

Populites  salisburicefolia  Lesquereux,  1868,  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  (ii),  vol.  xlvi, 

p.  94. 
Sassafras  obtusus  Lesquereux,  1872,  5th  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Terr. 

(Hayden),  1871,  p.  303. 
Sassafras  obtusus  Lesquereux,  1873,  6th  Ann.  Kept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  Terr. 

(Hayden),  1872,  p.  424. 

Sassafras  obtusum  Lesquereux,  1874,  Cret.  FL,  p.  81,  pi.  xiii,  figs.  2-4. 
Sassafras  (AraliopsisJ  cretaceum  obtusum  Lesquereux,  1874,  Cret.  FL,  p.  80, 

pi.  xii,  fig.  3;  pi.  xiii,  fig.  1. 
Cissites  obtusum  Lesquereux,  1876,  8th  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  Terr. 

(Hayden),  1874,  p.  354. 

Sassafras  (AraliopsisJ  obtusum  Lesquereux,  1883,  Cret.  and  Tert.  PI.,  p.  56. 
Cissites  salisburicefolius  Lesquereux,  1883,  Cret.  and  Tert.  Fl.,  p.  66. 
Cissites  salisburi&folius  Lesquereux,   1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.   Survey,  vol. 

xvii,  p.  164. 
f  Sassafras  cretaceum  Newberry,  1898,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxxv, 

pi.  viii,  fig.  1. 
Cissites  salisburitefolius  Ward,  1899,  19th  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey, 

pt.  ii,  p.  707,  pi.  clxxi,  fig.  5. 
Araliopsis  cretacea  salisburicefolia  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol. 

xxxviii,  p.  416. 

Description. — Leaves  of  variable  size  ;  trilobate  in  general  outline ;  with 
a  decurrent  base ;  and  broad,  usually  but  slightly  developed,  rounded  lobes. 
Length  ranging  from  7  cm.  to  13  cm.  Maximum  width,  about  midway 
between  the  apex  and  the  base,  ranging  from  6  cm.  to  15  cm.  Margins 
entire.  Texture  subcoriaceous.  Lobes  usually  wider  than  long,  separated 


884  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

by  open,  usually  shallow,  rounded  sinuses.  Petiole  very  stout,  at  least 
4  cm.  or  5  cm.  in  length.  Midrib  stout,  prominent.  Lateral  primaries 
subopposite,  suprabasilar,  diverging  from  the  midrib  at  acute  angles, 
stout,  prominent,  craspedodrome.  Secondaries  numerous,  stout,  in  gen- 
eral regularly  spaced  and  subparallel,  camptodrome. 

This  well  marked  variety  was  described  originally  from  the  Dakota 
sandstone  where  it  is  not  uncommon.  It  has  been  referred  successively 
to  the  genera  Populites,  Sassafras,  and  Cissites,  but  is  a  well  marked  form 
of  Araliopsoides  close  to  Araliopsoides  cretacea. 

Occurrence. — KARITAN  FORMATION.    Bull  Mountain,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Family  CORNACEAE 
Genus  CORNUS  Linne 
[Sp.  PL,  1753,  p.  117] 

CORNUS  CECILEXSIS  Berry 
Plate  LXXXII,  Fig.  2 

Cornus  cecilensis  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  408, 
pi.  xix,  fig.  4. 

Description. — Leaves  of  medium  size,  broadly  ovate  or  elongate-ellipti- 
cal in  general  outline,  8.5  cm.  in  length  by  4.75  cm.  in  maximum  width, 
at  a  point  about  half-way  between  the  apex  and  the  base.  Apex  bluntly 
pointed.  Base  cuneate.  Midrib  stout.  Secondaries  about  six  pairs, 
branching  from  the  midrib  at  an  angle  of  about  45°,  curving  upward 
approximately  parallel  with  the  lateral  margins,  at  length  camptodrome. 
Tertiaries  obsolete.  Texture  subcoriaceous. 

Several  Cretaceous  forms  have  been  referred  to  the  genus  Cornus, 
although  this  determination  is  not  conclusively  proven.  Leaves  of  a 
similar  facies  are  found  among  the  Rhamnales,  representatives  of  which 
order  would  be  much  more  likely  to  occur  under  the  climatic  conditions  of 
the  Upper  Cretaceous  than  would  those  of  Cornus. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  885 

CORNUS  FORCHUAMMERI  Heer 
Plate  LXXXII,  Fig.  1 

Cornus  forchhammeri  Heer,  1882,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  85,  pi. 

xliv,  fig.  13. 
Cornus  forchhammeri  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii. 

Description. — "  C.  foliis  herbaceis,  ellipticis,  integerrimis,  nervo  medio 
valido,  nervis  secundariis  utrinque  4,  oppositis,  subtilibus,  angulo  acuto 
egredientibus,  distantibus,  curvatis,  camptodromis." — Heer,  1882. 

The  Grove  Point  leaf  is  a  trifle  narrower  than  the  type,  otherwise  the 
two  are  identical.  Cornophyllum  vetustum  Newberry 1  from  the  Raritan 
formation  of  New  Jersey  is  possibly  the  same  species.  The  features  in 
which  the  Maryland  leaf  differs  from  that  of  Newberry  are  its  more  lanceo- 
late form :  the  symmetrical  base  ;  the  fewer  secondaries  (four  to  six,  instead 
of  six  to  seven),  which  form  a  much  more  acute  angle  with  the  midrib,  and 
are  more  regular  in  their  course ;  the  presence  of  the  transverse  tertiaries, 
which  are  not  visible  in  the  Earitan  leaf.  The  Grove  Point  leaf  has  a  more 
regular  margin,  a  longer  petiole,  a  stouter  midrib  and  a  more  secondary 
venation,  all  features  in  which  the  New  Jersey  leaf  departs  somewhat 
from  the  typical  leaves  of  Cornus. 

The  present  species  was  described  from  the  Atane  beds  of  Greenland  to 
which  it  is  confined  except  for  its  occurrence  in  the  Magothy  formation  of 
Maryland.  The  generic  reference  is  not  positive  and  it  may  well  be 
questioned  if  this  and  allied  forms  that  are  commonly  referred  to  Corn  us 
are  not  more  properly  referable  to  the  Rhamnacece. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — II.  S.  National  Museum. 

Order  ERICALES 
Family  ERICACEAE 

Genus  ANDROMEDA  Auct. 

ANDROMEDA  NOV^-C^ESARE^;  Hollick 

Plate  LXXXIX,  Figs.  1,  2 

Andromeda  novce-cwsarece  Hollick,  1896,  in  Newberry,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur- 
vey, vol.  xxvi,  p.  121,  pi.  xlii,  figs.  9-12,  28-31. 
Andromeda  novce-ccesarece  Smith,  1894,  Geol.  Coastal  Plain  in  Ala.,  p.  348. 

1  Newberry,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p.  119,  pi.  xix,  fig.  10,  1896. 


886  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Andromeda  novce-c&sarece  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii, 

p.  181. 
Andromeda  novce-ccesarece  Berry,  1907,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxiv,  p.  29,  vol.  xxxvii, 

p.  29. 
Andromeda  novw-ccesarece  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey, 

pi.  xx,  fig.  7. 

Andromeda  novce-ccesarece  Berry,  1912,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxix,  p.  405. 
Andromeda  novce-ccesarece  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No. 

84,  pp.  58,  120,  pi.  xiv,  figs.  5,  6 ;  pi.  xxiv,  fig.  1. 

Description. — Leaves  small,  thick,  and  entire,  with  stout  petioles  and 
midribs  and  obscure  secondary  venation  which  is  immersed  in  the  thick 
lamina.  Length  2.5  cm.  to  5  cm.  Width  varying  from  0.9  cm.  to  1.3  cm. 
Venation,  where  visible,  showing  numerous  parallel,  camptodrome,  rela- 
tively long  and  thin  secondaries  which  branch  from  the  midrib  at  acute 
angles.  While  the  majority  of  these  leaves  are  equally  acuminate  at  both 
ends,  there  is  considerable  variation  in  this  respect,  and  a  well-marked 
tendency  is  shown  in  a  considerable  number  of  specimens  which  are  rela- 
tively broader,  especially  in  the  upper  half,  toward  an  obtusely  rounded 
apex,  the  termination  of  the  midrib  showing  as  a  small  mucronate  point. 
The  base  in  these  forms  gradually  narrows  to  the  stout  petiole.  The 
variations  in  outline  of  this  species  are  well  shown  in  the  figures  repro- 
duced in  Professor  Newberry's  monograph,  the  specimens  collected  from 
the  South  Atlantic  Coastal  Plain  having  an  obtusely  rounded  apex  seem- 
ingly more  often  than  those  from  New  Jersey. 

In  the  Earitan  formation  this  species  is  only  known  with  certainty 
from  the  uppermost  beds  at  South  Amboy,  New  Jersey.  It  becomes  more 
abundant  in  the  overlying  Magothy  formation,  occurring  from  New  Jersey 
to  Maryland  in  beds  of  this  age.  Farther  south  it  is  found  as  one  of  the 
typical  fossils  of  the  Black  Creek  formation  in  North  Carolina,  being  a 
prominent  but  never  abundant  element  in  the  dark  lignitic  laminated  clays 
of  the  upper  beds  associated  with  Araucaria,  Cunninghamites,  Pistia,  etc., 
and  a  marine  fauna. 

It  occurs  in  the  Middendorf  beds  of  South  Carolina  and  is  also  present 
in  Georgia  and  the  Woodbine  formation  of  northeastern  Texas.  It  has  not 
been  observed  to  be  common  in  the  Tuscaloosa  formation,  being  only 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  887 

known  from  near  the  base.  However,  the  abundance  of  this  species  at 
somewhat  higher  horizons  in  Georgia  would  indicate  that  its  rarity  in  the 
Tuscaloosa  deposits  may  be  more  apparent  than  real. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Grove  Point,  Cecil  County; 
Eound  Bay,  Ann  Arundel  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

ANDROMEDA  COOKII  Berry 
Plate  LXXXIX,  Fig.  3 

Andromeda  flexuosa  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p.  121, 

pi.  xxxiv,  figs.  1-5  (non  Moon  1849). 
Andromeda  flexuosa  Hollick,  1904,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p.  416, 

pi.  Ixxix,  fig.  2. 
Andromeda  flexuosa  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  101, 

pi.  xxxix,  fig.  6. 

Andromeda  cookii  Berry,  1909,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvi,  p.  261. 
Andromeda  cookii  Berry,  1910,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  29. 
Andromeda  cookii  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p.  206, 

pi.  xxvi,  figs.  3,  4. 

Description. — Leaves  of  variable  size,  narrowly  lanceolate  and  often 
falcate  in  general  outline,  with  an  acuminate  apex  and  a  cuneate  base. 
Length  ranging  from  6  cm.  to  12  cm.  in  the  middle  part  of  the  leaf. 
Margins  entire.  Texture  coriaceous.  Midrib  stout  and  flexuous.  Secon- 
daries strong,  somewhat  flexuous,  branching  from  the  midrib  at  acute 
angles  and  arching  upward  in  ascending  camptodrome  curves.  Tertiaries 
mostly  simple,  transverse,  forming  oblong  areoles. 

This  species  is  of  the  same  general  character  as  the  other  Cretaceous 
species  of  Andromeda,  with  which  it  is  strictly  congeneric.  It  makes  its 
earliest  appearance  in  the  lower  Earitan  of  New  Jersey,  where  it  is  com- 
mon. It  is  not  uncommon  in  the  overlying  Magothy  formation. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Grove  Point,  Cecil  County; 
Eound  Bay,  Anne  Arundel  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 


888  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

ANDROMEDA  PAELATORII  Heer 
Plate  LXXXIX,  Fig.  -t 

Andromeda  parlatorii  Heer,  1866,  Phyll.  Cret.  d.  Nebr.,  p.  18,  pi.  i,  fig.  5. 
Prunus  ?  parlatorii  Lesquereux,  1868,  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  xxxvi,  p.  102. 
Andromeda  parlatorii  Heer,  1874,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  iii,  Ab.  ii,  p.  112,  pi. 

xxxii,  figs.  1,  2. 
Andromeda  parlatorii  Heer,  1882,  Ibidem,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  79,  pi.  xxi,  figs. 

Ib,  11;  pi.  xlii,  fig.  4c. 
Andromeda  parlatorii  Lesquereux,  1874,  Cret.  Fl.,  p.  88,  pi.  xxiii,  figs.  6,  7; 

pi.  xxviii,  fig.  15. 
Andromeda  parlatorii  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii, 

p.  115,  pi.  xix,  fig.  1;  pi.  xlii,  fig.  6. 
Andromeda  parlatorii  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi, 

p.  120,  pi.  xxxi,  figs.  1-7 ;  pi.  xxxiii,  figs.  1,  2,  4,  5. 

Andromeda  parlatorii  Smith,  1894,  Geol.  Coastal  Plain  in  Ala.,  p.  348. 
Andromeda  parlatorii  Hollick,  1898,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xi,  p.  420, 

pi.  xxxvii,  figs.  1-4. 
Andromeda  parlatorii  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  101, 

pi.  xxxix,  figs.  2-5. 
Andromeda  parlatorii  Berry,  1903,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p.  97, 

pi.  i,  figs.  1-4. 
Andromeda  parlatorii  Berry,  1904,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxi,  p.  79, 

pi.  i,  figs.  1,  2. 

Andromeda  parlatorii  Berry,  1906,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  181. 
Andromeda  parlatorii  Berry,  1907,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxiv,  p.  203,  pi.  xv,  fig.  2. 
Andromeda  parlatorii  Berry,  1907,  Johns  Hopkins  Univ.  Circ.,  n.  s.,  No.  7, 

p.  81. 

Leucothoe  parlatorii  Schimper,  1874,  Pal.  Ve'get.,  vol.  iii,  p.  11. 
Andromeda  parlatorii  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  29. 
Andromeda  parlatorii  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p. 

206,  pi.  xxvii,  figs.  1-4. 
Andromeda  parlatorii  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  84, 

p.  60. 

Description. — Leaves  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  with  a  long  and  gradu- 
ally narrowed  apex,  and  a  broad,  somewhat  rounded,  but  finally  cuneate  or 
slightly  decurrent  base.  Petiole  and  midrib  stout.  Length  about  10  cm. 
to  12  cm.  Maximum  width  about  3  cm.  in  the  lower  half  of  the  leaf. 
Secondaries  numerous,  rather  thin,  subparallel,  branching  from  the  mid- 
rib at  acute  angles,  long  and  ascending,  at  length  camptodrome.  Terti- 
aries  mostly  straight,  transverse.  There  is  considerable  variation  in  the 
size  of  these  leaves  and  in  the  angle  which  the  secondaries  form  with  the 
midrib,  and  consequently  in  their  length  and  degree  of  curvature.  Some 


MAEYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SUEVEY  889 

of  the  specimens  approach  quite  closely  to  the  small  leaves  of  Andromeda 
grandifolia  Berry,  which  are  more  slender  and  apically  attenuated  than 
in  the  normal  sized  leaves  of  the  latter. 

This  species  was  first  described  by  Professor  Heer  in  one  of  the  earliest 
published  accounts  of  the  Dakota  group  flora,,  and  it  has  since  been  found 
to  have  a  wide  geographical  range.  It  is  one  of  the  commonest  fossils  in 
the  Dakota  sandstone,  having  been  recorded  from  Minnesota,  Kansas,  and 
Nebraska.  In  eastern  North  America  it  is  recorded  from  the  Atane  beds 
of  Greenland,  the  Magothy  formation  on  Marthas  Vineyard,  the  Raritan 
formation  of  New  Jersey,  the  Magothy  formation  of  New  Jersey,  Dela- 
ware, and  Maryland,  the  Black  Creek  formation  of  North  Carolina,  and 
the  Middendorf  beds  of  South  Carolina.  In  Alabama  it  is  common  in 
the  Tuscaloosa  formation  and  extends  into  the  lower  Eutaw  beds  in  Hale 
County. 

The  genus  Andromeda  of  Linne  has  been  much  segregated  by  the  subse- 
quent taxonomists,  and  this  is  reflected  in  Schimper's  proposal  to  refer 
this  species  to  the  genus  Leucothoe.  However,  the  more  comprehensive 
name  has  obvious  advantages  for  the  paleobotanist  in  cases  like  this, 
where  it  is  impossible  to  discriminate  between  the  various  Ericaceous 
genera  with  any  degree  of  accuracy. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Deep  Cut,  Delaware;  Grove 
Point,  Cecil  County ;  Round  Bay,  Anne  Arundel  County,  Maryland. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

ANDROMEDA  GEANDIFOLIA  Berry 

Andromeda  latifolia  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p. 

120,  pi.  xxxiii,  figs.  6-8,  10  (non  fig.  9);  pi.  xxxiv,  figs.  6-11;  pi.  xxxvi, 

fig.  10  (non  Wright). 
Andromeda  latifolia  Smith,  1894,  Geol.  Coastal  Plain  in  Ala.,  p.  348  (nomen 

nudum). 
Andromeda  latifolia  Hollick,  1904,  Bull.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Garden,  vol.  iii,  p.  416, 

pi.  Ixxix,  fig.  3. 
Andromeda  latifolia  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  100, 

pi.  xxxix,  fig.  1. 
Andromeda  grandifolia  Berry,  1907,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiv,  p. 

204,  pi.  xv,  fig.  3. 
Andromeda  grandifolia  Berry,  1910,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  28. 


890  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Andromeda  grandifolia  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p. 

205,  pi.  xxvi,  figs.  1,  2. 
Andromeda  grandifolia  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  84, 

p.  59,  pi.  xiv,  fig.  10. 

Description. — Leaves  thick  and  coriaceous,  varying  considerably  in  size 
and  shape.  From  4  cm.  to  20  cm.  in  length  by  1.5  cm.  to  7  cm.  in  width. 
Ovate-lanceolate  in  outline  with  an  entire,  usually  somewhat  undulate 
or  unsymmetrical  margin.  Apex  obtusely  pointed  or  sometimes  rounded. 
Base  somewhat  wedge-shaped.  Midrib  and  petiole  very  stout.  Secon- 
daries relatively  few,  six  to  eight  pairs,  stout  and  flexuous,  branching  from 
the  midrib  at  acute  angles  and  sweeping  upward  in  long  curves,  eventu- 
ally inosculating  to  complete  the  strictly  camptodrome  venation. 

This  species  occurs  from  the  lower  Raritan  of  New  Jersey  to  the  top  of 
the  eastern  leaf -bearing  Cretaceous.  It  is  a  not  uncommon  fossil  in  the 
Magothy  formation  from  New  Jersey  to  Maryland,  the  Black  Creek  beds 
of  North  Carolina,  and  the  Tuscaloosa  formation  of  Alabama.  It  is  larger, 
relatively  broader,  and  less  regular  than  Andromeda  parlatorii  Heer. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Order  PRIMULALES 
Family  MYRSINACEAE 

Genus  MYRSINE  Linne 
[Sp.  PI.,  1753,  p.  196] 

MYRSINE  BOREALIS  Heer 
Plate  LXXXIX,  Fig.  5 

Myrsine  borealis  Heer,  1874,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct.,  Bd.  iii,  Ab.  ii,  p.  113,  pi.  xxxii, 

fig.  23. 
Myrsine  borealis  Heer,  1882,  Ibidem,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  81,  pi.  xxiv,  figs.  7b, 

8;  pi.  xxvii,  fig.  Ib;  pi.  xliv,  fig.  5a;  pi.  xlvi,  figs.  19,  20. 
Myrsine  borealis  White,  1890,  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  xxxix,  p.  98,  pi.  ii,  fig.  5. 
Myrsine  borealis  Smith,  1894,  Geol.  Coastal  Plain  Ala.,  p.  348. 
Myrsine  borealis  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p.  122, 

pi.  xxiv,  figs.  4-6. 

Myrsine  borealis  Hollick,  1895,  Bull.  Geol.  Soc.  Amer.,  vol.  vii,  p.  13. 
Myrsine  borealis  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  102,  pi. 

xxxix,  figs.  10,  11. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  891 

Diospyros  rotundifolia  Hollick,  1894,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxi,  p.  53, 

pi.  clxxix,  fig.  2. 

Myrsine  borealis  Berry,  1910,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvii,  p.  29. 
Myrsine  borealis  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p.  208. 

Description. — "  M.  foliis  ovatis  (?),  iritegerrimis,  nervis  secundariis 
numerosis,  approximates,  ramosis,  camptodromis." — Heer,  1874. 

Leaves  ovate-elliptical  in  outline,  obtusely  rounded  above  and  slightly 
cuneate  below,  2.5  cm.  to  5  cm.  in  length  by  1.2  cm.  to  3  cm.  in  maximum 
width,  with  a  stout  petiole  about  1  cm.  in  length.  Margins  entire. 
Texture  coriaceous,  more  or  less  obscuring  the  venation.  Midrib  stout. 
Secondaries  mediumly  stout,  five  to  eight  alternate  pairs,  parallel,  branch- 
ing from  the  midrib  at  acute  angles,  camptodrome.  Tertiaries  fine,  form- 
ing an  inosculating  series  of  elongated  meshes,  more  or  less  parallel  with 
the  secondaries.  In  specimens  in  which  the  tertiary  venation  is  visible 
the  appearance  is  very  different  from  that  shown  in  Professor  Newberry's 
figures  where  only  the  secondaries  are  seen.  These  latter  may  be  com- 
pared with  the  similarly  preserved  leaves  from  Greenland  figured  by  Heer 
(pi.  xxiv,  fig.  8 ;  pi.  xliv,  fig.  5a) . 

This  species  was  described  originally  from  the  Atane  beds  of  Greenland 
by  Professor  Heer,  and  was  subsequently  collected  in  considerable  abun- 
dance from  the  Earitan  formation  in  New  Jersey.  It  has  also  been 
recorded  from  Marthas  Vineyard  and  Long  Island,  and  from  the  Black 
Creek  formation  in  North  Carolina.  In  Alabama  it  is,  so  far  as  known, 
confined  to  the  Lower  Tuscaloosa  of  Fayette  County,  where  it  is  not  espe- 
cially common. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collections. — Maryland  Geological  Survey,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

MYRSINE  GAUDINI   (Lesquereux)   Berry 
Plate  LXXXIX,  Figs.  6,  7 

Myrsinites  ?  gaudini  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii, 

p.  115,  pi.  lii,  fig.  4. 
Myrsine  elongata  Hollick,  1894,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxi,  p.  54,  pi. 

clxxvii,  fig.  2. 
Myrsine  elongata  Hollick,  1898,  Ann.  Kept.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xi,  p.  420, 

pi.  xxxviii,  figs.  3,  4. 

58 


892  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Myrsine  elongata  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  102,  pi. 

viii,  fig.  Ib;  pi.  xxxix,  figs.  13,  14. 
Myrsine  elongata  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p.  122, 

pi.  xxii,  figs.  1-3. 

Myrsine  gaudini  Berry,  1909,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxvi,  p.  262. 
Myrsine  gaudini  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p.  210,  pi. 

xxiv,  figs.  3,  4. 

Myrsine  gaudini  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  408. 
Myrsine  gaudini  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  84,  p.  61, 

pi.  xiv,  fig.  9. 

Description. — Leaves  oblanceolate  or  elongate-obovate  in  outline,  5.5 
cm.  to  7  cm.  in  length  by  1.9  cm.  to  2.5  cm.  in  greatest  width.  Margins 
entire.  Apex  obtusely  rounded.  Base  somewhat  elongated,  narrowly 
cuneate.  Petiole  present,  stout.  Midrib  stout  below,  rapidly  diminish- 
ing in  caliber.  Secondaries  numerous,  eight  to  ten  pairs,  alternate,  branch- 
ing from  the  midrib  at  angles  of  from  40°  to  45°,  camptodrome.  When 
tertiary  venation  is  distinctly  preserved  the  venation  is  more  typical  of 
the  genus  than  when  only  the  secondaries  are  partially  visible. 

This  species  is  well  distributed  in  the  Earitan  formation  and  has  been 
recorded  also  from  Long  Island  and  Staten  Island.  The  identification  of 
Myrsinites  ?  gaudini  Lesquereux  with  the  eastern  forms  with  which  it  is 
obviously  identical  extends  the  range  eastward  from  Kansas  to  Long 
Island.  It  may  be  readily  distinguished  from  the  other  species  of  Myrsine 
by  its  relatively  narrow  elongated  form.  It  is  present  in  the  Black  Creek 
formation  of  North  Carolina,  the  Middendorf  beds  of  South  Carolina,  and 
the  Tuscaloosa  formation  of  Alabama. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  .FOKMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Order   EBENALES 
Family  SAPOTACEAE 

Genus  SAPOTACITES  Ettingshausen 

[Abh.  k.  K.  geol.  Reichs.,  Bd.  ii,  1853,  p.  61] 

SAPOTACITES  KNOWLTONI  Berry 

Plate  XC,  Fig.  2 
Sapotacites  sp.  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii,  p.  114, 

pi.  Ixv,  fig.  3. 

Sapotacites  Knowltoni  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p. 
181,  pi.  viii.  fig.  1. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  893 

Description. — Leaves  elliptical  in  general  outline,  with  a  slightly 
emarginate  apex  and  full  rounded  margins  to  the  broadly  pointed  base. 
Length  5.5  cm.  Maximum  width,  in  the  middle  part  of  the  leaf,  about 
2.5  cm.  Margins  entire.  Texture  subcoriaceous.  Petiole  stout,  curved, 
about  4  mm.  to  5  mm.  long,  slightly  expanded  proximad.  Midrib  stout. 
Secondaries  thin,  diverging  from  the  midrib  at  angles  of  about  35°, 
ascending,  camptodrome,  often  obsolete  by  immersion  in  the  leaf  sub- 
stance. Tertiaries  obsolete. 

The  present  well-marked  species  occurs  in  the  Magothy  formation  of 
the  East  and  the  Dakota  sandstone  of  the  West.  It  is  very  similar  to 
Sapotacites  obovata  Velenovsky  *  of  the  Cenomanian  of  Bohemia,  the  latter 
being  a  somewhat  larger  leaf  and  relatively  narrower  toward  the  base. 
The  present  species  also  resembles  Sapotacites  retusus  Heer  as  it  occurs  in 
the  Earitan  formation,  but  is  less  emarginate  and  widest  across  the  middle 
and  not  toward  the  base ;  the  basal  lateral  margins  are  convex  instead  of 
concave  and  the  secondaries  are  more  ascending. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.     Deep  Cut,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Genus  BUMELIA  Swartz 
[Prodr.  Veg.  Ind.  Oc.,  1788,  p.  49] 

BUMELIA  PR^NUNTIA  n.  sp. 
Plate  XC,  Fig.  1 

Description. — Leaves  of  rather  small  size,  obovate  in  general  outline, 
with  a  broadly  rounded  and  sometimes  faintly  retuse  tip,  and  a  narrow 
pointed  base.  Length  about  4.5  cm.  Maximum  width,  above  the  middle 
of  the  leaf,  about  1.8  cm.  Margins  entire,  evenly  rounded  distad,  rather 
straight  or  only  slightly  curved  proximad.  Texture  subcoriaceous.  Mid- 
rib stout  and  prominent,  usually  slightly  curved.  Secondaries  numerous, 
thin,  camptodrome,  diverging  from  the  midrib  at  an  angle  of  about  55°, 
largely  immersed  in  the  leaf  substance.  Tertiaries  obsolete. 

This  species  resembles  the  form  from  the  Raritan  formation  of  New 
Jersey  described  by  Newberry  as  Dalberyia  apiculata.  It  is  named  prce- 

1  Velenovsky,  Fl.  Bohm.  Kreidef.,  Theil  iii,  p.  3,  pi.  iii.  fig.  6,  1884. 


894  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

nuntia,  since  it  is  prophetic  and  probably  ancestral  to  Bumelia  lanugino- 
safolia  Berry  of  the  Wilcox  Eocene.  It  is  suggestive  of  several  modern 
species  of  Bumelia  of  the  coastal  region  in  the  southern  United  States  and 
throughout  tropical  America  to  Brazil.  There  are  a  score  of  existing 
species  confined  to  America. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.    Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

Family  EBENACEAE 

Genus  DIOSPYROS  Linne 
[Sp.  PL,  1753,  p.  1057] 

DIOSPYROS  PRIMJEVA  Heer 
Plate  XC,  Fig.  4 

Diospyros  primceva  Heer,  1866,  Phyll.  Cr6t.  d.  Nebr.,  p.  19,  pi.  i,  figs.  6,  7. 
Diospyros  primceva  Heer,  1882,  Fl.  Foss.  Arct,  Bd.  vi,  Ab.  ii,  p.  80,  pi.  xviii, 

fig.  11. 

Diospyros  primceva  Heer,  1883,  Ibidem,  Bd.  vii,  p.  31,  pi.  li,  figs.  5a,  5b,  5c. 
Diospyros  primceva  Engelhardt,  1891,  Isis,  Abh.  vii,  p.  98. 
Diospyros  primceva  Lesquereux,  1892,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii,  p. 

109,  pi.  xx,  figs.  1-3. 
?  Diospyros  primceva  Fri6,  1893,  Archiv.  Naturw.  Landes.  Bohm.,  Bd.  ix,  Nr. 

i,  p.  130,  tf.  186. 

Diospyros  primceva  Smith,  1894,  Geol.  Coastal  Plain  Ala.,  p.  348. 
Diospyros  primceva  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p. 

124,  pi.  xxx,  figs.  1-5. 
Diospyros  primceva  Bartsch,  1896,  Bull.  Lab.  Nat.  Hist,  Univ.  Iowa,  vol.  iii, 

p.  181. 
Diospyros  primwva  Knowlton,  1901,  21st  Ann.  Rept.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  pt. 

vii,  p.  317,  pi.  xxxix,  fig.  3. 
Diospyros  primtrva  Berry,  1905,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxii,  p.  46, 

pi.  ii. 
Diospyros  primceva  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  103,  pi. 

xlii,  figs.  2,  11. 

Diospyros  primceva  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiv,  p.  2C4. 
Diospyros  primceva  Berry,  1911,  Ibidem,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  417. 
Diospyros  primceva  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p.  211, 

pi.  xxix,  fig.  1. 
Diospyros  primceva  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  84,  p.  61, 

pi.  xi,  fig.  3;  pi.  xiv,  figs.  12,  13. 

Description. — Leaves  oblong-ovate  in  outline,  variable  according  to  age. 
ranging  from  3  cm.  to  15  cm.  in  length  by  1.3  cm.  to  5  cm.  in  greatest 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  895 

width,  which  is  in  the  middle  part  of  the  leaf.  Apex  acute  or  obtuse.  Base 
cuneate.  Margins  entire.  Petiole  rather  long  and  very  stout.  Midrib 
also  stout.  Secondaries  branching  from  the  midrib  usually  at  acute  angles, 
subopposite  or  alternate,  parallel,  camptodrome.  Tertiaries  forming 
polygonal  areoles  whose  relative  prominence  is  one  of  the  features  of  this 
species. 

This  species,  which  is  quite  suggestive  of  the  modern  Diospyros  vir- 
giniana  Linne,  was  described  by  Heer  from  the  Dakota  group  of  Nebraska 
nearly  half  a  century  ago.  It  has  proved  to  be  a  most  wide-ranging  form, 
having  been  identified  at  both  the  Atane  and  Patoot  horizons  in  Green- 
land; in  the  Cenomanian  of  Saxony  and  the  Turonian  of  Bohemia;  from 
various  localities  within  the  Dakota  group,  including  its  southern  exten- 
sion, the  Woodbine  formation  of  Texas;  and,  with  the  exception  of  the 
fragments  from  Marthas  Vineyard  and  Long  Island,  which  are  of  ques- 
tionable identity,  it  is  present,  in  either  the  Earitan,  or  the  Magothy,  or 
homotaxial  formations,  from  New  Jersey  to  Alabama. 

Its  most  marked  character  is  the  prominence  of  its  tertiary  areolation. 
It  is  common  at  various  localities  in  the  lower  Tuscaloosa  of  western 
Alabama  and  continues  upward  into  those  beds  in  Hale  County  which 
have  been  placed  in  the  basal  portion  of  the  Eutaw  formation. 

Occurrence. — EARITAN  FORMATION.  Bull  Mountain,  Cecil  County. 
MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Bodkin  Point,  Anne  Arundel  County. 

Collection.— Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

DIOSPYROS  ROTUNDIFOLIA  Lesquereux 
Plate  XC,  Fig.  3 

Diospyros  rotundifolia  Lesquereux,  1874,  Cret.  FL,  p.  89,  pi.  xxx,  fig.  1. 
Diospyros  rotundifolia  Lesquereux,  1892  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xvii, 

p.  112,  pi.  xvii,  figs.  8-11. 
Diospyros  rotundifolia  Berry,  1906,  Ann.  Kept.  State  Geol.  of  New  Jersey 

for  1905,  p.  139. 
Diospyros  rotundifolia  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p. 

181. 
Diospyros  rotundifolia  Berry,  1914,  Prof.  Paper  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  84, 

p.  62,  pi.  xiv,  fig.  14. 

Description. — Leaves  entire,  variable  in  size,  4  cm.  to  10  cm.  in  length 
by  2  cm.  to  7  cm.  in  maximum  width,  which  is  in  the  middle  part.  Outline 


896  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

broadly  oval  or  elliptical.  Apex  broadly  rounded.  Base  similarly  rounded 
or  somewhat  narrowed  and  pointed.  Petiole  and  midrib  stout.  Secon- 
daries six  or  seven  pairs,  branching  from  the  midrib  at  angles  of  from  50° 
to  60°,  arched,  camptodrome.  Texture  subcoriaceous.  Venation  less 
prominent  than  in  Diospyros  primceva  Heer. 

This  species  is  a  characteristic  element  in  the  post-Karitan  flora  of  the 
Atlantic  Coastal  Plain,  although  at  times  it  is  liable  to  be  confused  with 
Myrsine  borealis  Heer,  or  with  some  of  the  smaller,  more  orbicular,  entire 
leaves  referred  to  Populus.  The  venation  is  markedly  different,  however. 

Diospyros  rotundifolia  was  described  originally  from  the  Dakota  group 
of  Kansas,  and  it  is  common  in  the  Magothy  formation  in  New  Jersey, 
Delaware,  and  Maryland.  In  South  Carolina  it  has  been  found  only  at  a 
single  locality  in  the  Middendorf  beds.  It  is  not  rare  in  the  lower 
Tuscaloosa  of  western  Alabama. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Deep  Cut,  Delaware ;  Grove 
Point,  Cecil  County,  Maryland. 

Collection. — Maryland  Geological  Survey. 

DIOSPYROS  VERA  Berry 
Plate  XC,  Fig.  5 

Diospyros  vera  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxviii,  p.  418,  pi. 

xix,  fig.  5. 
Diospyros  vera  Berry,  1912,  Plant  World,  vol.  xv,  p.  17,  fig.  2. 

Description. — Calyx  small,  four-parted,  11.5  mm.  in  diameter  from  tip 
to  tip  of  the  lobes,  which  are  obtusely  pointed  and  nearly  orbicular  in  out- 
line, about  4  mm.  or  5  mm.  in  width,  contracted  proximad  and  somewhat 
reflexed,  coriaceous,  longitudinally  veined,  with  inflexed  margins  which 
give  them  a  spoon-like  form.  Sinuses  rather  narrow  and  pointed,  extend- 
ing two-thirds  of  the  distance  to  the  peduncle.  The  central  disk  of  the 
calyx  appears  flat.  There  is  a  raised  collar  at  the  insertion  of  the  peduncle, 
the  latter  from  its  scar  appears  to  have  been  relatively  slender. 

The  present  species  is  based  upon  the  single  specimen  figured,  which 
shows  the  lower,  peduncular  face  of  the  calyx.  It  is  clearly  referable  to 
this  genus  and  was  probably  accrescent  as  in  the  modern  forms.  It  is 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


897 


much  smaller  than  in  our  common  American  Diospyros  virginiana  L., 
but  may  be  matched  in  some  of  the  still  existing  species  and  is  almost  the 
exact  counterpart  of  some  of  the  calices  of  Diospyros  brachysepala  Al. 
Br.,  figured  by  Heer  from  the  Swiss  Tertiary.  There  can  be  no  question 
regarding  its  identity  and  in  this  respect  it  is  much  more  conclusive  than 
the  Caty cites  diospyriformis  described  by  Xewberry  from  the  middle 
Earitan  of  Xew  Jersey,  which  has  a  five-lobed  calyx.  Its  occurrence  at 
the  same  horizon  at  which  the  leaves  of  Diospyros  primceva  Heer  are  so 
abundant  not  only  suggests  that  it  may  have  been  borne  by  the  same  tree 
which  furnishes  the  leaves  found  all  the  way  from  western  Greenland  to 
Alabama,  but  also  serves  in  a  measure  to  corroborate  the  identification  of 
these  leaves. 

The  family  Ebenacece  has  only  five  modern  genera,  hut  these  include  a 
large  number  of  species,  a  majority  of  which  are  referred  to  the  genus 
Diospyros.  The  latter  has  about  one  hundred  and  eighty  existing  species 
distributed  in  both  hemispheres.  They  are  mostly  tropical,  a  few  species 
extending  beyond  the  tropics  in  eastern  North  Amedica,  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean region  of  Eurasia,  and  in  eastern  Asia  where  there  is  a  considerable 
massing  of  forms. 

Occurrence. — RARITAN  FORMATION.  East  Washington  Heights,  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia. 

Collections. — U.  S.  National  Museum. 


Order  POLEMONIALES 
Family  BORAG1NACEAE 

Genus  CORDIA  Linne 
[Sp.  PI.,  1753,  p.  190] 

CORDIA  APICULATA  (Hollick)  Berry 
Plate  XC,  Fig.  6 

Populus  apiculata  Hollick,  1892,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  xii,  p.  4,  pi.  iii, 

fig.  2. 

Populus  apiculata  Smith,  1894,  Geol.  Coastal  Plain  in  Ala.,  p.  548. 
Populus  apiculata  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  p.  65, 

pi.  xv,  figs.  3,  4. 
Populus  apiculata  Berry,  1906,  Bull.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  vol.  xxxiii,  p.  172. 


898  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

Populus  apiculata  Hollick,  1907,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  1,  p.  49,  pi.  vii, 

figs.  28,  29. 
Populus  apiculata  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p.  Ill, 

pi.  xi,  fig.  4. 

Description. — Leaves  variable  in  size  and  shape,  ovate  to  orbicular  in 
general  outline,  5  cm.  to  10  cm.  in  length  by  3  cm.  to  7  cm.  in  maximum 
width,  which  is  at  or  below  the  middle.  Apex  usually  somewhat  abruptly 
produced  into  an  acuminate  tip.  Base  cuneate  and  slightly  decurrent  to 
rounded  or  almost  truncate.  Margins  entire,  sometimes  slightly  repand. 
Petiole  of  medium  length,  stout.  Midrib  mediumly  stout,  often  flexuous. 
Secondaries  five  or  six  pairs,  subopposite  below,  alternate  above,  slender, 
branching  from  the  midrib  at  angles  of  from  45°  to  50°  and  arching 
upward,  camptodrome.  Tertiaries  camptodrome  in  the  marginal  region, 
percurrent  internally. 

Professor  Newberry,  the  original  describer  of  this  species  in  manuscript, 
compared  it  with  Populus  hyperborca  Heer  and  Populus  berggreni  Heer, 
but  seemed  doubtful  of  its  real  relation  to  Populus.  This  doubt  seems 
to  be  well  founded,  for  while  these  leaves  are  not  unlike  those  usually 
referred  to  the  genus  Populus,  this  assumed  relationship  has  by  no  means 
been  proven  for  a  number  of  the  Upper  Cretaceous  forms  so  identified. 
While  it  is  not  impossible  that  species  of  Populus  may  have  flourished 
from  New  Jersey  to  the  Gulf  region  during  the  Upper  Cretaceous,  the 
association  of  a  number  of  forms  whose  descendants  are  tropical  led  to  an 
extended  search  among  existing  tropical  American  forms,  with  the  result 
that  the  present  species  is  referred  to  the  genus  Cordia.  The  latter  has 
upwards  of  two  hundred  existing  species  of  the  tropics  and  warmer  extra- 
tropical  regions  of  both  hemispheres,  the  majority  being  American,  several 
of  which  reach  the  Florida  Keys,  the  Bahamas,  and  the  valley  of  the  Rio 
Grande.  The  fossil  species  in  all  its  characters  suggests  most  strongly  the 
existing  Cordia  sebestena  Linne  which  ranges  from  the  Florida  Keys  to 
New  Guinea.  It  also  suggests  Cordia  tremula  Griesbach  of  the  West 
Indies,  and  there  is  a  general  generic  likeness  to  various  other  existing 
species  of  this  genus.  Cordia  leaves  are  variable  and  tend  to  have  more  or 
less  toothed  margins  as  is  sometimes  the  case  in  Cordia  sebestena,  but  they 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  899 

are  in  general  entire  or  slightly  repand,  and  like  the  fossil  somewhat 
variable.  Cordia  is  certainly  represented  in  the  lower  Eocene  flora  of  the 
Gulf  region  by  forms  that  may  be  descendants  of  this  Upper  Cretaceous 
species.  The  present  form  has  been  recorded  from  New  Jersey.  Staten 
Island,  Long  Island,  and  Delaware,  and  is  not  rare  in  the  lower  beds  of  the 
Tuscaloosa  formation  in  the  Alabama  region. 

Occurrence. — MAQOTHY  FORMATION.    Deep  Cut,  Delaware. 

Collection. — U.  S.  National  Museum. 

DICOTYLEDONAE  INCERTAE  SEDIS 

Genus  FONTAINEA  Newberry 

[Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi,  1896,  p.  94] 

FONTAINEA  GRANDIFOLIA  Newberry 

Fontainea  grandifolia  Newberry,  1896,  Mon.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey,  vol.  xxvi, 

1895,  p.  96,  pi.  xlv,  figs.  1-4. 
Fontainea  grandifolia  Berry,  1911,  Bull.  3,  Geol.  Survey  of  New  Jersey,  p. 

219. 

Description. — Species  based  on  relatively  large  leaves  which  may  be 
regarded  as  bilobate  or  as  dichotomously  compound  with  bilobate  leaflets. 
The  latter  are  linear  lanceolate  and  markedly  unsymmetrical  in  outline, 
being  narrowed  and  obtusely  pointed  distad  and  markedly  inequilateral 
proximad,  one  margin  decurring  for  a  distance  of  from  1  cm.  to  2  cm. 
below  the  opposite  margin.  The  .extremely  stout  midrib  (or  common 
winged  petiole  of  a  double  leaf)  runs  straight  for  a  distance  of  5  crn.  to 
6  cm.  before  forking  dichotomously  at  an  acute  angle.  Internally  this 
fork  is  often  naked  for  a  distance  of  2  cm.  to  3  cm.  Secondaries  fine, 
numerous,  subparallel ;  they  diverge  from  the  midrib  at  wide  angles  and 
become  more  or  less  lost  in  the  leaf  substance  toward  the  margin,  their 
ends  apparently  united  by  flatly  arched  marginal  veins.  Areolation  quad- 
rangular. Margins  entire.  Texture  coriaceous. 

The  present  species  was  described  by  Newberry  from  the  middle  Raritan 
of  Woodbridge,  New  Jersey,  to  which  locality  it  has  hitherto  been  con- 
fined. It  is  obviously  dicotyledonous,  although  the  writer  knows  of  no 
similar  existing  forms.  Among  previously  described  fossil  species  it  is 


900  SYSTEMATIC  PALEONTOLOGY 

very  close  to  the  plant  from  the  greensand  of  Niederschoena  in  Saxony 
(Cenomanian)  named  Fucoidcs  dichotomies  by  Keich  and  renamed  Hali- 
serites  reichii  by  Sternberg 1  from  its  fancied  resemblance  to  a  recent  sea- 
weed Haliseris  polypodoides  Agardh.  Bronn 2  also  figures  this  plant ; 
Eossmassler  and  Cotta  refer  it  to  Chiropteris,  and  Schimper  transfers  it 
to  the  genus  Delesseria  because  of  its  supposed  resemblance  to  another 
recent  seaweed,  Delessaria  ruscifolio  Agardh.  Finally  Rothpletz,*  recog- 
nizing its  dicotyledonous  nature  and  unknown  botanical  affinity,  has  pro- 
posed that  it  be  called  Pliyllites  reichii. 

There  is  no  doubt  but  that  the  Raritan  and  the  German  plants  are  con- 
generic but  different  specifically. 

Another  somewhat  similar  form  is  Ar/tlia  finntta  Velenovsky  4  from  the 
Perucer  schichten  (Cenomanian)  of  Bohemia,  which  is  compared  with 
recent  forms  of  Jatroplia,  Vitex,  Cussonia,  etc.  It  is  hardly  an  Aralia, 
and  is  probably  congeneric  with  Fontainca  grandifolia  Xewberry  and 
Pliyllites  reichii  (Sternberg)  Rothpletz. 

A  single  broken  specimen  represents  the  first  of  these  in  the  Maryland 
region. 

Occurrence. — RARITAN  FORMATION.  Forked  Creek,  Severn  River,  Anne 
Arundel  County. 

Collection. — Johns  Hopkins  University. 

Genus  CARPOLITHUS  Allioni 
[Oryctographise  Pedemontanse  Spec.,  1757,  p.  6] 

CARPOLITHUS  SEPTLOCULUS  n.  sp. 
Plate  LXXXIV,  Fig.  3 

Description. — Species  based  on  the  rather  well  preserved  remains  of 
what  appears  to  be  a  compound  capsular  fruit,  consisting  of  seven  septi- 
cidal  valves.  Length  about  2  cm.  Diameter  about  1.25  cm.  Peduncle 
stout.  Valves  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  pointed  distad.  Texture 
coriaceous. 

1  Sternberg,  Fl.  d.  Vorwelt,  Heft,  ii,  1821,  p.  34,  pi.  xxiv,  fig.  7. 

2  Bronn,  Lethsea  Geognostica,  pi.  xxviii,  fig.  1. 

3  Rothpletz,  Zeits.  deutsch.  geol.  Gesell.,  Bd.  xlviii,  1896,  p.  904. 

4  Velenovsky,  Fl.  bohm.  Kreidef.,  Theil  iii,  1883,  p.  13,  pi.  iv,  fig.  1. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY  901 

This  species  is  based  on  a  single  remarkably  well-preserved  specimen 
washed  out  of  the  sandy  carbonaceous  clays  of  the  Magothy  formation. 
Its  botanical  relationship  is  uncertain  since  a  variety  of  existing  genera 
have  comparable  fruits.  Among  these  might  be  mentioned  various  genera 
of  the  Euphorbiacece,  Sterculiacece,  Malvaceae,  etc.  Somewhat  similar 
Eocene  fruits  have  been  described  by  the  writer  as  species  of  Sterculio- 
carpus,  and  by  Viguier  as  species  of  Sezanella,  both  genera  being  referred 
to  the  family  Sterculiacecs. 

Occurrence. — MAGOTHY  FORMATION.  Deep  Cut,  Chesapeake  and  Dela- 
ware Canal,  Delaware. 

Collection. — Johns  Hopkins  University. 


PLATES 


PLATE  VIII 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     THORACOSAURUS   NEOC^CSARIENSIS    (DeKay) 347 

1.  Tooth,  side  view. 

2.  Transverse  outline  of  same. 

Matawan  formation,  Magothy  River. 

Figs.  3,  4.     HYPOSAURUS  ROGERSII  Owen 349 

3.  Tooth,  side  view. 

4.  Transverse  outline  of  same. 

Monmouth  formation,  Bohemia  Mills. 

Figs.  5-7.     LAMXA  ELEGANS   Agassiz 350 

5.  Front  view  of  a  worn  tooth.     X  1. 

6.  Inside  view  of  another  specimen.     X  2. 

7.  Side  view  of  a  third  specimen.     X  2. 

Monmouth  formation,  Seat  Pleasant. 

Figs.  8,  9.     LAMXA   CUSPIDATA   Agassiz 351 

8.  Inside  view.     X  1.    Matawan  formation,  C.  &  D.  Canal. 

9.  Inside   view  of   a  small   specimen.      X  2.     Monmouth   formation, 

Brooks'  Estate  near  Seat  Pleasant. 

Fig.  10.     Side  view  of  proximal   part  of  a  fish   spine.      X  3.     Matawan 
formation,  C.  &  D.  Canal. 

Fig.  11.     THORACOSAURUS    sp 348 

Much   worn   vertebra,   ventral   view.     Monmouth    formation,   Prince 
George's  County. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  VIII 


o 


10 


vl 


VERTEBRATA — REPTILIA    AND    PISCES 


PLATE  IX 

PAGE 

Fig.  1.     CORAX  PRISTOUOXTUS   (Morton) 352 

Inside  view.     Monmouth  formation,  Bohemia  Mills. 

Fig.  2.     CORAX    FALCATUS    Agassiz 

Front  view.    Matawan  formation,  C.  &  D.  Canal. 

Figs.  3-5.     EXCHODUS   DIRUS   Leidy 357 

3.  View  from  outside.     X  1. 

4.  Same  from  above. 

5.  Same  from  within. 

Monmouth  formation,  Seat  Pleasant. 

Figs.  6-8.     ISCHYRHIZA  MIRA  Leidy 358 

6.  View  from  side.     X  1. 

7.  Same  from  behind. 

8.  View  of  base,  anterior  margin  at  the  bottom. 

Monmouth  formation,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  9,  10.     Proximal  part  of  Batoid  (?)  fish  ray 

9.  View  from  below.     X  2. 
10.  View  from  side.     X  2. 

Matawan  formation,  Magothy  River. 


905 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  IX 


\ 


VERTEBRATA PISCES 


PLATE  X 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-4.     HOLOPARIA  GABBI  Pilsbry 361 

1.  Proximal  part  of  left  manus.     Deep  Cut,  C.  &  D.  Canal. 

2.  Carpus  with  part  of  manus.    Same  locality. 

3.  Surface  of  manus.     X  4.3.     Lenola,  N.  J. 

4.  Manus,  lacking  proximal  end.    Length  as  broken  33.7  mm.    Lenola, 

N.  J. 

Fig.  5.     CALLIANASSA  CONRADI  Pilsbry 366 

Manus  and  carpus.    Brooks'  Estate  near  Seat  Pleasant,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Fig.  6.     HOLOPARIA  GLADIATOR   Pilsbry 362 

Manus  of  holotype.    Lenola,  N.  J. 

Fig.  7.     CALLIANASSA  sp.  undet 369 

Post  105,  C.  &  D.  Canal. 

Figs.  8,  9.     HOLOPARIA  GABBI  Pilsbry.     Type 361 

8.  Edge  of  manus  showing  worn  teeth  of  the  pollex. 

9.  Side  of  manus. 

Lenola,  N.  J. 


906 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  X 


ARTHROPODA CRUSTACEA 


PLATE  XI 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-3.     CALLIANASSA  MORTOXI  Pilsbry 363 

1.  Inner  view  of  manus. 

2.  Lateral  view  of  manus. 

3.  Outer  view  of  manus. 

Head  of  Bohemia  Creek. 

Figs.  4,  5.     CALLIAXASSA  COXRADI  PUXCTIMAXUS  Pilsbry 368 

Figs.  6-8.     CALLIAXASSA  CLARKI  Pilsbry 368 

6.  Outside  of  manus,  fingers  broken  off. 

7.  Carpus  of  another  specimen. 

8.  Manus  of  type,  the  carpus  almost  all  concealed. 

Post  105,  C.  &  D.  Canal. 

Figs.  9,  10.     CALLIANASSA  MORTOXI  MARYLANDICA  Pilsbry.     Holotype 366 

Lateral  and  outside  views  of  cheliped,  the  merus  and  ischium  in  large 
part  concealed,  and  with  the  carpus,  a  little  foreshortened,  in 
Fig.  6a. 


907 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XI 


ARTHROPODA CRUSTACEA 


PLATE  XII 

PAGE 

Fig.  1.     SCAPHITES  CONKADI    (Morton) 383 

Lateral  view  of  fragment  of  whorl.    Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat, 
Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  2,  3.     BACULITES  OVATUS  Say 375 

2.  Lateral  view. 

3.  Posterior  view  of  same. 

Matawan  formation,  near  Summit  Bridge,  Chesapeake  and 
Delaware  Canal,  Delaware. 

Figs.  4-6.     BKLEMXITELLA  AMERICANA    (Morton) 394 

4.  Median  longitudinal  section  of  rostrum  showing  radial  fibers  and 

cavity  of  phragmacone. 

5.  Ventral  view  of  rostrum. 

6.  Ventral  view  of  another  specimen. 

Monmouth  formation,  Bohemia  Mills,  Cecil  County. 

Fig.  7.     MORTONICERAS  DELAWAREXSis   (Morton)   Weller 391 

Peripheral  view  of  portion  of  whorl.     Matawan  formation,  near  Sum- 
mit Bridge,  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  Delaware. 

Figs.  8,  9.     BACULITES  ASPER  Morton 377 

8.  Lateral  view.     X  1%. 

9.  Posterior  view  of  same.     X  1%. 

Matawan    formation,    Post    218,    Chesapeake    and    Delaware 
Canal,  Delaware. 


908 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XII 


**• 


MOLLUSCA CEPHALOPODA 


PLATE  XII  A 

PAGE 

PI.ACEXTICERAS  PLACENTA  (DeKay)  Meek 385 

Fragment  of  an  old  individual  from  the  Matawan  formation  of  the 
C.  &  D.  Canal. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XII  A 


•HALOPODA 


PLATE  XIII 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     POLYNICES   (EUSPIKA)   HALLi  (Gabb) 499 

1.  Dorsal  view. 

2.  Ventral  view. 

Monmouth  formation,  2  miles  southwest  of  Oxon  Hill,  Prince 
George's  County. 

Figs.  3,  4.     AMAUROPSIS  COMPACTA  Gardner  n.  sp 504 

3.  Dorsal  view.     X  3. 

4.  Ventral  view.     X  3. 

Monmouth     formation,     McNeys    Corners,    Prince    George's 
County. 

Fig.  5.     MARGARITES  ELEVATA  Gardner  n.  sp 506 

Dorsal  view  of  internal  cast.     X  5.    Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat, 
Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  6.     MARGARITES  DEPRESSA  Gardner  n.  sp 505 

Ventral  view  of  internal  cast.     X  5.    Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat, 
Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  7.     SOLARIUM  MONMOUTHENSIS  Gardner  n.  sp 494 

View  of  spire.     X  2.    Monmouth  formation,  2  miles  southwest  of  Oxon 
Hill,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  8.     GYRODES  PETROSUS  (Morton)  Gabb 496 

Dorsal  view  of  internal  cast  with  adhering  portions  of  shell.     Mon- 
mouth formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  9.     EUTREPHOCERAS  DEKAYi  (Morton)  Hyatt 372 

Lateral   view   of  young   individual.      Monmouth    formation,    Brooks' 
Estate  near  Seat  Pleasant,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  10.     SPHEXODISCTJS  LOBATUS   (Tuomey)   Meek 388 

Lateral  view  of  one  of  the  earlier  whorls.     X  2.    Monmouth  formation, 
Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XIII 


MOLLUSC  A CEPHALOPODA    AND   GASTROPODA 


PLATE  XIV 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     TURRIS  SEDESCLARA  Gardner  n.  sp 418 

1.  Dorsal  view. 

2.  Ventral  view. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  3,  4.     TURRIS  MONMOUTHENSIS  Gardner  n.  sp 418 

3.  Dorsal  view. 

4.  Ventral  view. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  5.     PYRIFUSUS  WHITFIELDI  Gardner  n.  sp 461 

Ventral    view.      Monmouth    formation,    Brightseat,    Prince    George's 
County. 

Fig.  6.     TURRIS  TERRAMARIA  Gardner  n.  sp 416 

Ventral  view.    X  6.    Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Fig.  7.     TURRIS  WELLERI  Gardner  n.  sp 417 

Dorsal    view.      Monmouth    formation,    Brightseat,    Prince    George's 
County. 

Figs.  8,  9.     SURCULA  AMICA  Gardner  n.  sp 420 

8.  Dorsal  view.     X  2. 

9.  Ventral  view  of  another  specimen.     X  2. 

Monmouth  formation,  Friendly,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  10.     OLIVELLA  MONMOUTHENSIS  Gardner  n.  sp 421 

Ventral  view.    X  2.    Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Fig.  11.     FASCIOLARIA  ?  sp 438 

Ventral    view.      Monmouth    formation,    Brightseat,    Prince    George's 
County. 

Fig.  12.     FASCIOLARIA  ?  JUNCEA  Gardner  n.  sp 438 

Dorsal  view.     X  2.    Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Fig.  13.     EXILIA  CRETACEA  Gardner  n.  sp 464 

Dorsal  view.     X  5.    Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's 
County. 


910 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XIV 


10 


11 


MOLLUSCA GASTROPODA 


PLATE  XV 

PAGE 

Fig.  1.     ROSTELLITES  MARYLAxoicus  Gardner  n.  sp 424 

Ventral    view.      Monmouth    formation,    Brightseat,    Prince    George's 
County. 

Figs.  2,  3.     AXCHURA  (?)  :MO.\:\IOUTHEXSIS  Gardner  n.  sp 476 

2.  Dorsal  view  of  cast  of  interior. 

3.  Ventral  view  of  same. 

Monmouth    formation,    Brooks'    Estate    near    Seat    Pleasant, 
Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  4.     PYRIFUSUS  VITTATUS  Gardner  n.  sp 458 

Ventral  view  of  a  somewhat  crushed  specimen.    Monmouth  formation, 
Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  5.     LiopEPLrii    CRETACEUM    (Conrad) 431 

Ventral    view.      Monmouth    formation,    Brightseat,    Prince    George's 
County. 

Figs.  6,  7.     Lioi'Ei'LiM  :\IONMOUTHEXSIS  Gardner  n.  sp 432 

6.  Ventral  view. 

7.  Dorsal  view. 

Monmouth  formation,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Fig.  8.     VoLi'TOMORFHA  coxRADi  Gabb 427 

Ventral  view  of  cast.    Monmouth  formation,  2  miles  southwest  of  Oxon 
Hill,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  9,  10.     PYROPSIS  RETIFER  (Gabb)  Whitfield 452 

9.  Ventral  view  of  cast  with  portions  of  shell  adhering.     X  2. 

10.  Dorsal  view  of  same.     X  2. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  11,  12.     EPITOXIUM  CECILIUM  Gardner  n.  sp 479 

11.  Dorsal  view  of  several  whorls. 

12.  Basal  view  of  same. 

Monmouth  formation,  Bohemia  Mills,  Cecil  County. 


911 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XV 


10 


9  7 

MOLLUSCA GASTROPODA 


00 


PLATE  XVI 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     PYROPSIS  TROCHIFORMIS    (Tuomey)    Gabb 446 

1.  Ventral  view. 

2.  View  of  spire. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  3.     PYROPSIS  LENOLENSIS  Weller 453 

View  of  squeeze  of  mold  of  exterior.     Matawan  formation,  locality 
unknown. 

Fig.  4.     PYRIFUSUS  sp.    (immature) 463 

View  of  squeeze  of  mold  of  exterior.     Monmouth  formation,  2  miles 
southwest  of  Oxon  Hill,  Princs  George's  County. 

Figs.  5,  6.     PYRIFUSUS  MONMOUTHEXSIS  Gardner  n.  sp 459 

5.  Dorsal  view. 
6    Ventral  view. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  7-9.     PYRIFUSUS  MARYLANDICUS  Gardner  n.  sp 457 

7.  Dorsal  view  of  cast.     X  2. 

8.  Ventral  view  of  same.     X  2. 

9.  View  of  squeeze  of  mold  of  exterior.     X  2. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  10.     PSEUDOMELAXIA  Mox MouTiiExsis  Gardner  n.  sp 480 

Ventral  view.    X  3.    Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's 
County. 


912 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XVI 


MOLLUSCA — GASTROPODA 


PLATE  XVII 

PAGE 

Fig.  1.     TURRITELLA  PARAVERTEBBOiDES  Gardner  n.  sp 488 

View   of  several  whorls.     Monmouth    formation,   Brightseat,   Prince 
George's  County. 

Fig.  2.     VOLUTOMORPHA  PERORNATA  Gardner  n.  sp 428 

Dorsal  view.     X  2.    Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Figs.  3,  4.     TURRITELLA  DELMAB  Gardner  n.  sp 487 

3.  Squeeze  of  mold  of  exteriors.     X  2. 

4.  Internal  cast.     X  2. 

Matawan    formation,    Post    105,    Chesapeake    and    Delaware 
Canal,  Delaware. 

Figs.  5,  6.     PUGNELLUS  GOLDMAN i  Gardner  n.  sp 469 

5.  Ventral  view. 

6.  Dorsal  view. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  7.     EPITONIUM  MARYLAXDICUM  Gardner  n.  sp 478 

View    of   several    whorls.      X  3.      Monmouth    formation,    Brightseat, 
Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  8,  9.     SERPULORBIS  MARYLANDICA  Gardner  n.  sp 482 

8.  Upper  surface  of  two  constituent  tubes.     X  2. 

9.  Lower  surface  of  same.     X  2. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  10.     TURRITELLA  BONASPES  Gardner  n.  sp 487 

View  of  squeeze  of  mold.     X  2.      Magothy  formation,  Good  Hope  Hill 
near  Anacostia,  D.  C. 


913 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XVII 


MOLLUSCA — GASTROPODA 


PLATE  XVIII 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     RINGICULA  CLARKI  Gardner  n.  sp 400 

1.  Dorsal  view.     X  3. 

2.  Ventral  view.     X  3. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  3,  4.     ACTEOX   LINTELS    (Conrad) 397 

3.  Dorsal  view.     X  3. 

4.  Ventral  view.     X  3. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  5,  6.     AVELLAXA  PIXGUIS  Gardner  n.  sp 406 

5.  Dorsal  view.     X  2. 

6.  Ventral  view.     X  2. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  7.     AVELLAXA  I.IXTOXI  Gardner  n.  sp 406 

Dorsal  view.     X  2.     Monmouth  formation,  2  miles  southwest  of  Oxon 
Hill,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  8,  9.     HAMIXEA  CYLIXDRICA  Gardner  n.  sp 409 

8.  Ventral  view.     X  2. 

9.  Dorsal  view.     X  2. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  10,  11.     CYLTCIIXA   RECTA   Gabb 411 

10.  Ventral  view.     X  3. 

11.  Dorsal  view.     X  3. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  12.     MORKA  XATICELLA  Gabb 465 

Squeeze  of  mold  of  exterior.     Matawan  formation,  locality  unknown. 

Fig.  13.     MOREA  MARYLAXDICA  Gardner  n.  sp 466 

Ventral  view.     X  2.  Monmouth  formation,  2  miles  southwest  of  Oxon 
Hill,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  14,  15.     PALADMETE  CANCELLARIA   (Conrad) 413 

14.  Ventral  view.     X  2. 

15.  Dorsal  view.     X  2. 

2y2  miles  south  of  Dumas,  Texas,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XVIII 


MOLLUSCA GASTROPODA 


PLATE  XIX 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-4.     NUCULA  SLACKIAXA  Gabb 511 

1.  Exterior  of  left  valve. 

2.  Ventral  view  of  double  valves. 

3.  Dorsal  view  of  double  valves. 

4.  Dorsal  view  of  right  valve.     X  2. 

Monmouth  formation,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Figs.  5,  6.     NUCULA  AMICA  Gardner  n.  sp 514 

5.  Interior  of  right  valve.     X  3. 

6.  Exterior  of  same.     X  3. 

Monmouth  formation,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Fig.  7.     NUCULA  MICROSTRIATA  Gardner  n.  sp 515 

Exterior   of   right   valve.      X  3.      Monmouth    formation,    Brightseat, 
Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  8,  9.     LEDA  ROSTRATRUNCATA  Gardner  n.  sp 517 

8.  Exterior  of  right  valve.     X  2.    Monmouth  formation,  Brooks'  Estate 

near  Seat  Pleasant,  Prince  George's  County. 

9.  Exterior  of  left  valve.     X  2.    Monmouth  formation,  1  mile  west  of 

Friendly,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  10-12.     LEDA  WHITFIELDI  Gardner  n.  sp 516 

10.  Exterior  of  left  valve.     X  4. 

11.  Interior  of  same.     X  4. 

Monmouth  formation,  Friendly,  Prince  George's  County. 

12.  Dorsal  view  of  double  valves.     X  5.    Monmouth  formation,  Bright- 

seat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  13.     YOLDIA  LONGIFRONS   (Conrad)  Johnson 518 

Exterior  of  left  valve.     Ripley  formation,  Union  County,  Mississippi, 
U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Fig.  14.     YOLDIA  NOXONTOWNEXSIS  Gardner  n.  sp 521 

Cast  of  right  valve.    Manasquan  formation,  South  Feeder  Noxontown 
Pond,  Delaware. 

Fig.  15.     NEMODON  STANTOXI  Gardner  n.  sp 527 

Exterior  of  right  valve.     Monmouth    formation,   Brightseat,   Prince 
George's  County. 


915 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XIX 


11 


14 


MOLLUSCA PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XX 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     PERISSOXOTA  LITTLII  Gardner  n.  sp 523 

1.  Double  valves  from  left  side.     X  2. 

2.  Dorsal  view  of  same.     X  2. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  3,  4.     NEMODON  EUFALEXSIS    (Gabb)   Conrad 525 

3.  Interior  of  left  valve.     X  3. 

4.  Exterior  of  same.     X  3. 

Monmouth  formation,  Friendly,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  5-7.     NEMOIJON  CECILICS  Gardner  n.  sp 528 

5.  Cast  of  a  left  valve.     X  iya. 

6.  Cast  of  left  valve.     X  2. 

7.  Squeeze  taken  from  natural  mold  of  sculpture.     X  2. 

Monmouth  formation,  Fredericktown,  Cecil  County. 

Figs.  8,  9.     CUCULL^:A  VULGABIS  Morton 529 

8.  Interior  of  left  valve  of  adult. 

9.  Exterior  of  same. 

Ripley  formation,  Ripley,  Mississippi,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 


9JG 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XX 


MOLLUSCA — PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XXI 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     CUCULI^EA  VULGAKIS  Morton 529 

1.  Exterior  of  left  valve  of  immature  specimen. 

2.  Interior  of  same. 

Ripley  formation,  Ripley,  Mississippi,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Figs.  3,  4.     AKCA  SAFFORDI  Gabb 537 

3.  Interior  of  left  valve.     X  6. . 

4.  Exterior  of  same.     X  6. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  5,  6.     ARCA  UANDI  Gardner  n.  sp 539 

5.  Cast  of  double  valves  from  right  side. 

6.  Anterior  view  of  same. 

Matawan  formation,  Camp  U.  &  I.,  Chesapeake  and  Delaware 
Canal,  Delaware. 

Figs.  7-9.     GLYCYMERIS  (POSTLIGATA)  WOKDKM  Gardner  n.  sub.  gen.  et  sp.. .   543 

7.  Interior  of  left  valve.     X  5. 

8.  Exterior  of  right  valve.     X  3. 

9.  Posterior  view  of  double  valves.     X  3. 

Monmouth  formation,  Friendly,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  10.     PTERIA  PETKOSA  (Conrad)  Meek 548 

Cast  of  left  valve.    Monmouth  formation,  Bohemia  Mills,  Cecil  County. 

Fig.  11.     PTERIA  RHOMBICA  Gardner  n.  sp 549 

Hinge   of  left  valve.      X  5.     Monmouth    formation,   1   mile  west  of 
Friendly,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  12.     PIXXA  LAQUEATA   Conrad 545 

Broken  cast  of  double  valves.     Matawan  formation,  Post  105,  Chesa- 
peake and  Delaware  Canal,  Delaware. 


917 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS.   PLATE  XXI 


MOLLUSCA PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XXII 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-3.     PTERIA  RHOMBIC  A  Gardner  n.  sp 549 

1.  Exterior  of  right  valve  of  young  individual. 

2.  Exterior  of  left  valve  of  adult. 

3.  Interior  of  same. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  4.     OSTREA  LARVA  SUBS?.  FALCATA  Morton 552 

Exterior  of  right  valve.     X  2.     Monmouth  formation,  Brooks'  Estate 
near  Seat  Pleasant,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  5.     OSTREA  LARVA  SUBSP.  XASUTA  Morton 554 

Exterior  of  right  valve.      X  1M>-     Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat, 
Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  6-8.     OSTREA  LARVA  SUBSP.  MESENTERICA  Morton 555 

6.  Exterior  of  left  valve.     X  4. 

7.  Interior  of  same.     X  4. 

Monmouth    formation,    McNey's    Corners,    Prince    George's 
County. 

8.  Exterior  of  left  valve.     X  2.     Monmouth  formation,  Brooks'  Estate 

near  Seat  Pleasant,  Prince  George's  County. 


918 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XXII 


0     -  *> 


MOLLUSCA — PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XXIII 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     OSTREA  LARVA  SUBSP.  MESEXTERiCA  Morton 555 

1.  Interior  of  left  valve.     X  I1/?. 

2.  Exterior  of  same.     X  1V£. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  3.     OSTREA  SUBSPATULATA  Forbes 561 

Interior  of  left  valve.    Monmouth  formation,  Brooks'  Estate  near  Seat 
Pleasant,  Prince  George's  County. 

Ficjs.  4,  5.     OSTREA   MOXMOUTHENSIS   Weller 558 

4.  Interior  of  right  valve. 

5.  Exterior  of  same. 

Monmouth    formation,    Brooks'    Estate   near    Seat    Pleasant, 
Prince  George's  County. 


919 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  XXIII 


MOLLUSCA PELECYPODA 


01 


PL.ATE  XXIV 

PAGE 

Fig.  1.     OSTREA  SUBSPATULATA  Forbes 561 

Exterior  of  left  valve.    Monmouth  formation,  Brooks'  Estate  near  Seat 
Pleasant,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  2-4.     OSTREA  TECTICOSTA  Gabb 560 

2.  Interior  of  left  valve.     X  2. 

3.  Exterior  of  same.     X  2. 

Monmouth    formation,   Brooks'   Estate   near    Seat   Pleasant, 
Prince  George's  County. 

4.  Double  valves  from  the  right  side.     X  2.     Monmouth  formation, 

Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  5,  6.     OSTREA  FABA  Gardner  n.  sp 559 

5.  Exterior  of  right  valve. 

6.  Interior  of  same. 

Monmouth   formation,   Brooks'   Estate   near    Seat   Pleasant, 
Prince  George's  County. 


920 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  XXIV 


MOLLUSCA — PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XXV 

PAGE 

IPigs.  1-4.     OSTREA  (GRYPHOSTREA)  VOMER  (Morton)  Meek 579 

1.  Exterior  of  left  valve.     X  2. 

2.  Interior  of  same.     X  2. 

Matawan  formation,  Camp  Pox,  Chesapeake  and  Delaware 
Canal,  Delaware. 

3.  Interior  of  right  valve.     X  2. 

4.  Exterior  of  same.     X  2. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  5.     EXOGYRA  COSTATA  Say 564 

Exterior   of   left   valve.      Monmouth    formation,    Brightseat,    Prince 
George's  County. 


921 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  XXV 


MOLLUSCA — PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XXVI 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     EXOGYRA   COSTATA   Say 564 

1.  Interior  of  left  valve. 

2.  Interior  of  right  valve. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 


922 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  XXVI 


MOLLUSCA PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XXVII 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     EXOGYRA  COSTATA  Say 564 

1.  Exterior  of  right  valve.     Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince 

George's  County. 

2.  Exterior  of  left  valve.    Monmouth  formation,  Brooks'  Estate  near 

Seat  Pleasant,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  3.     EXOGYRA  COSTATA  SUESP.  CAXCELLATA  Stephenson 566 

Exterior  of  loft  valve.    Monmouth  formation,  head  of  Little  Bohemia 
Creek,  Cecil  County. 


923 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XXVII 


MOLLUSCA PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XXVIII 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     GRYPH.EA  (PYCXODONTE)  YESICULARIS  (Lamarck)  Race  A 575 

1.  Exterior  of  left  valve. 

2.  Interior  of  same. 

Matawan  formation,  Camp   Fox,  Chesapeake  and   Delaware 
Canal,  Delaware. 


924 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE   XXVIII 


1    ^ 


MOLLUSCA PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XXIX 

PAGE 

Fig.  1.     GRYPH^EA  (PYCNODONTE)  VESICULAKIS  (Lamarck)  Race  A 575 

Interior  of  right  valve.    Matawan  formation,  Post  198-199,  Chesapeake 
and  Delaware  Canal,  Delaware. 

Figs.  2,  3.     GBYPH^EA  (PYCNODONTE)  VESICULABIS  (Lamarck)  Race  B 576 

2.  Interior  of  right  valve. 

3.  Interior  of  left  valve  of  same  individual. 

Matawan  formation,  Camp  Fox,  Chesapeake  and  Delaware 
Canal,  Delaware. 


925 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XXIX 


M  OLLUSC A — PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XXX 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     GRYPH^EA  (PYCNODONTE)  VESICULARIS  (Lamarck)  Race  B 576 

1.  Exterior  of  left  valve. 

2.  Exterior  of  right  valve  of  same  individual. 

Matawan  formation,  Camp  Fox,  Chesapeake  and  Delaware 
Canal,  Delaware. 

Figs.  3,  4.     GRYPH^EA  (PYCXODONTE)  VESICULARIS  (Lamarck)  Race  indet. 

3.  Exterior  of  immature  right  valve.     X  2. 

4.  Interior  of  same,  showing  excentric  posterior  adductor  of  young. 

Monmouth    formation,   Brooks'   Estate   near    Seat   Pleasant, 
Prince  George's  County. 


926 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  XXX 


MOLLUSCA — PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XXXI 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-3.     GRYPH^A  (PYCNODONTE)  VESICULABIS   (Lamarck)  Race  D..    ..  576 

1.  Exterior  of  adult  left  valve. 

2.  Interior  of  right  valve. 

3.  Interior  of  left  valve  of  same  individual. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 


927 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  XXXI 


MOLLUSCA PELECYPODA 


02 


PLATE  XXXII 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-3.     GRYPH^EA  (PYCNODONTE)  VESICULARIS   (Lamarck)  Race  D 576 

1.  Interior  of  left  valve  of  adult. 

2.  Exterior  of  left  valve  of  younger  individual. 

3.  Double  valves  of  same  viewed  from  right  side. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 


928 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XXXII 


MOLLUSCA — PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XXXIII 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-3.     GRYPH^A   (PYCNODOXTE)  VESICULARIS   (Lamarck)   Race  E 576 

1.  Exterior  of  left  valve. 

2.  Interior  of  same. 

3.  Interior  of  right  valve. 

Manasquan  formation,  Noxontown  Mill  Pond,  Delaware. 

Figs.  4-6.     GRYPH.EA   (PYCNODOXTE)   PUSILLA  Gardner  n.  sp 578 

4.  Exterior  of  left  valve. 

5.  Interior  of  same. 

6.  Interior  of  right  valve. 

Monmouth  formation,  Great  Bohemia  Creek,  Cecil  County. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XXXIII 


MOLLUSCA — PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XXXIV 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     TRIGONIA  EUFALENSIS  Gabb 582 

1.  Exterior  of  right  valve.     X  2. 

2.  Interior  of  same.     X  2. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  3-5.     PECTEN   ARGILLENSIS  Conrad 588 

3.  Exterior  of  immature  left  valve.     X  2. 

4.  Exterior  of  adult  left  valve. 

5.  Portion  of  sculpture  of  same.     X  5. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  6,  7.     PECTEN-    VENUSTUS    Morton 591 

6.  Exterior  of  right  valve.     X  3. 

7.  Exterior  of  left  valve.     X  3. 

Houston,  Mississippi,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Figs.  8,  9.     PECTEN  SIMPLICIUS  Conrad 595 

8.  Exterior  of  left  valve.     X  2. 

9.  Exterior  of  right  valve.     X  2. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  10.     PECTEN  QUINQUECOSTATA  Sowerby 596 

Cast  of  interior  of  right  valve.    Matawan  formation,  Camp  Fox,  Chesa- 
peake and  Delaware  Canal,  Delaware. 

Fig.  11.     LIMA  OBLIQUA  Gardner  n.  sp 603 

Exterior  of  left  valve.    X  3.    Monmouth  formation,  Brooks'  Estate  near 
Seat  Pleasant,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  12,  13.     LIMA  RETICULATA  Forbes 600 

12.  Exterior  of  right  valve.     X  5. 

13.  Interior  of  same.     X  5. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  14,  15.     LIMA  SERRATA  Gardner  n.  sp 602 

14.  Interior  of  left  valve.     X  4. 

15.  Exterior  of  same.     X  4. 

Monmouth  formation,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  Prince  George's 
County. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XXXIV 


14 

MOLLUSCA — PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XXXV 

PAGE 

Pigs.  1,  2.     ANOMIA  ARGENTARIA  Morton 608 

1.  Exterior  of  left  valve.     X  2. 

2.  Interior  of  right  valve.     X  2. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  3,  4.     ANOMIA   TEIAIXOIDES    Morton 610 

3.  Exterior  of  right  valve. 

4.  Interior  of  same. 

Monmouth  formation,  Briar  Point,  Chesapeake  and  Delaware 
Canal,  Delaware. 

Figs.  5,  6.     ANOMIA  OBNATA  Gabb 612 

5.  Interior  of  left  valve.     X  2. 

6.  Exterior  of  same.     X  2. 

Monmouth  formation,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Figs.  7-10.     ANOMIA  FORTEPLICATA  Gardner  n.  sp 613 

7.  Exterior  of  left  valve.     X  1%. 

8.  Interior  of  left  valve.     X  3. 

Monmouth  formation,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  Prince  George's 
County. 

9.  Exterior  of  left  valve.     X  2. 
10.  Interior  of  same.     X  2. 

Monmouth    formation,    McNeys    Corners,    Prince    George's 
County. 

Figs.  11,  12.     PARANOMIA  LINEATA  Conrad 606 

11.  Exterior  of  left  valve. 

12.  Exterior  of  another  left  valve. 

Ripley  formation,  Ripley,  Mississippi,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 


931 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  XXXV 


/'  ^     ^   -J    •! 


MOLLUSCA — PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XXXVI 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     MOUIOLUS  SEDESCLARUS  Gardner  n.  sp 616 

1.  Exterior  of  right  valve. 

2.  Dorsal  view  of  double  valves. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Pig.  3.     MODIOLUS  TBIGONUS  Gardner  n.  sp 616 

Exterior  of  left  valve.     X  2.     Monmouth  formation,  Brooks'  Estate 
near  Seat  Pleasant,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  4-6.     LITHOPHAGA    RIPLEYANA    Gabb 618 

4.  Cast  of  double  valves  from  right  side. 

5.  Front  view  of  same. 

Matawan  formation,  Post  198-199,  Chesapeake  and  Delaware 
Canal,  Delaware. 

6.  Aggregation  of  casts.    Matawan  formation,  Camp  Fox,  Chesapeake 

and  Delaware  Canal,  Delaware. 

Figs.  7-9.     LITHOPHAGA  CONCHAFODENTIS  Gardner  n.  sp 619 

7.  Cast  of  double  valves  from  right  side.     X  3. 

8.  Dorsal  view  of  same.     X  3. 

9.  Left  valve  in  situ. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  10,  11.     LITHOPHAGA  JUIXE  (Lea) 620 

10.  Double  valves  from  right  side.     X  2. 

11.  Front  view  of  same.     X  2. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  12,  13.     LITHOPHAGA  TWITCHELLI  Gardner  n.  sp 622 

12.  Double  valves  from  right  side.     X  1%. 

13.  Front  view  of  same.     X  l1/^. 

Monmouth  formation,  railroad  cut  1  mile  west  of  Seat  Pleas- 
ant, Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  14.     LITHOPHAGA  LINGUA  Gardner  n.  sp 621 

Exterior  of  left  valve.     X  3.    Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince 
George's  County. 

Fig.  15.     LIOPISTHA  PROTEXTA  Conrad 636 

Exterior    of   left    valve.      Monmouth    formation,    Brightseat,    Prince 
George's  County. 

Figs.  16-18.     CRENELLA    SERICA    Conrad 624 

16.  Exterior  of  left  valve.     X  6. 

17.  Interior  of  same.     X  6. 

18.  Dorsal  view  of  double  valves.     X  6. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  19.     CRENELLA  ELEGANTULA  Meek  and  Hayden 625 

Cast  of  left  valve.    Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Figs.  20,  21.     SOLYMA  LINEOLATA  Conrad 701 

20.  Double  valves  from  left  side. 

21.  Dorsal  view  of  same. 

Chatfield,  Navarro  County,  Texas,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

932 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XXXVI 


o 


19 


18 


MOLLUSCA — PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XXXVII 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-3.     PHOLADOMYA  OCCIDENTALIS  Morton 630 

1.  Cast  of  double  valves  from  left  side. 

2.  Same  from  right  side. 

3.  Dorsal  view  of  same. 

Matawan    formation,    Post    218,    Chesapeake    and    Delaware 
Canal,  Delaware. 

Figs.  4,  5.     CUSPIDARIA  CUCURBITA  Gardner  n.  sp 641 

4.  Cast  of  double  valves  from  right  side.     X  3. 

5.  Dorsal  view  of  same.     X  3. 

Matawan  formation,   %  mile  southwest  of  Ulmstead  Point, 
Anne  Arundel  County. 

Figs.  6,  7.     CUSPIDARIA  AMPULLA  Gardner  n.  sp 640 

6.  Cast  of  double  valves  from  left  side.     X  3. 

7.  Dorsal  view  of  same.     X  3. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  8-11.     DREISSENA  TIPPANA  Conrad 628 

8.  Exterior  of  left  valve. 

9.  Exterior  of  right  valve. 

10.  Anterior  view  of  double  valves. 

11.  Interior  of  left  valve. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XXXVII 


MOLLUSCA PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XXXVIII 

PAGE 

Fig.  1.     PHOLADOMYA  CONRADI  Gardner  n.  sp 632 

Cast  of  left  valve.     1%  miles  north  of  Fort  Deposit,  Alabama,  U.  S. 
National  Museum. 

Figs.  2-7.     VENIELLA  CONRADI  (Morton)  Stoliczka 643 

2.  Exterior  of  very  young  right  valve.     X  3. 

3.  Interior  of  same.     X  3. 

4.  Interior  of  right  valve. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

5.  Exterior  of  adult  left  valve. 

6.  Cast  of  right  valve  in  apposition  with  left  valve. 

7.  Dorsal  view  of  same. 

Monmouth    formation,   Brooks'   Estate   near    Seat   Pleasant, 
Prince  George's  County. 


034 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XXXVIII 


MOLLUSCA — PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XXXIX 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-4.     CRASSATELLITES  VADOSUS  (Morton)  Johnson 649 

1.  Exterior  of  left  valve. 

2.  Interior  of  same. 

3.  Exterior  of  left  valve. 

4.  Anterior  view  of  double  valves. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  5.     CRASSATELLITES  PTEROPSIS   (Conrad) 655 

Exterior  of  right  valve.     Monmouth  formation,  near  Oakland,  Prince 
George's  County,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Figs.  6,  7.     CRASSATELLITES  LINTEUS  (Conrad)  Johnson 653 

6.  Interior  of  right  valve. 

7.  Exterior  of  same. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  8,  9.     PHACOIDES  NOXONTOWXENSIS  Gardner  n.  sp 660 

8.  Cast  of  left  valve. 

9.  Squeeze  of  mold  of  external  sculpture. 

Manasquan  formation,  Noxontown  Mill  Pond,  Delaware. 

Figs.  10,  11.     MYRT^A  STEPHENSONI  Gardner  n.  sp 659 

10.  Interior  of  left  valve.     X  4. 

11.  Exterior  of  same.     X  4. 

Monmcuth  formation,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  Prince  George's 
County. 


936 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  XXXIX 


MOLLUSCA — PELECYPODA 


63 


PLATE  XL 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     CABDIUM  EUFALENSE  Conrad 664 

1.  Exterior  of  left  valve. 

2.  Interior  of  same. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  3,  4.     AXTIGONA  (APHRODINA)  TIPPANA  (Conrad) 681 

3.  Exterior  of  left  valve. 

4.  Interior  of  same. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  5-7.     LEGUMEN  PLANULATUM  (Conrad)   Gabb 684 

5.  Exterior  of  right  valve. 

6.  Double  valves  from  right  side. 

7.  Dorsal  view  of  same. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  8-10.     CYPRIMERIA  DEPRESSA  Conrad 687 

8.  Interior  of  left  valve.     Monmouth   formation,  Brightseat,  Prince 

George's  County. 

9.  Exterior  of  left  valve. 
10.  Dorsal  view  of  same. 

Monmouth  formation,  near  Oakland,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  11,  12.     CYPRIMERIA  MAJOR  Gardner  n.  sp 689 

11.  Exterior  of  right  valve  of  young  individual. 

12.  Interior  of  same. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XL 


11  12 

MOLLUSCA — PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XLI 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-4.     CYPKIMERIA  MAJOR  Gardner  n.  sp 689 

1.  Exterior  of  left  valve  of  young  specimen. 

2.  Interior  of  same. 

3.  Exterior  of  left  valve  of  adult  specimen. 

4.  Interior  of  same. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  5,  6.     CYCLINA  PAKVA  Gardner  n.  sp 678 

5.  Interior  of  right  valve.     X  6. 

6.  Exterior  of  same.     X  6. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 


937 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER   CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XLI 


MOLLUSCA — PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XLII 

PAGE 

Fig.  1.     CYPRIMERIA  MAJOR  Gardner  n.  sp 689 

Exterior  of  gerontic  right  valve.     Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat, 
Prince  George's  County;  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Fig.  2.     TELLINA  (ACROPAGIA)  GABBI  Gardner  n.  sp 694 

Exterior  of  right  valve.    Monmouth  formation,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly, 
Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  3,  4.     AENONA  EUFALENSIS  Conrad 697 

3.  Exterior   of  left  valve.      X  2.      Monmouth   formation,   Brightseat, 

Prince  George's  County. 

4.  Exterior  of  right  valve.     X  2.    Monmouth  formation,  near  Oakland, 

Prince  George's  County,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Figs.  5,  6.     TELLINIMERA  EBOREA  Conrad 695 

5.  Exterior  of  right  valve.     X  2. 

6.  Dorsal  view  of  double  valves.     X  2. 

Monmouth    formation,    Brooks'    Estate    near    Seat   Pleasant, 
Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  7,  8.     LEPTOSOLEN  BIPLICATA  Conrad 703 

7.  Dorsal  view  of  internal  cast  of  double  valves-.    Monmouth  formation, 

2  miles  southwest  of  Oxon  Hill,  Prince  George's  County. 

8.  Exterior  of  right  valve.     X  2.     Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat, 

Prince  George's  County. 


938 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XLII 


MOLLUSCA — PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XLIII 

PAGE 

Fig.  1.     CYPBIMERIA  MAJOR  Gardner  n.  sp 689 

Hinge   of  gerontic   right   valve.     Monmouth    formation,   Brightseat, 
Prince  George's  County,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

Figs.  2,  3.     SPISULA  (CYMBOPHORA)  BERRYI  Gardner  n.  sp 708 

2.  Exterior  of  right  valve.     X  2. 

3.  Dorsal  view  of  double  valves.     X  2. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  4,  5.     SPISULA  (CYMBOPHORA)  WORDEXI  Gardner  n.  sp 709 

4.  Interior  of  left  valve. 

5.  Exterior  of  same. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  6,  7.     CORBULA  CRASSIPLICA  Gabb 713 

6.  Exterior  of  right  valve.     X  5. 

7.  Double  valves  from  left  side.     X  5. 

Monmouth  formation,  1  mile  west  of  Friendly,  Prince  George's 
County. 

Figs.  8-10.     CORBULA  TERRAMARIA  Gardner  n.  sp 716 

8.  Exterior  of  right  valve.     X  3. 

9.  Interior  of  same.     X  3. 

10.  Double  valves  from  left  side.     X  3. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XLIIt 


MOLLUSCA PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XLIV 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-3.     CORBULA  PERCOMPRESSA  Gardner  n.  sp 717 

1.  Exterior  of  right  valve.     X  3. 

2.  Interior  of  same.     X  3. 

3.  Dorsal  view  of  double  valves.     X  3. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  4-8.     CORBULA  MONMOUTHENSIS  Gardner  n.  sp 715 

4.  Exterior  of  left  valve.     X  3. 

5.  Interior  of  same.     X  3. 

6.  Exterior  of  right  valve.     X  3. 

7.  Interior  of  same.     X  3. 

8.  Dorsal  view  of  double  valves.     X  3. 

Monmouth    formation,   Brooks'    Estate   near   Seat   Pleasant, 
Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  9-15.     CORBULA  SUBRADIATA  Gardner  n.  sp 718 

9.  Exterior  of  left  valve.     X  5. 

10.  Interior  of  same.     X  5. 

11.  Exterior  of  right  valve.     X  5. 

12.  Interior  of  same.     X  5. 

Monmouth    formation,    Brooks'   Estate   near    Seat    Pleasant, 
Prince  George's  County. 

13.  Double  valves  from  left  side.     X  5. 

14.  Same  from  left  side.     X  5. 

15.  Dorsal  view  of  same.     X  5. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 


940 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XLIV 


MOLLUSCA — PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XLV 

PAGE 

Fig.  1.     PHOLAS   PECTOROSA   Conrad 724 

Exterior  of  right  valve.     Monmouth   formation,  Brightseat,  Prince 
George's  County. 

Fig.  2.     PANOPE  BONASPES  Gardner  n.  sp 723 

Internal  cast  of  left  valve.    Magothy  formation,  Good  Hope  Hill  near 
Anacostia,  D.  C. 

Fig.  3.     TEREDO  RHOMBICA  Gardner  n.  sp 732 

Exterior  of  imperfect  right  valve.    Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat, 
Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  4,  5.     PANOPE  MOXMOUTHENSIS  Gardner  n.  sp 722 

4.  Exterior  of  right  valve. 

5.  Hinge  of  right  valve. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 


941 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  XLV 


MOLLUSCA — PELECYPODA 


PLATE  XLVI 

Unless  otherwise  specified  all  the  specimens  illustrated  on  this  plate  are 
from  the  Vincentown  limesand  of  New  Jersey. 

PAGE 
Figs.  1,  2.     CRIBRILIXA  SAGENA   (Morton)  ...............................   742 

1.  A  characteristic  zoarium.     X  2. 

2.  Surface  of  a  zoarium,  much  enlarged.     (After  Gabb  and  Horn.) 

Fig.  3.     MEMBRANIPORA  AXNULOIDEA  Ulrich  and  Bassler  ..................   740 

Surface  of  a  zoarium.     X  24. 

Fig.  4.     MEMBRANIPORELLA  ABBOTTI   (Gabb  and  Horn)  ...................   743 

Surface  of  zoarium,  much  enlarged.     (After  Gabb  and  Horn.) 

Figs.  5,  6.     AMPHIBLESTRUM  HETEROPORA  (Gabb  and  Horn)  ..............   740 

5.  Portion  of  a  zoarium.     X  20. 

6.  A  single  zocecium,  more  enlarged. 

Eocene  (Aquia)  Upper  Marlboro,  Md.     (After  Ulrich.) 

Fig.  7.     ESCHARINELLA  ?  Ai/TiMURALis  Ulrich  and  Bassler  ................  741 

A  number  of  zocecia.     X  20. 

Figs.  8,  9.     MUCRONELLA  ASPERA  Ulrich  .................................   743 

Two  views  showing  zocecial  characters.     X  20.    Eocene  (Aquia)  Upper 
Marlboro,  Md. 

Fig.  10.     STOMATOPORA  KUMMELI  Ulrich  and  Bassler  .....................  737 

View  of  a  portion  of  the  type  specimen.     X  12. 

Fig.  11.     STOMATOPORA  REGULARIS  Gabb  and  Horn  .......................   736 

Portion  of  a  zoarium.     X  6.     Incrusting  another  bryozoan. 


Fig.  12.     FILIFASCIGERA  MEG^ERA   (Lonsdale)  .......................  .....   739 

Front  and  side  views  of  part  of  a  zoarium.     X  12. 

Fig.  13.     LICHE.XOPORA  PAYRACEA    (D'Orbigny)  ..........................   739 

A  complete  zoarium.     X  12. 

Fig.  14.     BERENICEA  AMERICANA  (Ulrich  and  Bassler)  ...................   737 

View  of  the  type  specimen.     X  12. 

Fig.  15.     CRISINA  STRIATOPORA  Ulrich  and  Bassler  .......................   738 

The  type  specimen.     X  12.     Miocene  of  Maryland. 

Fig.  16.     HIPPOTHOA  TENUICHORDA  (Ulrich  and  Bassler)  .................   745 

Several  zocecia  of  the  type  example.     X  20. 


942 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XLVI 


MOLLUSCOIDEA — BRYOZOA 


PLATE  XLVII 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-5.     TEREBKATTJLA  HARLANI  Morton 734 

1.  Exterior  of  dorsal  valve. 

2.  Interior  of  ventral  valve. 

3.  Exterior  of  same. 

4.  Ventral  view  of  complete  individual. 

5.  Dorsal  view  of  same. 

Rancocas  formation,  Noxontown  Pond,  Delaware. 

Figs.  6-10.     CARDIASTER  MARYLANDICA  Clark  n.  sp 750 

6.  Oral  view. 

7.  Aboral  view  of  same. 

8.  Aboral  view  of  another  specimen. 

9.  Oral  view  of  same. 
10.  Lateral  view  of  same. 

Monmouth  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Figs.  11-14.     HEMIASTER  DELAWARENSIS  Clark  n.  sp 751 

11.  Aboral  view. 

12.  Lateral  view  of  same. 

13.  Oral  view  of  same. 

14.  Posterior  view  of  same. 

Matawan  formation,  south  side  of  Chesapeake  and  Delaware 
Canal,  between  Lorewood  Grove  and  St.  Georges,  Delaware. 

Fig.  15.     SERPULA  TRIGONALIS  Gardner  n.  sp 746 

Type  X  2. 

Rancocas  formation,  Noxontown  Pond,  Delaware. 

Figs.  16-19.     ORNATAPORTA  MARYLANDICA  Gardner  n.  gen.  et  sp 748 

16.  Lateral  view  of  tube. 

17.  Operculum  of  same.     X  4. 

18.  Operculum  of  another  specimen.     X  4. 

19.  Several  radials.     X  20. 

Monmouth    formation,   Brooks'   Estate   near   Seat  Pleasant, 
Prince  George's  County. 


943 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  XLVII 


18  17 

MOLLUSCOIDEA — BRACHIOPODA,    VERMES    AND    ECHINODERMATA 


6-1 


PLATE  XLVIII 

PAGE 
FigS.   1-4.       MlCBABACIA  MARYLANDICA  Sp.  UOV 755 

1.  Calicular  view  of  a  typical  specimen   (X  4)   from  near  Brightseat, 

Md.  The  interseptal  loculi  are  filled  with  matrix  which  obscures 
the  grouping  of  the  septa,  and  which  cannot  be  removed  without 
injury  to  the  specimen.  Collection  of  the  Maryland  Geological 
Survey,  on  deposit  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

2.  Side  view  of  the  specimen  shown  in  the  preceding  figure.    X  8.    The 

septal  denticulations  which  are  partly  obscured  by  the  matrix 
have  been  partly  restored  by  retouching. 

3.  Interior  view  of  a  typical  specimen   (X  8)   from  near  Brightseat, 

Md.,  showing  the  spongy  columella,  the  synapticulae,  tubercles, 
and  stri«  on  the  sides  of  the  septa,  and  the  intercostal  synap- 
ticula?  and  perforations  of  the  base. 

4.  View  of  the  base  of  the  type   (X  8)    showing  the  character  and 

grouping  of  the  costse. 

Figs.  5,  6.     TBOCHOCYATHUS  ?  VAUGHANI  sp.  nov 752 

5.  Side  view  of  the  type  ( X  8)  from  near  Brightseat,  Md.,  showing  the 

costae,  tubercles,  and  broken  edge  of  the  wall,  and  the  uncovered 
edges  of  some  of  the  septa.  Collection  of  the  Maryland  Geo- 
logical Survey,  on  deposit  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

6.  Calicular  view  of  the  type  (X  8),  showing  the  arrangement  of  the 

septa  and  the  spongy  character  of  the  columella. 


944 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  XLVIII 


CCELENTERATA — ANTHOZOA 


PLATE  XLIX 

PAGE 
FigS.    1-4.      MlCRABACIA  ROTATILIS   Sp.   HOV 753 

1.  Calicular  view  of  the  type  (X  4)  from  near  Brightseat,  Md.    The 

interseptal  loculi  are  filled  with  matrix  which  cannot  be  re- 
moved without  injury  to  the  specimen;  the  grouping  of  the  septa 
is  therefore  not  clearly  apparent.  Collection  of  the  Maryland 
Geological  Survey,  on  deposit  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum. 

2.  Side  view  of  the  type.     X  8.    The  septal  r'enticulations  are  partly 

obscured  by  the  matrix  and  have  been  partly  restored  by  re- 
touching. 

3.  Interior  view  of  the  type   (X  8),  which  is  broken  nearly  directly 

through  the  center,  showing  the  spongy  columella,  the  synap- 
ticulse,  tubercles,  and  striae  of  the  sides  of  the  septa,  and  the 
intercostal  synapticulae  and  perforations  of  the  base. 

4.  View  of  the  base  of  the  type  ( X  8)  from  near  Brightseat,  Md.,  show- 

ing the  character  and  grouping  of  the  costae. 


945 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER   CRETACEOUS,    PLATE   XLIX 


CCELENTERATA — ANTHOZOA 


PLATE  L 

PAGE 

Fig.  1.     ALGITES  AMERICAN  A  Berry 758 

Magothy  formation,  Round  Bay. 

Figs.  2-4.     OSMUNDA  DELAWARENSIS   Berry 763 

2,  3.     Portions  of  a  frond. 

4.  Enlargement  to  show  details  of  venation.     X  3. 

Magothy  formation,  Deep  Cut,  Del. 

Figs.  5,  6.     GLEICHENIA  DELAWARENSIS  Berry 762 

5.  A  pinna. 

6.  Pinnules  enlarged  to  show  venation.     X  4. 

Magothy  formation,  Deep  Cut,  Del. 

Figs.  7-9.     GLEICHENIA  SAUNDERST  Berry 762 

7.  8.     Portions  of  pinnae. 

9.  Pinnule  showing  venation.     X  5. 

Magothy  formation,  Round  Bay. 

Figs.  10,  11.     LYCOPODIUM  CRETACEUM  Berry 759 

10.  Portion  of  strobilus. 

11.  Drawing  of  single  sporophyll  from  left  side  of  preceding,  showing 

scale  and  outline  of  the  sporangium.     X  8. 
Magothy  formation,  Little  Round  Bay. 


946 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  L 


1 


THALLOPHYTA   AND    PTERIDOPHYTA 


PLATE  LI 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     OXOCLEA  IXQUIREXDA   (Hollick)   Hollick 764 

1.  Fertile  portion,  natural  size. 

2.  Same.     X  6. 

Magothy  formation,  Round  Bay. 

Figs.  3,  4.     ASPLENIUM  CECILENSIS  Berry 766 

3.  Sterile  pinnule.     X  4. 

4.  Fertile  pinnules.     X  4. 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Figs.  5,  6.     WILLIAMSONIA  MARYLANDICA   Berry 769 

5.  Specimen,  natural  size. 

6.  Same.     X  8. 

Magothy  formation,  Little  Round  Bay. 

Fig.  7.     WILLIAMSONIA  DELAWARENSIS  Berry 771 

Magothy  formation,  Deep  Cut,  Del. 

Fig.  8.     PODOZAMITES  MARGiNATus  Heer 775 

Raritan  formation,  Drum  Point  R.  R. 


947 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE   LI 


PTERIDOPHYTA   AND    CYCADOPHYTA 


PLATE  LIT 

PAGE 

Fig.  1.     BRACHYPHYLLUM  MACROCARPUM  Newberry 782 

From  Raritan  formation  at  South  Amboy,  New  Jersey.    (After  Hollick 
and  Jeffrey.) 

Fig.  2.     BRACHYPHYLLUM  MAMILLARE  Brongniart 782 

A  specimen  of  this  species  which  is  the  type  of  the  genus,  from  the 
Jurassic  of  France.     (After  Saporta.) 

Fig.  3.     BRACHYPHYLLUM   OBESUM   Heer 782 

From  the  Aptian  of  Portugal.     (After  Saporta.) 

Figs.  4,  5.     BRACHYPHYLLUM  PARCERAMOSUM  Fontaine 782 

4.  Telegraph  Station,  Virginia.     (After  Fontaine.) 

5.  From  the  Trinity  of  Texas.     (After  Fontaine.) 


948 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  Lll 


CONIFEROPHYTA 


PLATE  LIII 

PAGE 

Fig.  1.     BRACHYPHYLLUM  MACROCARPUM  FORMOSUM  Berry 783 

Magothy  formation,  Round  Bay. 

Fig.  2.     SEQUOIA  HETEROPHYLLA  Velenovsky 785 

Magothy  formation,  Little  Round  Bay. 


949 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  LMI 


CONIFEROPHYTA 


PAGE 

Fig.  1.     ARATJCARIA  BLADENEXSIS  Berry 777 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Fig.  2.     ARAUCARIA  MARYLANDICA  Berry 779 

Magothy  formation,  Little  Round  Bay. 

Fig.  3.     DAMMARA   CLIFFWOODENSIS   Hollick 776 

Matawan  formation  near  Millersville. 

Figs.  4,  5.     BRACHYPHYLLUM  MACROCARPUM  Newberry 781 

Magothy  formation,  Deep  Cut,  Delaware. 

Fig.  6.     GEINITZIA   FORMOSA   Heer 801 

Magothy  formation,  Deep  Cut,  Delaware. 

Fig.  7.     SEQUOIA  HETEROPHYLLA  Velenovsky 785 

(After  Newberry.) 


950 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  LIV 


CONIFEROPHYTA 


PLATE  LV 

PAGE 

Fig.  1.     WIDDRINGTONITES  REICH:   (Ettingshausen)  Heer 793 

(After  Newberry.) 

Figs.  2,  3.     RABITANIA  GKACILIS   (Newberry)   Hollick  and  Jeffrey 800 

2.  Twigs,  natural  size.     (After  Newberry.) 

3.  Twig  enlarged  to  show  minute  leaves.     X  3. 


951 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  LV 


(15 


CONIFEROPHYTA 


PLATE  LVI 

PAGE 

Fig.  1.     MORICONIA   AMERICANA    Berry 802 

(After  Newberry.) 

Fig.  2.     PROTOPHYLLOCLADUS    SUBINTEGRIFOLIUS  (Lesquereux)    Berry 796 

(After  Newberry.) 

Fig.  3.     PISTIA  NORDENSKIOLDI    (Heer)    Berry 809 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Figs.  4,  5.     SABALITES  MAGOTHIENSIS   (Berry)   Berry 811 

4.  Deep  Cut,  Delaware. 

5.  Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

Magothy  formation. 

Fig.  6.     DORYANTHITES  CRETACEA  Berry 806 

Magothy  formation,  Round  Bay. 


952 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  LVI 


CONIFEROPHYTA   AND   ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LVII 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-3.     MYBICA  LONGA   (Heer)  Heer 812 

1,  2.  Bodkin  Point,  Anne  Arundel  County. 
3.  Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 
Magothy  formation. 

Fig.  4.     SALIX  FLEXUOSA  Newberry 813 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Figs.  5-8.     SALIX  LESQUEREUXI  Berry 814 

5-7.  Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 
8.  Raritan  formation,  East  Washington  Heights,  D.  C. 

Fig.  9.     QUERCUS    SEVERENSIS   Berry 817 

Magothy  formation,  Round  Bay. 


953 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE   LVII 


7  v     8 

ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LVIII 

PAGE 

Fig.  1.     POPULUS  STYGIA  Heer 816 

Magothy  formation,  Bodkin  Point. 

Fig.  2.     QUERCUS  MOBRISONIANA  Lesquereux 816 

Magothy  formation,  Round  Bay. 

Fig.  3.     Ficus  DAPHNOGENOIDES  (Heer)  Berry 818 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Fig.  4.     Ficus  CECILENSIS  Berry 821 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Fig.  5.     Ficus  CRASSIPES  (Heer)  Heer 821 

Magothy  formation,  Deep  Cut,  Del. 


951 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  LVIII 


\\ 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LIX 

PAGE 

Pig.  1.     Ficus  KBAUSIAXA  Heer 823 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Figs.  2,  3.     Ficus  CRASSIPES   (Heer)   Heer 821 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Fig.  4.     Ficus  OVATIFOLIA   Berry 820 

Raritan  formation,  East  Washington  Heights,  D.  C. 


955 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  LIX 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LX 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     ASPIDIOPHYLLUM  TRiLOBAxuM  Lcsquereux 826 

1.  East  Washington  Heights,  D.  C. 

2.  Shannon  Hill,  Cecil  County. 

Raritan  formation. 


956 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  LX 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXI 

PAGE 


Figs.  1,  2.     ASPIDIOPHYLLUM  TRiLOBATUM  Lesquereux 826 

1.  Forked  Creek,  Severn  River. 

2.  Shannon  Hill,  Cecil  County. 

Raritan  formation. 


957 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS  PLATE  LXI 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXII 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-3.     PROTOPHYLLUM  STERXBERGII  Lesquereux 828 

Raritan  formation,  East  Washington  Heights,  D.  C. 


958 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE   LXII 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXIII 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     PBOTOPHYLLUM  STERNBERGII  Lesquereux 828 

Raritan  formation,  East  Washington  Heights,  D.  C. 

Fig.  3.     PROTOPHYLLUM   MULTINERVE   Lesquereux 828 

Raritan  formation,  Cedar  Point,  Baltimore  County. 


959 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  LXIII 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXIV 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     PROTOPHYLLUM  MULTINEBVE  Lesquereux 829 

Raritan  formation,  Cedar  Point,  Baltimore  County. 

Fig.  3.     PROTOPHYLLUM    STERXBERGII   Lesquereux 828 

Raritan  formation,  Shannon  Hill,  Cecil  County. 


960 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  LXIV 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXV 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-6.     PLATAXUS  HEERII  Lesquereux 824 

1-4.  Drum  Point  R.  R.,  Anne  Arundel  County. 
5,  6.  East  Washington  Heights,  D.  C. 
Raritan  formation. 


961 


MARYLAND  GEOLCTICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  LXV 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXVI 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-6.     PLATANUS  HEERII  Lesquereux 824 

Raritan  formation,  Drum  Point  R.  R.,  Anne  Arundel  County. 


962 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGk  M    SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  LXVI 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXVII 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-7.     PLATANUS  HEERII  Lesquereux 824 

1-4.  East  Washington  Heights,  D.  C. 
5,  7.     Drum  Point  R.  R.,  Anne  Arundel  County. 
Raritan  formation. 


MARYLAND  GEOl  ^  ICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  LXVII 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXVIII 

PAGE 

Pig.  1.     COCCOLOBITES  cRETACEUS  Berry 830 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

_Figs.  2-4.     MAGNOLIA  OBTUSATA  Heer 834 

Magothy  formation,  Point  Grove. 


964 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGIC, -'.  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  LXVIII 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXIX 

PAGE 

Fig.  1.     MAGNOLIA  BOULAYANA  Lesquereux 834 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Fig.  2.     MAGN  LIA  LONGIPES  Hollick 833 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Fig.  3.     MAGNOLIA  HOLLICKI  Berry 831 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Fig.  4.     MAGNOLIA  CAPELLINI  Heer 836 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 


965 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  LXIX 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXX 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     MAGNOLIA  LACOSAXA  Lesquereux 832 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Pig.  3.     MAGNOLIA  TENUIFOLIA  Lesquereux 835 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Figs.  4,  5.     CARPITES  LIRIOPHYLLI  Lesquereux 839 

4.  Ligneous  carpel. 

5.  Proximal  part  of  same  viewed  from  within.     X  3. 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Fig.  6.     ILLICIUM  DELETOIDES  Berry 838 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 


966 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  LXX 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXXI 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-3.     LAUROPHYLLUM  ELEOANS  Hollick 864 

Magothy  formation,  Round  Bay. 

Fig.  4.     LAURUS  HOLLICKII  Berry 863 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Fig.  5.     LAURUS  PLUTONIA  Heer 861 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Fig.  6.     CINNAMOMUM  NEWBERRYi  Berry 860 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 


967 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS.   PLATE  LXXI 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXXII 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-4.     SASSAFRAS  ACUTILOBUM  Lesquereux 866 

1-3.  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 
4.  Drum  Point  R.  R.,  Anne  Arundel  County. 
Raritan  formation. 


968 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  LXXII 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXXIII 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-3.     SASSAFRAS  ACTJTILOBUM  Lesquereux 866 

Raritan  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  LXXIII 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXXIV 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     SASSAFRAS  ACUTILOBUM  Lesquereux 866 

Raritan  formation,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Fig.  3.     ARALIOPSOIDES  CRETACEA  (Newberry)  Berry 879 

Raritan  formation,  Overlook  Inn  Road,  D.  C. 


970 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  LXXIV 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXXV 

PAGE 

Fig.  1.     LAUBUS   PROTE^FOLIA   Lesquereux 863 

Magothy  formation,  Round  Bay. 

Fig.  2.     SASSAFRAS  ACUTILOBUM  Lesquereux 866 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Fig.  3.     COLUTEA  PRIMORDIALIS  Heer 845 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Fig.  4.     NELTJMBITES  PRIM^VA  Berry 840 

Magothy  formation,  Round  Bay. 

Figs.  5-7.     BAUHIXIA   MARYLAXDICA    Berry 846 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 


971 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  LXXV 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXXVI 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     COLUTEA  OBOVATA  Berry 844 

2.  Enlargement  to  show  venation.     X  3. 
Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Fig.  3.     DALBERGIA  SEVERENSIS  Berry 847 

Magothy  formation,  Little  Round  Bay. 

Fig.  4.     LEGUMINOSITES  CORONILLOIDES  Heer 841 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Fig.  5.     LEGUMINOSITES  OMPHALOBIOIDES  Lesquereux 843 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Fig.  6.     LEGUMINOSITES  CANAVALIOIDES  Berry 842 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Figs.  7,  8.     CROTONOPHYLLUM  CRETACEUM  Velenovsky 847 

7.  Round  Bay. 

8.  Grove  Point. 

Magothy  formation. 


972 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  LXXVI 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXXVII 

PAGE 

Pigs.  1,  2.     ILEX  SEVERN  ENSIS  Berry 849 

2.  Enlargement  to  show  venation.     X  4. 

Magothy  formation,  Little  Round  Bay. 

Figs.  3-6.     EL^EODENDRON  MARYLANDICUM  Berry 849 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Fig.  7.     CELASTRUS  ARCTICA  Heer 850 

Magothy  formation,  Little  Round  Bay. 


973 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  LXXVII 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXXVIII 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     HEDERA  CECILENSIS  Berry 874 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Fig.  3.     RHAMNITES   APICULATUS    Lesquereux 854 

Magothy  formation,  Round  Bay. 

Fig.  4.     CISSITES  FORMOSUS  MAGOTHIENSIS  Berry 855 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 


974 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  LXXVIII 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXXIX 

PAGE 

Fig.  1.     CISSITES  FORMOSUS  Heer 855 

Restoration.     (After  Heer.) 

Fig.  2.     Restoration  of  a  Raritan  specimen  of  the  same 855 

Fig.  3.     Restoration  of  CISSITES  DENTATO-LOBATUS  Lesquereux 855 

A  Dakota  sandstone  species. 


975 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  LXXIX 


PLATE  LXXX 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-3.     STERCULIA   MINIMA   Berry 857 

1,  2.  Three-  and  four-lobed  forms  from  Grove  Point,  Md. 
3.  Bilobate  form  from  Cliffwood  Bluff,  N.  J. 
Magothy  formation. 

Fig.  4.     STERCULIA   CLIFFWOODENSIS   Berry 858 

X  %.     Magothy  formation,  Deep  Cut,  Del. 


976 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  LXXX 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXXXI 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-5.     EUCALYPTUS  GEINITZI  (Heer)  Heer 870 

1.  Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

2,  4.  Round  Bay,  Anne  Arundel  County. 
5.  Deep  Cut,  Delaware. 

Magothy  formation. 

Fig.  3.     Showing  SPH^RITES  RARITANENSIS  Berry 757 

Magothy  formation. 

Figs.  6,  7.     EUCALYPTUS  LATIFOLIA  Hollick 870 

Magothy  formation.  Round  Bay. 


977 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  LXXXI 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXXXII 

PAGE 
Fig.    1.      CORNUS    FOBCHHAMMEBI    Heer 885 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 


Pig.  2.     COBNUS  CECILENSIS  Berry ° 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Fig.  3.     ABALIA  WASHINGTONIANA  Berry 878 

Raritan  formation,  East  Washington  Heights,  D.  C. 

Fig.  4.     ABALIA  BAVNIANA  Heer 876 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 


978 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  LXXXII 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PAGE 

Figs.  1-4.     Restorations  of  AUALIA  RAVXIAXA  Heer 876 

1.  Restoration  of  specimen  from  Grove  Point,  Cecil  County. 

2.  Restoration  of  Heer's  pi.,  xxxviii,  fig.  2. 

3.  Restoration  of  specimen  from  Cliffwood  Bluff,  N.  J. 

4.  Restoration  of  Heer's  pi.,  xxxviii,  fig.  1. 

All  one-third  natural  size.     The  portion  of  the  specimen  pre- 
served is  shaded. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  LXXXIII 


3  4 

ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXXXIV 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     ARALIOPSOIDES  CRETACEA   (Newberry)   Berry 879 

1.  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

2.  East  Washington  Heights,  D.  C. 

Raritan  formation. 

Fig.  3.     CARPOLITHUS  SEPTLOCULUS  Berry 900 

Magothy  formation,  Deep  Cut,  Del. 


980 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  LXXXIV 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXXXV 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-5.     ARALIOPSOIDES  CRETACEA  (Newberry)  Berry 879 

1,  4.  Glymont,  Prince  George's  County. 

2,  5.  Overlook  Inn  Road,  D.  C. 

3,  Brightseat,  Prince  George's  County. 

Raritan  formation. 


981 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  LXXXV 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXXXVI 

PAGE 

Fig.  1.     ARALIOPSOIDES  CEETACEA  SALISBURI^EFOLIA  Berry 883 

Raritan  formation,  Bull  Mountain,  Cecil  County. 

Fig.  2.     ARALIOPSOIDES  BREVILOBA  Berry 878 

Raritan  formation,  Bull  Mountain,  Cecil  County. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  LXXXVI 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXXXVII 

PAGE 

Fig.  1.     ARALIOPSOIDES  CRETACEA  DENTATA  Berry 882 

Raritan  formation,  Bull  Mountain,  Cecil  County. 


Figs.  2,  3.     ARALIOPSOIDES  CRETACEA  SALISBURI^FOLIA 

Raritan  formation,  Bull  Mountain,  Cecil  County. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  LXXXVII 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXXXVIII 

PAGE 

Figs.  1-3.     ARALIOPSOIDES  CRETACEA  (Newberry)  Berry 879 

1.  Bull  Mountain,  Cecil  County. 
2-3.  Shannon  Hill,  Cecil  County. 
Raritan  formation. 


984 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  LXXXVIII 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  LXXX1X 

PAGE 

Figs.  1,  2.     ANDROMEDA  NOV^-C.^SAKE^:  Hollick 885 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Fig.  3.     ANDROMEDA  COOKII  Berry 887 

Magothy  formation,  Round  Bay. 

Fig.  4.     ANDROMEDA  PARLATORII  Heer 888 

Magothy  formation,  Round  Bay. 

Fig.  5.     MYRSINE  BOREALIS    Heer 890 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Figs.  6,  7.     MYRSINE  GAUDINI   (Lesquereux)    Berry 891 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,  PLATE  LXXXIX 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


PLATE  XC 

PAGE 

Fig.  1.     BUMELIA  PR^ENUNTIA  Berry 893 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Fig.  2.     SAPOTACITES    KNOWLTONI    Berry 892 

Magothy  formation,  Deep  Cut,  Del. 

Fig.  3.     DIOSPYKOS   ROTUNDIFOLIA   Lesqucrcux 895 

Magothy  formation,  Grove  Point. 

Fig.  4.     DIOSPYROS  PRIM^VA    894 

Raritan  formation,  Bull  Mountain,  Cecil  County. 

Fig.  5.     DIOSPYROS  VERA  Berry 896 

Raritan  formation,  East  Washington  Heights,  D.  C. 

Fig.  6.     CORDIA  APICULATA  (Newberry)  Berry 897 

Magothy  formation,  Deep  Cut,  Del. 


MARYLAND  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY 


UPPER  CRETACEOUS,   PLATE  XC 


ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA 


GENERAL  INDEX 


Aachen,  Flora  from,  266. 

Section  at,  266. 

Africa,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  253. 
Aix-la-Chapelle,  Flora  from,  266. 

Section  at,  266. 
Alabama,  Correlations  with,  324. 

Cretaceous  plants  from,  216. 
Algae,  discussed,  758. 
Algae,  Upper  Cretaceous,  310. 
Ammonites,  discussed,  374. 
Angiosperms,  discussed,  806. 
Angoumian,  185. 
Annapolis,  Well  section  at,  84. 
Antarctica,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  247. 
Appoquinimink    Creek,    Fauna   from,    91, 

93,  95,  97,  99,  101. 

Argentina,   Cretaceous  plants  from,   245. 
Argonne,  Plants  from,  258. 
Arkansas,  Correlations  with,  330. 
Arthropoda,  discussed,  361. 
Asia,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  252. 
Atane,  Section  at,  188. 

Fossil  plants  from,  188. 
Atane  series,  188. 

Age  of,  192. 

Flora  of,  192. 
Atlantic    Coastal    Plain,    Fossil    plants 

from,  196. 
Aturian,  184. 

Australia,  Cretaceous   plants  from,   247. 
Austria-Hungary,  Cretaceous  plants  from, 

285. 

B 

Barkentin,    G.    S.,    Acknowledgments    to, 

20. 

Belemnites,  discussed,  393. 
Belly  River  formation,  Flora  of,  244. 
Berry,  E.  W.,  Acknowledgments  to,  89. 
Betterton,    Analysis    of    sediment    from, 

124,  126. 

Beusset,  Plants  from,  260. 
Bibbins,  A.  B.,  Acknowledgments  to,   19, 

20. 

Bibliography,  39. 
Bivalves,  discussed,  511. 
Black  Creek  formation,  Flora  of,  213. 
Bodkin  Point,  Flora  from,  102,  103,  104. 
Bodkin  Point,  Section  near,  81,  82. 
70 


Bohemia,  Cretaceous  of,  285. 

Cenomanian  flora  of,  290. 

Turonian  flora  of,  295. 

Emscherian  flora  of,  298. 
Bohemia  Creek,  Fauna  from,  90,  92,  94, 

96,  98. 
Bohemia  Mills,  Fauna  from,  90,  92,  94, 

96,  98,  100. 

Brachiopoda,  discussed,  734. 
Brennen  sand  pit,  Section  at,  83. 

Briar  Point,  Fauna  from,  90,  92,  94,  96, 

98,  100. 

Brightseat,   Fauna  from,  91,   93,  95,  97, 

99,  101. 

Flora  from,  102,  103,  104. 
Brooks  estate,  Fauna  from,  91,  93,   95, 

97,  99,  101. 
Bryozoa,  discussed,  736. 

Bulgaria,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  308. 
Bull  Mountain,  Flora  from,  102,  103,  104. 
Burklows  Creek,  Fauna  from,  90,  92,  94, 

96,  98,  100. 

C 

Campanian,  184. 

Camp   Fox,   Analysis  of  sediment  from, 

146,  149. 

Canada,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  240,  244. 
Cape  Sable,  Flora  from,  102,  103,  104. 

Section  near,  82. 
Caretonian,  185. 
Cassidys   Landing,   Fauna   from,   90,   92, 

94,  96. 
Cayots  Corners,  Fauna  from,  91,  93,  95, 

97,  99. 

Cedar  Point,  Flora  from,  102,  103,  104. 
Cenomanian,  184,  185. 
Cephalopoda,  discussed,  371. 
Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  Analysis 
of  sediment  from,  132,  135,  137,   146, 
149. 

Fauna  from,  90. 

Flora  from,  102. 
Chlomeker  beds,  Flora  of,  299. 
Classification    of    Upper    Cretaceous    of 

World,  1^4. 

Climate  of  Upper  Cretaceous,  312. 
Coastal  Plain,  Fossil  plants  from,  196. 
Coastal  Plain,  Physiography  of,  23. 

Geology  of,  26. 

Geological  formations  of,  27. 


988 


GENERAL  INDEX 


Ccelenterata,  discussed,  752. 
Colorado,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  237. 
Coniaclan,  184. 
Conifers,  discussed,  776. 
Contents,  13. 
Corals,  discussed,  752. 
Correlation  of  Cretaceous  floras,  313. 
Correlation  of  Maryland  Upper  Cretace- 
ous, 315. 

Correlation  table,  341. 
Correlation  with  Alabama,  324. 

With  Arkansas,  330. 

With  Georgia,  324. 

With  New  Jersey,  317. 

With  North  Carolina,  324. 

With  Pacific  Coast,  330. 

With  South  Carolina,  324. 

With  Texas,  330. 

With  Western  Interior,  330. 
Cretaceous,  Lower,  28. 
Cretaceous,  Upper,  29. 
Cretaceous,  Upper,  Floras  of,  183. 
Crocodilia,  discussed,  347. 
Crustacea,  discussed,  361. 
Cycads,  discussed,  769. 


Dakota  sandstone,  Flora  of,  223. 
Dalmatia,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  303. 
Danian,  184. 

Deep  Cut,  Flora  from,  102,  103,  104. 
Delaware  City,  Fauna  from,  98. 
Diagrams  of  sediments,  169,  170. 
Dicotyledons,  discussed,  812. 
Distribution  of  Fauna  and  Flora,  89. 
Dresden,  Plants  from,  280. 


Eagle  sandstone,  Flora  of,  234. 
East   Washington   Heights,    Flora   from, 
102,  103,  104. 

Well  section  at,  85. 
Echinodermata,  discussed,   749. 
England,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  256. 
Eocene,  30. 
Europe,  Correlations  with,  335,  341. 

Cretaceous  plants  from,  255. 
Eutaw  formation,  Flora  of,  215,  220. 


Fauna,  Tables  of  distribution  of,  90-101. 

Ferns,  discussed,  760. 

Fishes,  discussed,  350. 

Flora,  Tables  of  distribution  of,  102-104. 

Floras  of  World  during  Upper  Cretaceous, 

183. 

Forked  Creek,  Flora  from,  102,  103,  104. 
Fort  Dupont,  Section  at,  76. 


Fort  Washington,  Fauna  from,  91,  93,  95, 

97,  99. 

France,  Aturian  flora  of,  260. 
Cenomanian  flora  of,  257. 
Emscherian  flora  of,  260. 
Turonian  flora  of,  258. 
Upper  Cretaceous  of,  184,  257. 
Fredericktown,  Fauna  from,  91,  93,  95, 

97,  99,  101. 
Friendly,  Fauna  from,  91,  93,  95,  97,  99, 

101. 

Fungi,  discussed,  757. 
Fuveau,  Plants  from,  260. 


Gardner,  J.  A.,  Acknowledgments  to,  89. 

Gastropoda,  discussed,  397. 

Genesis  of  Upper  Cretaceous  sediments, 

111. 

Geologic  Province,  discussed,  105. 
Geological  Survey  Commission,  7. 
Geological  Survey,  scientific  staff,  9. 
Georgia,  Correlations  with,  324. 

Cretaceous  plants  from,  214. 
Germany,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  265. 
Gibsons  Island,  Fauna  from,  90. 
Glauconite,  discussed,  176. 
Glymont,  Flora  from,  102,  103,  104. 
Good  Hope  Hill,  Fauna  from,  94,  96,  98, 

100. 
Gosau  beds,  Age  of,  305. 

Flora  from,  306. 
Grabau,  A.  W.,  cited,  749. 
Greenland,  Fossil  plants  from,  185. 
Grove  Point,  Analysis  of  sediment  from, 
152. 

Flora  from,  102,  103,  104. 

H 

Hartz,  Plants  from,  274. 
Historical  Review,  34. 
Hokkaido,  Plants  from,  252. 
Hungary,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  303. 

I 

He  d'Aix,  Plants  from,  257. 
Illustrations,  17. 
India,  Correlations  with,  338. 
Interpretation   of  Upper  Cretaceous  de- 
posits, 85. 

Iser  beds,  Flora  of,  297. 
Italy,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  264. 


Japan,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  253. 

K 

Kummel,  H.  B.,  Acknowledgments  to,  20. 


GENERAL  INDEX 


989 


Laramie  formation,  Flora  of,  237. 

Lesina,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  303. 

Letter  of  Transmittal,  11. 

Liburnian  stage,  307. 

Ligerlan,  185. 

Lloyd  Creek,  Section  at,  81. 

Local  sections,  76. 

M 

Maestrichtian,  184. 
Magothy,  Analysis  of  sediments  of,  124, 

126. 
Magothy  formation,  Age  of,  313,  341. 

Areal  distribution  of,  61. 

Lithologic  characters  of,  61. 

Name  and  synonymy  of,  61. 

Organic  remains  of,  63. 

Stratigraphic    and    structural    rela- 
tions of,  63. 

Strike,  dip  and  thickness  of,  62. 

Fossil  plants  of,  203. 
Magothy  River,  Fauna  from,  90. 
Marseilles,  Plants  from,  258. 
Matawan,  Analysis  of  sediments  of,  132, 

135,  137,  146,  149,  152,  156. 
Matawan  formation,  Age  of,  313,  341. 

Areal  distribution  of,  65. 

Lithologic  characters  of,  66. 

Name  and  synonymy  of,  65. 

Organic  remains  of,  67. 

Stratigraphic    and    structural    rela- 
tions of,  67. 

Strike,  dip  and  thickness  of,  67. 
Maulden  Mountain,  Section  at,  77,  78. 
McNeys  Corners,  Fauna  from,  91,  93,  95, 

97,  99,  101. 

Middendorf  beds,  Flora  of,  213. 
Mill  Creek  series,  Flora  of,  241. 
Millersville,  Fauna  from,  91,  93,  95,  97, 
99,  101. 

Flora  from,  102. 
Miocene,  31. 

Mitscherlich,  E.  A.,  cited,  114. 
Mollusca,  discussed,  371. 
Molluscoidea,  discussed,  734. 
Monmouth,  Analysis  of  sediments  of,  159, 

162. 
Monmouth  formation,  Age  of,  313,  341. 

Areal  distribution  of,  70. 

Lithologic  characters  of,  70. 

Name  and  synonymy  of,  70. 

Organic  remains  of,  72. 

Stratigraphic    and    structural    rela- 
tiones  of,  71. 

Strike,  dip  and  thickness  of,  71. 
Monocotyledons,  discussed,  806. 
Montana  group,  Flora  of,  234. 


Moravia,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  300. 

Cenomanian  flora  of,  301. 
Mungo-schichten,  Flora  of,  255. 

N 
New  Caledonia,  Cretaceous  plants  from, 

252. 

New  Jersey,  Correlations  with,  317. 
New  Mexico,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  239. 
New   Zealand,    Cretaceous    plants    from, 

250. 

Niederschoena,  Plants  from,  276. 
North  Carolina,  Correlations  with,  324. 

Cretaceous  plants  from,  210. 
North  Ferry  Point,  Section  near,  82. 
Noxontown  Pond,  Fauna  from,  91,  93,  95, 

97,  99,  101. 

Nubian  sandstone,  Age  of,  254. 
Flora  of,  254. 


Overlook  Inn  Road,  Flora  from,  102,  103, 

104. 
Oxon  Hill,  Fauna  from,  91,  93,  95,  97, 

99,  101. 
Oysters,  discussed,  551. 


Pacific  Coast,  Correlations  with,  330. 
Park  Point,  Section  at,  82. 
Patoot  series,  193. 

Age  of,  196. 

Flora  of,  193. 

Lithology  of,  193. 

Peace  River,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  244. 
Pelecypoda,  discussed,  511. 
Perucer  beds,  Flora  of,  290. 
Petrography   of   Upper   Cretaceous   sedi- 
ments, 111. 

I'ilsbry,  H.  A.,  Acknowledgments  to,  20. 
Pine  River,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  244. 
Pivot  Bridge,  Section  near,  78. 
Plants,  discussed,  757. 
Pleistocene,  32. 
Pliocene  (?),  32. 
Portugal,  Cenomanian  flora  of,  262. 

Cretaceous  plants  from,  261. 

Senonian  flora  of,  263. 

Turonian  flora  of,  263. 
Preface,  19. 

Priesener  beds,  Flora  of,  298. 
Protocene  stage,  307. 
Provencian,  185. 
Prussia,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  266. 


Rancocas,  Analysis  of  sediment  of,  165. 
Rancocas  formation,  74. 


990 


GENERAL  INDEX 


Raritan  formation,  Age  of,  313,  335,  341. 

Areal  distribution  of,  56. 

Lithologic  characters  of,  57. 

Name  and  synonymy  of,  56. 

Organic  remains  of,  59. 

Stratigraphic    and    structural    rela- 
tions of,  59. 

Strike,  dip  and  thickness  of,  58. 

Fossil  plants  of,  199. 
Recent,  33. 

Red  Hill,  Section  at,  76. 
Reptilia,  discussed,  347. 
Rhotomagian,  185. 

Ripley  formation,  Flora  of,  216,  220. 
Round  Bay,  Fauna  from,  90,  92,  94,  96, 
98,  100. 

Flora  from,  102,  103,  104. 

Sections  at,  83,  84. 
Russia,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  308. 


Sabalites  sandstone,  Age  of,  257. 

Santonian,  184. 

Sassafras    River,    Analysis    of    sediment 

from,  156,  162. 
Saumurian,  185. 

Saxony,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  271. 
Seat  Pleasant,  Analysis  of  sediment  from, 

169. 

Fauna  from,  91,  93,  95,  97,  99,  101. 
Sediments,  discussed,  111. 

Diagrams  of,  169,  170. 
Sequoia,  discussed,  785. 
Senonian,  384. 
Shannon  Hill,  Flora  from,  102,  103,  104. 

Section  at,  76. 

Silesia,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  284. 
South  America,  Cretaceous  plants  from, 

245. 
South   Carolina,   Correlations   with,   324. 

Cretaceous  plants  from,  212. 
Stanton,  T.  W.,  Acknowledgments  to,  19. 
St.  George's,  Fauna  from,  90,  92,  94,  96, 

98,  100. 
Stephenson,  L.  W.,  Acknowledgments  to, 

19. 

Stony  Point,  Section  at,  83. 
Sullivan  Cove,  Section  at,  83. 
Summit  Bridge,  Fauna  from,  90,  92,  94, 

96,  98,  100. 

Sections  near,  79,  80,  81. 
Sweden,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  256. 


Table  of  Correlations,  341. 
Table  of  Formations,  27,  110. 


Tables  of  Faunal  distribution,  90-101. 
Tables   of   Floral  distribution,    102,   103, 

104. 

Taxonomic  Table,  38. 
Teplitzer  beds,  Flora  of,  297. 
Texas,  Correlations  with,  330. 

Cretaceous  plants  from,  220. 
Thoulet,  J.,  cited,  113. 
Turners  Creek,  Fauna  from,  91,  93,  95, 

97,  99. 

Turonian,  184,  185. 
Tuscaloosa  formation,  Flora  of,  216. 
Twitchell,   M.   W.,  Acknowledgments  to, 

20. 
Tyrol,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  305. 

U 

Upper  Cretaceous  Algae,  310. 

Upper  Cretaceous  floras,  Correlation  of, 

313. 
Upper  Cretaceous  of  Maryland,  23. 

Classiflcation  of,  184. 

Correlation  of,  315. 

Description  of,  50. 

Interpretation  of,  85. 

Paleontologic  characteristics  of,  50. 

Petrography  of,  111. 

Stratigraphic  characteristics  of,  50. 

Systematic  paleontology  of,  343. 
Upper  Cretaceous  floras  of  world,  183. 
Ulmstead  Point,  Fauna  from,  90,  92,  94, 
96,  98,  100. 

V 

Vancouver     Island,      Cretaceous     plants 

from,  242. 

Vermejo  formation,  Flora  of,  239. 
Vermes,  discussed,  745. 
Vernasso,  Plants  from,  264. 
Vertebrata,  discussed,  347. 

W 

Washita  series,  Age  of,  222. 

Flora  of,  222. 
Waterbury,  Fauna  from,  91,  93,  95,  97, 

99,  101. 

Wehlowitzer  beds,  Flora  of,  296. 
Weissenberger  beds,  Flora  of,  296. 
Western  Interior,  Correlations  with,  330. 
Westphalia,  Cretaceous  plants  from,  281. 

Campanian  flora  of,  282. 

Msestrichtian  flora  of,  283. 

Turonian  flora  of,  282. 
Woodbine  formation,  Flora  of,  221. 
Worms,  discussed,  745. 


PALEONTOLOGICAL  INDEX 

Figures  in  bold  face  indicate  principal  discussion. 


Abies  calcaria,  296. 

chuchlensis,  290. 

minor,  297. 

upernivikensis,    191. 
Abietites  dubius,  239,  789. 

ernestinae,  223. 

foliosus,  216. 

gliickii,   274. 

tyrelli,   244. 

valentini,  245. 
Abiocaulis  yezoensis,  253. 
Acaciaphyllites  grevilleoides,  213. 
Acanthoceras  mantelli,  338. 

rhotomagense,  338. 
Acer  amboyense,  199. 

antiqmun,  277. 

caudatum,  193. 

edentatum,   188,   193. 

minuta,  199. 

paucidentatum,  203. 

saskatchewanense,  244. 
Acerates  amboyense,  199,  211,  216. 

arctica,  188,  193. 
Acerites  cretaceus,  256. 

multiformis,  223. 

pristinus,  223. 
Acrostichum  cretaceum,  290. 

haddeni,  239. 

primordiale,  248. 

tristaniaephyllum,  290. 
Actaeon  biplicata,  398. 

cretacea,  410. 

forbesiana,  410. 
Actaeonia  naticoides,  402. 
Actfflonina  biplicata,  398. 
Acteocina,  4O9. 

forbesiana,  90,  41O. 
Acteocinidae,  4O9. 
Acteon,  397. 

gabbana,  90,  397,  398,  410. 

liuteus,  90,  397,  914. 

ovoidea,  410. 

wetherilli,  409. 
Acteonidae,  397. 
Actinocamax  plenus,  289. 

quadratus,  264. 
Actinopterygii,  358. 
Adesmacea,  724. 


Adiantites  decaisneanum,  268. 

prselongus,  242. 

cassebeeroides,  268. 
Adiantum  densinerve,  193. 
/Ecidites  stellatus,  268. 
^Enona,  697. 

eufalensis,  98,  327,  697,  938. 
JEora.  cretacea,  679. 
Akeratidae,  4O7. 
Alaria  rostrata,  471. 
Alecto  regularis,  736. 
Alectryonia  larva,  552,  554,  555. 
Alga?,  758. 

Algites   americana,    102,    203,    211,    213, 
758,  946. 

valdensis,  758. 
Alisma?  reticulata,    188. 
Alnites  crassus,  223. 

friesii,  256. 

grandifolia,  223. 

insignis,  241,  242. 
Alnus  kefersteinii,  299. 

protogaea,  193. 
Amauropsis,  5O2. 

compacta,  94,  5O4,  909A. 

meekana,  94,  503. 

paludinaeformis,  503. 
Ammonoidea,  374. 
Ammonites   complexus,   378. 

conradi,   383. 

danae,  383. 

delawarensis,  391. 

hippocrepis,    382. 

lenticularis,  388. 

lobata,   388. 

nebrascensis,  383. 

placenta,  385. 

texanus,  390. 

vanuxemi,  391. 

vespertinus,  390. 
Amelanchier  white!,  203. 
Ampelophyllum  attenuatum,  223. 

flrmum,  223. 

ovatum,  223. 
Amphiblestrum,  740. 

heteropora,  100,  74O. 
Amusium  burlingtonensis,  588. 

conradi,   594. 

simplicum,  595. 


992 


PALEONTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


Amygdalus  antecedens,  231. 
Anacardites  alnifollus,  260. 

amissus,   188. 
Anatina  elliptica,  633. 
Anatinacea,  629. 
Anatinidae,  633. 
Anchura,  47O. 

abrupta,  47O. 

compressa,  472. 

hebe,  92,  471,  475. 

monmouthensis,  92,  476,  911. 

pennata,  92,  320,  323,  471,  472. 

pergracilis,  92,  471,  476. 

rostrata,  68,  92,  321,  322,  471. 
Andromeda,  885. 

acumlnata,  223. 

australiensis,  248. 

cookii,  104,  199,  203,  887,  989. 

cretacea,  215,  223. 

euphorbiophylloides,  213. 

flexuosa,  887. 

grandifolia,  104,  199,  203,  211,  213, 
216,  88O. 

latifolia,  889. 

novae-caesareae,    104,    199,    203,    211, 
213,  216,  221,  225,  326,  885,  989. 

parlatorii,    104,   188,   199,   204,   211, 
213,  216,  220,  223,  888,  989. 

parlatorii  longifolia,  224. 

pfaffiana,  188,  221,  224. 

snowii,  221,  224. 

tenuinervis,  199,  224. 

wardiana,  215,  216,  224. 
Androvettia  carolinensis,  211,  216. 

elegans,  215. 

statenensis,  199. 
Anemia  elongata,  235. 

haydenii,  768. 

robusta,  239. 

supercretacea,  237,  239. 
Angiospermophyta,  8O6. 
Anisophyllum  semialatum,  224. 
Annelida,  745. 
Anomalodesmacea,  629. 
Anomaspis  hispida,  199. 

tuberculata,  199. 
Anomia,  6O7. 

argentaria,  96,   331,   556,   6O8,  610, 
931. 

ephippium,  607. 

forteplicata,  96,  608,  613,  931. 

ornata,  96,  327,  608,  612,  931. 

subtruncata,  608. 

tellinoides,  96,  608,  61O,  931. 
Anomiacea,  6O4. 
Anomiidae,  6O4. 
Anona  cretacea,  224. 

robusta,  237. 

Anthocephale  bohemica,   298. 
Antholithus  horrldus,  244. 


Anthozoa,  752. 
Antigona,  681. 

Antigona    (Aphrodina)    tippana,  98,  327. 
681,  936. 

lamellaria,  681. 
Apeibopsis  cyclophylla,  224. 

thomseniana,  188. 
Aphrodina,  681. 

tippana,  98,  327,  681,  936. 
Apocynophyllum  crenatum,  283. 

cretaceum,  277. 

sordidum,  224. 

subrepandum,  283. 

warraghianum,  248. 
Aporrhaidse,  47O. 
Aporosa,  752. 
Araceae,  SO9. 
Arales,  8O9. 
Aralia,  875. 

anisoloba,  290,  308. 

berberidifolia,  224. 

brittoniana,  204. 

chlomekiana,  299. 

concreta,  224. 

coriacea,  204,  277,  308. 

cottondalensis,    216. 

daphnophyllum,  290. 

decurrens,  290,  301. 

denticulata,  283. 

eutawensis,  215. 

formosa,  199,  224,  290,  301. 

furcata,  290,  900. 

groanlandica,  104,  188,  199,  203,  224, 

875,  876. 

kowalewskiana,   290. 
masoni,  224. 
minor,  290. 
mattewanensis,  204. 
nassauensis,  204,  878. 
newberryi,  199,  204. 
dentifera,  290. 
putens,  199,  876. 
propinqua,  290. 
quinquepartita,    224. 
radiata,  224. 

ravniana,    64,    104,    188,    204,    318, 

876,  978,  979. 
rotundata,  241. 
rotundiloba,  199,  878.  , 
saportana,  224. 
saportana  deformata,  224. 
subemarginata,   224. 
subformosa,  248. 
tenuinervis,  224. 
towneri,  204,  224.  S77. 
transitiva,  290. 

triloba,  290,  301. 
westoni,  241. 
waigattensis,  193. 


PALEONTOLOGICAL  INDP:X 


993 


washingtoniana,   60,   104,   199,  878, 
978. 

wellingtoniana,  199,  221,  224. 

•vvellingtoniana  vaughanii,  221. 

wiesneri,  301. 

quinquepartita,  199. 
Araliacese,  873. 
Araliopsis  breviloba,  878. 

cretacea,  879. 

cretaceum  dentatum,  882. 

cretaceum  obtusum,  883. 

cretacea  salisburiaefolia,  883. 

recurvatum,  824. 
Araliopsoides,  878. 

breviloba,    60,    104,    199,    878,    982, 
986. 

cretacea,  60,  104,  199,  224,  879,  880, 
884,  970,  980,  981,  984,  985,  988. 

cretacea  dentata,  104,  199,  224,  882, 
983,  987. 

cretacea  salisburifolia,  104,  199,  224, 
883,  982,  983,  986,  987. 

recurvatum,  192. 
Araucaria,  777. 

bidwilli,  278,  780. 

bladenensis,  102,  204,  211,  213,  215, 
216,  220,  304,  325,  777,  950. 

bohemica,  290. 

brachyphylla,  298. 

clarki,  211. 

cretacea,  258. 

darlingtonensis,  213. 

frici,  298. 

jeffreyi,  211,  213,  215,  216,  780. 

imbricata,  780. 

latifolia,  264. 

macrophylla,  264,  778. 

marylandica,  64,  102,  204,  779,  950. 

spathulata,  224. 

toucasi,  259,  260,  304,  778. 
Araucariacese,  776. 
Araucariales,  776. 
Araucarioxylon  a?gypticum,  254. 

gardoniense,  257. 

keuperianum,  274. 

novse-zeelandii,  251. 

noveboracense,  199. 

tankoense,  253. 

Araucariopitys  americana,  199. 
Araucarites  appressus,  789. 

miqueli,   268. 

ovutus,  204,  778. 

patagonica,  245. 

reichenbachi,  274,   788. 

zeilleri,  204. 
Area,  535. 

barbatia,  537. 

saffordi,  94,  535,  537,  917. 

uandi,  96,  535,  539,  917. 

concamerata,   529. 


eufalensis,  524,  525. 

glycymeris,  540. 

noae,  535. 

nucleus,  511. 

obesa,  94,  535,  536. 
Arcacea,  524. 
Arcidse,   535. 
Arcopagla,  692. 

gabbi,  98,  694,  938. 

georgiana,  -98,  692. 
Ardisia  glossa,  298. 
Arecaceae,  811. 
Arecales,  811. 
Arisasma  cretacea,  204,  224. 

mattewanense,  204. 
Aristolochia   tecomsecarpa,   290. 
Aristolochltes  dentata,  224. 
Arthropoda,  361. 

Artocarpophyllum  occldentale,  242. 
Artocarpidium  cretaceum,   224,   277. 

pseudocretaceum,   248. 

guillemalnii,  255. 
Artocarpus  dicksoni,  188. 

lessigiana,  237. 

undulata,  282. 
Arundites  wohlfarthi,  280. 
Arundo  gronlandica,   188,  193,  213,  264. 
Asimina  eocenica,  235. 
Aspidiophyllum,  826. 

dentatum,  224. 

dentatum,  827. 

Plata nifolium,  224. 

trilobatum,   60,   103,   199,   224,  826, 

956,  957. 
Aspidium  cretaceo-zeelandicum,  251. 

fecundum,  188. 

jenseni,    188. 

reichianum,  277,  307. 

schouwii,  188. 
Asplenites  dubius,  299. 
Asplenium,  766. 

albertum,  241. 

calopteris,  193. 

brongniarti,  268. 

caenopteroides,  268. 

cecilensis,  64,  102,  204,  766,  947. 

dicksonianum,    60,     102,    188,    199, 
217,  224,  245,  309,  318,  325,  767. 

forsteri,    188,    199.    268,    277,    291, 
308. 

jerseyensis,  199. 

lapideum,  301. 

niobrara,  244. 

nordstromi,   188. 

pingelianum,  193. 

raritanensis,  199. 

scrobiculatum,  193,  274. 

tenellum,  235. 

velenovsky,  291. 

wyomingense,  235. 


994 


PALEOXTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


Astacidae,  361. 
Astartacea,  645. 
Asterosoma  radiciforme,  280. 
Astrocaryopsis  saintse-manehildse,  258. 
Athleta  leioderma,  430. 
Aulacolepis  rhomboidalis,  248. 
Auricula  globulosa,  401. 

ringens,  400. 
Avellana,  4O3. 

bullata,  90,  4O3,  410. 

costata,  90,  403,  4O5. 

incrassata.  403. 

lintoni,  90,  403,  4O6,  914. 

pinguis,  90,  403,  4O6,  914. 
Avicula  linguaeformis,  548. 

petrosa,  548. 
Axinaea  alta,  541. 

mortoni,   540. 

subaustralis,   540. 

B 
Baculites,  374. 

anceps,  328,  337. 

asper,   90,   322,    326,   328,   332,   333, 
336,  377,  908. 

ovatus,  90,  333,  375,  908. 

vertebralis,  374. 
Baiera  grandis,  204. 

incurvata,  188,  199. 

leptopoda,  188. 

sagittata,  188. 
Bambusium  latifolium,   807. 
Bambusites  australis,  251. 
Banksia  crenata,  248. 

cretacea,  248. 

longifolia,  277. 

plagioneura,  248. 

prototypus,  277. 

pusilla,  204,  291. 

sublongifolia,  248. 
Banksites  saportanus,  204,  291. 
Banisteriophyllum  cretaceum,  248. 
Barbatia,  537. 

saffordi,  94,  535,  537,  917. 

uandi,  96,  535,  539,  917. 
Baroda  carolinensis,  685. 
Bauhinia,  846. 

alabamensis,  220. 

cretacea,  199,  217. 

gigantea,  199. 

marylandica,  64,  103,  204,  217,  325, 
846,  971. 

ripleyensis,  220. 
Belemnitella,  393. 

americana,    73,    90,    320,    322,    323, 
334,  337,  394,  908. 

bulbosa,   334. 

mucronata,   73,   266,   337,   393,   394, 
396. 


paxillosus,  393,  394. 

subfusiformis,   395. 
Belernnitellidse,  393. 
Belemnites  americanus,  394. 

subconicus,  394. 
Belemnoidea,  393. 
Belodendron  gracilis,  268. 

lepidodendroides,  268. 

neesii,  268. 

Benizia  calopteris,  193,  268. 
Benthamia  dubia,  291. 
Benzoin  masoni,  224. 

venustum,  221,  224. 
Berenicea,  737. 

americana,  100,  737. 
Betula  atavina,  193. 

beatriciana,  224. 

perantiqua,  242. 

tremula,  193. 

vetusta,  193. 
Betulites  cunentus,  224. 

crassus,  224. 

denticulata,  224. 

grewiopsideus,  224. 

hatcheri,  235. 

inaequilateralis,  224. 

lanceolatus,  224. 

latifolius,  224. 

multinervis,  224. 

oblongus,  224. 

obtusus,   224. 

populifolius,  225. 

populiformis,  204. 

populoides,  225. 

quadratifolius,  225. 

reniformis,  225. 

rhomboidalis,  225. 

rotundatus,  225. 

rugosus,  225. 

snowii,  225. 

subintegrifolius,  225. 

westii,  225. 
Bignonia  cordata,  291. 

pulcherrima,  291. 

silesiaca,  299. 

Bombax  argillaceum,  291,  301. 
Bonaventurea   cardinalis,   268. 
Borraginaceae,  897. 
Bowerbankia  attenuata,  268. 

emarginata,  268. 

maxima,  268. 

repanda,  268. 

rotundifolia,  268. 
Brachiopoda,  734. 
Brachyoxylon  notabile,  199. 
Brachyphyllacese,  781. 
Bruchyphyllum,  781. 

corallinum,  262. 

erassicaule,  785. 


PALEONTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


995 


gracile,  784. 

microcladum,  784. 

minor,  292. 

macrocarpum,    102,    199,    204,    211, 
213,  225,  235,  239,  781,  948,  950. 

macrocarpum    formosum,    102,    204, 
215,  217,  220,  221,  783,  949. 

obesum,  2G2,  948. 

obesiforme  elongatum,  785. 

squamosus,  292. 
Bresciphyllum  cretaceum,  291. 
Breviarca  saffordi,  537. 
Bromelia  rhomboidea,  225. 

tenuifolla,  225. 
Bryozoa,  736. 
Buccinidse,  463. 
Bulla  conica,  407. 

cylindracea,  411. 

hydatis,  407. 

mortonl,  407. 

recta,  411. 
Bumelia,  893. 

praenuntia,  64,  104,  209,  893,  990. 

lanuginosafolia,  894. 
Butomites  cretaceous,  291. 


Csesalpinia  cookii,  199. 

middendorfensis,  213. 

raritanensis,  199. 
Csesalpinites  marticensis,   259. 
Calamitopsis  konigii,  283. 
Callianassa,  363. 

antiqua,  363. 

clarki,  90,  368,  907. 

conradi,  90,  366,  906. 

conradi,  var.  punctlmanus,  90,  368, 
907. 

mortoni,  90,  363,  907. 

mortoni,  var.  marylandica,  90,  366, 
907. 

sp.  indet.,  90,  906. 
Callianassidae,  363. 
Callista,  681. 

Callistemon  cretaceum,  291. 
Callistemophyllum  bruderi,  291. 

heerii,  225,  277. 
Calycites  alatus,  204. 

diospyriformis,    199,    897. 

middendorfensis,  213. 

obovatus,  204. 

parvus,  199. 

sexpartitus,  217. 
Camptonectes  bellisculptus,  588. 

burlingtonensis,  588. 
Canavalia  obtusifolia,  843. 
Cancellaria  alabamensis,  435. 

septemllrata,  449. 
Cancellariida,  412,  465. 


Capparites  orbiculatus,  217. 

synophylloides,  217. 
Cardiacea,  663. 
Cardiaster,  75O. 

marylandica,  100,  75O,  943. 
Cardiidae,  663. 
Cardita  intermedia,  657. 
Carditacea,  657. 
Cardium,  663. 

burlingtonense,  666. 

costatum,  663. 

dumosum,  98,  664,  668,  669,  675. 

elegantulum,  635. 

eufalense,    98,    663,    664,    669,    671, 

936. 

knappi,  75,  323. 
kummeli,  98,  323,  664,  673. 
multiradiatum,  669,  671. 
protextum,  636. 
spillmani,  98,  663,  666. 
tenuistriatum,  98,  664,  669,  675. 
tippana,  675. 
Carditidae,  657. 
Carex,  SOS. 

clarkii,  64,  102,  204,  213,  318,  SOS. 
Carolopteris  aquensis,  268,  274. 

asplenioides,  268. 
Carpinites  arenaceus,  284. 

microphyllus,  193. 
Carpinoxylon  compactus,  274. 
Carpites,  839. 
alatus,  235. 
coniger,  225. 
cordiformis,  225. 
granulatus,  262. 
judithae,  235. 

liriophylli,  103,  204,  225,  839,  966. 
minutulus,  204. 
pruni,  235. 
rhomboidalis,  237. 
tiliaceus,  225. 
triangulosis,  235. 
Carpolites  oblongus,  306. 
Carpolithes   meridionalis,   242. 

vyserovicensis,  291. 
Carpolithus,  9OO. 

bladenensis,  211. 
cliffwoodensis,  204. 
complanatus,  248. 
cretaceus,  277. 
curtus,  260. 
drupaeformis,  204. 
euonymoides,  199. 
fagiformis,  248. 
floribundus,  199,  204,  217. 
hemlocinus,  268. 
hirsutus,  199,  204. 
juglandiformis,  204. 
longipes,  193. 
mattewanensis,  204. 


996 


PALEOXTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


ostryseformis,  204. 

ovseformis,  199. 

patootensis,  193. 

provincialis,  261. 

prunlformis,  199. 

scrobiculatus,  188. 

semisulcatus,  248. 

septloculus,  104,  204.  OOO,  980,  984. 

siliculaeformis,  248. 

tuscaloosensis,  217. 

vaccinioides,  199. 

woodbridgensis,  200. 
Caryatis  veta,  75,  323. 
Cassia  angusta,  189,  277. 

antiquorum,  189. 

atavia,  299. 

etheridgei,  248. 

ettingshauseni,  189,  193,  277. 

insularis,  204. 

melanophylla,  299. 

prsememnonia,  248. 

praephaseolitoides,  248. 

problematica,  225. 

vaughanl,  217. 
Cassidulidse,  75O. 
Cassidulus,  75O. 

sp.,  100,  750. 
Castalla  duttoniana,  235. 

stantoni,  235. 

Casuarinites  cretaceus,  251. 
Casuarina  primseva,  248. 
Caudex  splnosus,  225. 
Caulerpites  bryoldes,  268. 

fastigiatus,  286. 

incrassatus,   239. 

montalbanus,  290. 
Cnulinia  mulleri,  268. 
Caulinites  stigmarioldes,  277. 
Caulomorpha  heeri,  262. 
Ceanothus  constrictus,  204. 

cretaceous,  242. 

prodromus,  193. 
Cedrela  hazslinszkyi,  305. 
Cedroxylon  aquisgranense,  274. 

gardoniense,  257. 

matsumurae,  253. 

yendoi,  253. 
Celastracese,  849. 
Celastrophyllum  alabamensis,  217. 

australe,  251. 

brittonianum,  200,   217. 

carolinensis,  213,  217. 

crassipes,  204,  225. 

crenatum,    103,    193,   200,   204,   211, 
213,   217,  852,  853. 

crenatum   ellipticum,   217. 

cretaceum,  200,  225. 

decurrens,  200,  217,  275. 

elegans,  204,  213. 

ensifolium,  225. 


grandifolium,  200.  204,  217. 

gymindafolium,   217. 

integrifolium,  277. 

lanceolatum,   193.  277. 

minus,  200. 

myrsinoides,  225. 

newberrynnum,    200,    204,    217,    850. 

obliquum,   225. 

obtusum  ISO. 

precrassipes,  217. 

serratuin,    10:?. 

shirleyensis,  217. 

spatulatum,   200. 

undulatum,  104,  200,  204,  211.  217, 

853. 
Celastrus.  sr>o. 

arctica,  103,  193.  200.  204.  S5O,  973. 

ettingshauseni,  850. 
Celtidophyllum  praeaustrale,  301. 
Cephalopoda,  371. 
Cephalotaxites  insignis,  193. 
Cephalotaxospermum    carolinianum,    211, 

213,  220. 
Ceratopetalum  primigeniuni,  248. 

rivulare,  251. 

australis,  249. 
Ceratostrobus  echinatus,  291,  298. 

formosus,  275. 

sequoiaephyllum,  259,  291. 

strlctus,  275. 

Cercospora  coriococcum,  291. 
Cerithiidfe,  481. 
Cerithium,  481. 

pilsbryi,  94,  481. 
Chamsecyparicites  charonis,  291. 
Chemnitzia  normaniana,  480. 
Chilostomata.  74O. 
Chondrites  bosqueti,  269. 

bulbosus,  239. 

divaricatus,   269. 

elegans,  269. 

flexuosus,  200,  204. 

furcillatus,  281,  282,  297,  298,  299. 

furcillatus  l:ttior.  283. 

intricatus,  280,  283. 

jugiformis,   269,   283. 

mantelli,  297. 

polymorphus,  283. 

riemsdyki,  269. 

rigidiis.  269. 

subcurvatus,  283. 

submtricatus,  269. 

subsimplex,  239. 

targionii,  296. 

vagus,  269. 
Chondrophyllum  grandidentatum.  274. 

hederseforme,  274. 

nordenskioldi,  809. 

obovatum,  200. 

orbiculatum,  189,  200. 


PALEOXTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


997 


rcticulatum,  200. 

tricuspe,  274. 
Chondrophyton  dlssectum,  259. 

laceratum,  262. 

obscuratum,  262. 
Chrysodominse,  4O3. 
Chrysophyllum  velenovskyi,  277. 
Cibota  obesa,  536. 
Cidaridffl,  749. 
Cidaris,  749. 

sp.,   100,  749. 
Cidaroidea,   749. 
Cimolichthys  dirus,  357. 
Clnnamomum,  86O. 

afflne,  235,  237. 

canadense,  242. 

crasslpetiolatum,  205. 

ellipsoldeum,  193,  225. 

haastii,  249,  251. 

heerii,  205,  211,  215,  221,  225,  242, 
245. 

intermedium,  8GO. 

marioni,  225. 

membranaceum,   205,  221,   225,  848. 

middendorfensts,  213. 

newberryi,  103,  189,  193,  200,  205, 
213,  215,  217,  225,  242,  318,  325, 
86O,  967. 

personntum,  299. 

primigenium.  249,  278,  296. 

scheuchzeri,  225. 

sezannense,  263,  860,  861. 
Cinulia,  4O1. 

costata,  405. 

naticoides,  90,  4O2. 
Clssites,  855. 

acerifolius,  225. 

acuminatus,  225,  881. 

acutiloba,  225. 

afflnis,  189,  193,  225,  241,  242,  245. 

afflnis  nmpla,  242. 

alatus,  225, 

brownii,  225. 

crispus,  299,  856. 

dento-lobatus,  225,  855,  975. 

formosus,  189,  200,  217,  225,  975. 

formosus,  var.  magothiensis,  109, 
205,  855,  974. 

harkerianus,  225,  874,  880. 

heerii,  225,  881. 

ingens,  225. 

ingens  parvifolia,  225. 

insignis,  226. 

newberryi,  104,  200,  205,  856. 

obtusilobus,  226. 

parvifolius,  855. 

platanoidea,  226. 

populoides,  226. 

s;ilisbura?folius,  880,  883. 


vitifolia,  855. 

uralensis,  309. 
Cissophyllum  exulum,  291. 
Cissus  browniana,  226. 

vitifolia,  291. 
Cladophlebis,  765. 

alabamensis,  217. 

albertsii,  294. 

columbiana,  242. 

socialis,  102,  189,  200,  765. 
Clavellithes,  439. 
Clavipholas  cithnra,  725. 
Coccolobites,  83O. 

cretaceus,  64,  103,  205,  83O,  964. 
Cocoopsis  ovata,  258. 

zellleri,  258. 
Cocculus  assimile,  259. 

cinnamomeus,  205,  217,  291. 

extinctus,  299. 

imperfectus,  205. 

inquirendus,  205. 

minutus,  205. 

polycarpafolius,   217. 

problematicus,  217. 
Ccelenterata,  752. 
Colutea,  844. 

coronilloides,  189,  841. 

obovata,  64,  103,  205,  217,  844,  972. 

langeana,  189. 

primordialis,  103,  189,  200,  221,  226, 
845,  971. 

protogaea,  193. 

valde-ina?qualis,  189. 
Combretiphyllum  acuminatum,  255. 
Comptonia  microphylla,  193,  200. 

tenera,  283. 
Comptoniopteris  intermedia,  259. 

provincialis,  259. 
•  saportae,  259. 

vasseuri,  259. 

Comptonites  antiquus,  256,  305. 
Confervites  aquensis,   269,  282. 

caespitosus,  269. 

dubius,  205. 
Coniferae,  776. 
Coniferophyta,  776. 
Conocarpites  formosus,  217. 
Conospermites  hakeaefolius,  278,  291. 

linearifolius,  249. 
Corax,  352. 

falcatus,  90,  354,  90.",. 

heterodon,  354. 

pristodontus,  90,  352,  905. 
Corbula,  71O. 

bisulcata,  64,  100,  711. 

crassiplica,  100,  323,  711,  713,  939. 

crassiplicata,  713. 

foulkei,  711. 

gallica,  710. 


998 


PALEONTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


monmouthensis,   100,  711,  715,  940. 

perbrevis,  713. 

percompressa,  100,  711,  717,  940. 

subradiata,  100,  711,  718,  940. 

terramaria,  100,  711,  716,  939. 
Corbulidae,  71O. 
Cordia,  897. 

sebestena,  898. 

apiculata,   104,   200,   205,   217,  897, 
990. 

tremula,  898. 
Cornaceae,  884. 
Cornophyllum  myricseforme,  274. 

obtusatum,  217. 

vetustum,  200,  217,  221,  885. 
Cornoxylon  erraticum,  274. 
Cornus,  884. 

cecilensis,  104,  205,  884,  978. 

forchhammeri,    64,    104,    189,    205, 
885,  978. 

holmiana,  194. 

obesus,  242. 

platyphylloides,  226. 

praecox,  226. 

studeri,  235. 

suborblfera,  238. 

thulensis,  194. 

Cortlcites  stigma  rioides,  291. 
Corynotrypa  tenuicorda,  745. 
Cosmoceratidse,  381. 
Crassatella  gibbosa,  648. 

lintea,  653. 

pteropsis,  655. 

ripleyana,  649. 

subplana,  651. 

vadosa,  649. 
Crassatellina,  645. 

carolinensis,  98,  322,  326,  646. 

oblonga,  645. 
Crassatellites,  648. 

linteus,  98,  649,  653,  935. 

pteropsis,  98,  649,  655,  935. 

subplanus,  98,  649,  651,  653. 

vadosa,  73,  98,  323,  327,  649,  935. 
Crassatellitidae,  645. 
Crataegus  aceroides,  226. 

atavina,  194,  226. 

lacrei,  226. 

lawrenciana,  226. 

fragaroides,  194. 

tenuinervis,   226. 
Credneria  acerifolia,  274. 

acuminata,  274. 

arcuata  274,  291. 

atava,  274. 

bohemica,  291. 

cuneifolia,  278,  309. 

denticulata,   274,   282. 

elongata,  274. 


engelhardti,   274. 

geinitziana,  278,  309. 

glandulosa,  274. 

grandidentata,  278. 

integerrima,  189,  274,  282. 

macrophylla,  205,  301. 

microphylla,  226. 

oblonga,  274. 

peltata,  274. 

posthuma,  274. 

rhomboidea,  826. 

subserrata,   274. 

subtriloba,  282. 

superstes,  299. 

tenuinervis,  282. 

triacuminata,  274,  282. 

velenovskyanu,  309. 

westfalica,  282. 

triloba,  274. 

zenkeri,  var.  nsymmetrica,  274. 

var.  intermedia,  274. 

var.  orbicularis,   274. 

var.  triloba,  274. 
Crenella,  623. 

elegantula,   98,   327,  331,   624,   625, 
932. 

serica,  73,  98,  327,  624,  932. 
Cretovarium  japonicum,   253. 
Cribilina,  742. 

sagena,   100,   742. 
Cribilinidse,  742. 
Criocardium  dumosum,  668,  669. 

multiradiatum,  669. 
Crisina,  738. 

striatopora.  100,  738. 
Crocodilia,  347. 
Crocodilus  bassifus,  347. 

clavirostris,  347. 
Crotonophyllum,  847. 

cretaceum,  103,  205,  291,  847,  972. 

pandurffiformis,  213,  217,  848. 
Crustacea,  361. 
Cryptomeria  primaeva,  788. 
Cryptomeriopsis  antiqua,  253. 

mesozoica,  253. 

Cryptomerites  hungaricus,  305. 
Ctenidium  integerrimum,  262. 
Ctenobranchiata,  412. 
Cucullaja,  529. 

antrosa,  94,  529,  534. 

auriculifera,  529. 

capax,  530,  531. 

carolinensis,   69,  94,  327,   529,   532. 

medians,  530. 

tippana,  530. 

vulgaris,  73,  94,  529,  916,  917. 
Culmites  cretaceus,  269,  278. 
Cunnlnghamia  elegans,  304. 

stenophylla,  291,  296. 


PALEONTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


999 


Cunninghamites  borealis,  189. 

dubius,  306. 

elegans,  194,  205,  211,  213,  216, 
235,  264,  274,  278,  279,  283,  291, 
301,  o08,  331. 

mantelli,  280. 

oxycedrus,  274,  278,  280. 

pulchellus,  235. 

recurvatus,  235,  282. 

squamosus,  205,  269,  274,  282. 

squamosus  densifolius,  282. 

sternbergii,  278. 

Cunninghamiostrobus  yubariensis,  253. 
Cupanites  novse-zeelandiae,  251. 
Cuppressinea  insignis,  280. 
Cupressse,  791. 
Cupressinoxylon,  791. 

bibbinsi,  102,  205,  791. 

sequoianum,  274. 

turoniense,  282. 

ucranicum,  269. 
Cupressites  acrophyllus,  300. 
Cupressoxylon  hosii,  259. 
Cuspidaria,   6.39. 

ampulla,  98,  64O,  933. 

cucurbita,  98,  640,  641,  933. 
Cuspidariidse,  639. 
Cussonia  partita,  291. 
Cyathea  angusta,  194. 

fertilis,  189. 

hammeri,  189. 

Cyatheites  nebraskana,   226. 
Cycadeoidea  mirabilis,  238. 
Cycadeospermum   columnare,   226. 

lineatum,  226. 

Cycadlnocarpus  circularis,  200,  211,  217. 
Cycadites  pungens,  226. 

nilssonianus,  256. 

unjiga,  244. 
Cycadophyta,  769. 
Cycadophytae,  769. 
Cycadopsis  aquisgranensis,  269. 

araucarina,  269. 

cryptomerioides,  269,  789. 

fnersteri,  269. 

monheimi,  269. 

ritzi,  269. 

thuyoides,  269. 

Cycadoxylon  westfalicum,  282. 
Cyclina,  677. 

parva,  98,  678,  937. 
Cyclostomatn,   736. 
Cylichna,  411. 

recta,  90,  411,  914. 
Cylindrites  conicus,  282. 

cretaceus,  269. 

spongioides,  274,  280,  284. 
Cymbophora,   7O7. 

berryi,  100,  7O8,  939. 

Avordeni,  100,  7O9,  939. 


C'yperaceae,  808. 
Cyparissidium  cretaceum,  306. 

gracile,  189,  194,  200,  259,  260,  264. 
274,  296. 

minimum,  291. 

pulchellum,  291,  295. 

suessi,  306. 

mucronatum,  194. 
Cyperacites  ambiguus,  249. 
Cypricardiacea,  642. 
Cyprimeria,  686. 

depressa,  98,  687,  936. 

major,   73,   98,   689,   936,   937,   938, 

939. 
Cytherea,  681. 

excavata,  686. 

plana,  339. 

Cystisus  cretaceus,  275. 
Czekanowskia,  8O4. 

capillaris,  60,  102,  200,  318,  8O4. 

dichotoma,  205. 

nervosa,  262. 

setacea,  804. 


Dacrydinium  cupressinum,  251. 
Dacrydites  incertus,  291. 
Dacrydium  densifolium,  297. 
Dactyolepis  cryptomerioides,  200. 
Dadoxylon  pseudoparenchymatosum,  247. 

zuffardii,  255. 
Danaeites  schlotheimi,  269. 
Davallites  richardsoni,  242. 
Dalbergia,  847. 

apiculata,  200,  893. 

hyperborea,  189,  200. 

irregularis,  205. 

minor,  205. 

rinkiana,  189. 

severnensis,  64,  103,  205,  847,  972. 
Dalbergiophyllum  nelsonicum,  251. 

rivulare,  251. 
Dammnra,  776. 

acicularis,  235. 

borealis,  189,  200,  205,  211,  217,  291. 

cliffwoodensis,    64,    102,    205,    209, 
318,  776,  950. 

macrosperma,  194. 

mantelli,  251. 

microlepis,   189,  194. 

minor,  200,  205. 

northportensis,   205. 
Dammarites  albens,  286. 

bayeri,  308. 

caudatus,  226. 

crassipes,  284. 

dubius,  242. 

emarginatus,  226. 
Dammarophyllum  striatum,  291. 
Daphnites  goepperti,  278,  304. 


1000 


PALEOXTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


Daphnophyllum  angustifolium,  226. 

crassinervum,  301. 

dakotense,  226. 

ellipticum,  301. 

fraasii,  275,  301. 
Debeya  afflnis,  249. 

australiensis,  249. 

serrata,  269. 
Decapoda,  361. 
Delesseria  fulva,  238. 

ruscifolia,  900. 

Delesserites   thierensis,   269,   275,   282. 
Delphinula  lapidosa,  502. 
Dentaliidas,  5O7. 
Dentalium,  5O7. 

danai,  508. 

elephanticum,   507. 

leal,  508. 

pauperculum,  94,  51O. 
Dermatophyllites  acutus,  189,  217. 

borealis,  189. 
Desmoceratidae.  378. 
Dewalquea  aquisgranensis,  269. 

coriacea,  291,  299. 

dakotensis,  226. 

gelindensis.  283. 

groenlandica,  189,  194,  200,  205,  211, 
814. 

haldeiniann,  194,  263,  275,  283. 

hnldemiann  angustifolia,  283. 

haldemiana  latifolia,  283. 

insignis,  189,  194,  200,  263,  269,  275, 
283. 

nilssoniana,  275. 

pentaphylla,  291. 

primordialis,  226. 

smithii,  213,  217. 

trifoliata,  200. 
Diastoporidse,  73O. 
Dibranchiata,  393. 
Diceras  cenomanicus,  291. 
Dicksonia  conferta,  189. 

grcenlandica,  189,  194,  200,  217,  768. 

munda,  242. 

punctata,  189,  194,  286,  291,  305. 

pterioides,  251. 
Dicotyledons,  812. 
Didymosorus  comptoniifolius,  269. 

gleichenioides,  269. 

varians,  269. 
Uiemenia  lancifolia,  249. 
Dione  tippana,  681. 
Dioonites  buchianus,   772. 

cretosus,  291. 

saxonicus,  304. 
Dioscorea  cretacea,  226. 
Diospyros  ambigua,  226. 

amboyensis,  200,  217. 

apiculata,  200,  205,  226. 


brachysepala,  897. 

cf.  brachysepala,  235. 

calyx,  242. 

celastroides,  226. 

cretacea,  249. 

eminens,  242. 

judithae,  235. 

iiitida,  244. 

primseva,  104,  189,  194,  200,  205, 
211,  213,  217,  221,  226,  278,  298, 
318,  325,  894,  990. 

prodromus,  189,  205. 

provecta,  205,  278,  291. 

pseudoanceps,  205,  226. 

rotundifolia,  104,  205,  213,  217,  226, 
318,  325,  891,  895,  990. 

schweinfurthi,  254. 

steenstrupi,  194,  221,  226. 

vancouverensis,  242. 

vera.  60,  104,  200,  896,  990. 

virginiana,  895,  897. 
Diphyllites  membranaceus,  194. 
Diploconoha  cretacea,  746. 
Diplodonte  parilis,  661. 
Dipteriphyllum  cretaceum,  291,  301. 
Discohelix,  5O1. 

calculifonnis,  501. 

lapidosus,  94,  5O2. 
Doliopsis  multiliratum,  452. 
Doliuni  multiliratum,  452. 
Dombeyopsls  obtusa,  238. 

trivialis,  238. 
Doryanthites,  8O6. 

cretacea,    102,    205,    211,    216,    220, 

326,  806,  952. 
Dosinia,  676. 

africana,  676. 

depressa,  687. 

gabbi,  661. 

obliquata,  98,  676. 
Dracaenites  Jourdei,  259. 
Dreissena,  627. 

tippana,  98,  628,  933. 
Dreisseniidse,  627. 
Dreissensia  lanceolata,  627. 
Drepanochilus  compressa,  472. 

rostrata,  471. 
Drillia  tippana,  420. 
Dryandra  cretacea,  291,  301. 
Dryandroldes  geinoglypha,  2-99. 

haldemiana,  275,  283. 

macrophylla,  283. 

pakawanica,  251. 

quercinea,  205,  275,  299. 
Dryophyllum  alberti-magui,  269. 

aedrys,  269. 

aquisgranense,  269, 

benthianum,  269. 

campteroneurum,  269. 


PALEONTOLOGICAL  IXDEX 


1001 


crepini,  269. 

cretaceum,  275. 

crenatum,  235. 

cuspidigerum,  275. 

(lethimusianuin,  260. 

exiguum,  260. 

falcatum,  235. 

gracile,  269. 

hieracifolia,  191,  232. 

heeri,  269. 

lerschianuin,  269. 

lesquereuxiiinum,  269. 

lesquereuxii,  249. 

nelsonicum,  251. 

regaliuquense,  269. 

saportse,  275. 

subfalcatuin.  12.'!.~>. 

tenuifolium,  269,  275. 

vittatum,  275. 
Dryopteris  intermedia,  238. 

kennerleyi,  242. 

lloydii,  235. 

orstedi,  189,  194. 

polypodioides,  238. 
Dryopterites  stephensoni,  216. 
Drynaria  astrostigmosa,  291. 

dura,  292. 

fascia,  292. 
Dysodonta,  614. 


Ebenaceae,  894. 
Ebenales,  892. 
Echinocorythidse,   75O. 
Echinodermata,  74}>. 
Echinoidea,  749. 
Echinostrobus  minor,  292. 

squamosus,  292. 
Elseodendron,  849. 

marylandica,  64,  103,  205,  849,  973. 

priscum,  249. 

speciosum,  226. 

strictum,  205. 
Elasmobranchii,  35O. 
Elopidse,  358. 

Embothriopsis  presagita,  205. 
Encephalartos  cretaceus,  226. 
Enchodontidffi,  355. 
Enchodus,  35G. 

dims,  90,  357,  905. 
Engonoceratidse,  388. 
Eorhamnidium  cretaceum,  217. 

platyphylloides,  217. 
Ensiphonacea,  635. 
Eolirion  nervosum,  283. 

primigenium,  282,  283. 

subfalcatum,  283. 
Kphedrites  baccatus,  292. 


Epitonium,  477. 

annulatum,  479. 

cecilium,  94,  479,  911. 

marylandicum,  94,  478,  913. 
Equisetum  amissum,  189,  194,  296. 

heerii,  306. 

praelsevigatum,  238. 

zeilleri,  275. 

Eremophyllum  flmbriatum,  226. 
Erica  cere,  885. 
Ericales,  885. 
Eriocaulon  porosum,  238. 
Eriphyla  lenticularis,  339. 
Escharidae,  743. 
Escharina  sagena,  742. 
Escharinella,  741. 

altimuralis,  100,  741. 
Escharipora  abbottii,  743. 
Etea  carolinensls,  646. 
Etheridgia  subglobosa,  249. 
Eucalyptus,  869. 

angusta,  200,  213,  215,  216,  262, 
278,  292,  299,  301,  873. 

angustifolia,  871. 

attenuata,  104,  200,  205,  211,  818. 
869. 

borealis,  189,  301. 

choffati,  262. 

cretacea,  249. 

dakotensis,  226. 

davidsonii,  249. 

dubia,  872. 

geinitzi,  104,  189,  200,  205,  211,  213, 
218,  221,  226,  278,  279,  292,  296, 
302,  758,  87O,  873,  977. 

geinitzi  propinqua,  205. 

gouldii,  226. 

haldemiana,  283. 

haveaensis,  220. 

inequilatera,  283. 

latifolia,  104,  205,  218,  87O,  977. 

linearifolia,  200,  206,  211. 

oxleyana,  249. 

parvifolia,  200. 

proto-geinitzi,  262. 

schubleri,  206,  296,  302. 

scoliophylla,  249. 

wardiana,  64,  104,  206,  213,  872. 

warraghiana,  249. 
Eugeinitzia  proxima,  200. 
Eugenia  primseva,  221,  226. 

tuscaloosensis,  218. 
Eulima,  480. 
Euphorbiaceae,  847. 
Euphorbiophyllum  nntiquura,  259. 

primordiale,  262. 
Kuoinphalidae,  5O1. 
Euomphalus,  493. 


1002 


PALEONTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


Euspira  altispira,  94,  5OO. 

halli,  94,  499. 
Eusuchia,  347. 
Eutrephoceras,  371. 

dekayi,  90,  320,  323,  327,  331,  334, 

337,  371,  372,  909A. 
Exilia,  463. 

cretacea,  464,  910. 

pergracilis,  463. 
Exogyra,  563. 

cancellata,    69,    96,    326,    563,    566, 
923. 

columbella,  332. 

costata,   73,  96,  320,   323,  329,  563, 
564,  921,  922,  923. 

interrupta,  564. 

laciniata,  266. 

la?viuscula,  333. 

lateralis,  579. 

ponderosa,    96,    321,    322,   326,    328, 

331,  563,  569. 
Extrasiphonata,  374. 


Fagaceae,  816. 
Fagales,  816. 
Fagophyllum  nervosum,  242. 

retosum,  242. 

Fagoxylon  hokkaidense,  253. 
Fagus  cretacea,  226. 

leptoneura,  249. 

nelsonica,  251. 

orbiculata,  226. 

polycladus,  226. 

pra?ninnisiana,  249. 

praeulmifolia,  249. 

proto-nucifera,  244. 

producta,  251. 
Fascigeridae,  739. 
Fasciolaria,  437. 

juncea,  92,  437,  438,  910. 

sp.,  92,  437,  438,  910. 
Fasciolariida?,  437. 
Fasciostelopteris  tansleii,  253. 
Fegonium  dryandraeforme,  275. 

schenki,  275. 
Ficus,  818. 

angustata,  226. 

arenacea,  238. 

arctica,  194. 

asarifolia,  235. 

atavina,  189,  194,  206,  213,  296,  823. 

austiniana,  226. 

beckwithii,  226,  823. 

berthoudi,  819. 

bumelioides,  278. 

cecilensis,  103,  206,  821,  954. 

cecropiae-lobus,  298. 

celtifolius,  213. 

contorta,  243. 


crassinervis,  282. 

crassipes,  64,  103,  189,  206,  211,  213, 

215,  218,  226,  318,  326,  821,  954, 

955. 

cretacea,  282. 
crossii,  238. 

dalmatica,  235,  238,  239. 
daphnogenoides,  103,  200,  206,  211, 

218,  221,  227,  242,  325,  818,  822, 

954. 

deflexa,  227. 
dentata,  282. 
denveriana,  238. 
densinervis,  283. 
distorta,  227. 
elongata,  282,  292,  819. 
fasciculata,  819. 
fontanei,  218. 
fracta,  299. 
fructus,  211. 
geinitzi,  278. 
georgeana,  216. 
glascceana,  221,  227. 
gracilis,  270,  282. 
halliuna,  227. 
heerii,  103. 
hellandiana,  189. 
hesperia,  235. 
inrequalis,  211,  218,  227. 
incompleta,  235. 
ipswichiana,  249. 
irregularis,  235,  238. 
krausiana,   103,   201,   206,   213,   215, 

218,  227,  292,  296,  302,  318,  325, 

326,  819,  823,  955. 
krausiana  subsimilis,  206. 
lanceolato-acuminata,  227. 
lancifolia,  819. 
latifolia,  238. 
laurifolia,  283. 
laurophyllidse,  243. 
lesquereuxii,  227. 
ligustrina,  819. 
longifolia,  282. 
macrophylla,  227. 
magnolisefolia,  227,  243. 
matawanensis,  210. 
inelanophylla,  227. 
inissouriensis,  234. 
mohliana,  302. 
Miontana,  235. 
mudgei,  227. 
multinervis,  235,  238. 
myricoides,  201,  206. 
navicularis,  238. 
ovata,  820. 
ovatifolia,    103,   201,   211,   215,   318. 

325,  820,  855. 
planicostata,  235,  238. 
populoides,  235. 


PALEOXTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


1003 


precursor,  227. 

primordialis,  227. 

prisca,  278. 

problematica,  235. 

proteoides,  227,  818. 

protogfea,  189,  278,  306. 

peruni,   292,  296. 

reticulata,  206,  227,  278. 

reuschii,  282. 

rhamnoides,  235,  239. 

rotundata,  243. 

sapindifolia,  206. 

shirleyensis,  218. 

similis,  251. 

smithsoniana,  238. 

stylosa,  292. 

suspecta,  292,  819,  823. 

sapida,  819. 

spinosissima,  235,  239. 

squarrosa,  235. 

stephensoni,  211,  213. 

sternbergii,  227. 

tenuifolia,  282. 

trinervis,  235. 

undulata,  227. 

wardii,  235,  240. 

wellingtonise,  243. 

willisiana,  206. 

woolsoni,  201,  206,  218,  820. 
Pilicales,  76O. 
Filicites  lacerus,  261. 

vedensis,  261. 
Filifascigera,  739. 

magaera,  100,  739. 
Flabellaria  chamseropifolia,  284. 

magothiensis,  811. 

longirhachis,  261. 

minima,  227. 

sublongirhachis,  251. 
Flustra  sagena,  742. 
Folia  fllicum  involuta,  292. 
Fontainea,  899. 

grandifqlia,  60,  104,  200,  318,  899. 
Fragilia  protexta,  636. 
Fragum  tennistriatum,  669. 
Fraxinus  praecox,  194. 
Frenelites  reichii,  793. 
Frenelopsis  bohemica,  292,  298. 

gracilis,  800. 

hoheneggeri,  201,  206,  259,  2G1. 

konigii,  264,  283. 

occidentalis,  262,  263. 
Fricia  nobilis,  296. 
Fucoides  dichotomous,  297,  900. 

cauliformis,  297. 

columnaris,  297. 

funiformis,  297. 

strangulatus,  297. 

strictus,  257. 

tuberculosus,  257. 


Fucus  lignatum,  235. 
Fulguraria  bella,  441. 

conradl,   427. 

nasutus,  422.- 
Fulguridae,  444. 
Fungi,  757. 
Fungidae,  753. 
Fusus  dakotensis,  454. 

retifer,  452. 

scarboroughi,  439. 


Galeocerdo  falcatus,  354. 

pristodontus,  352,  353. 
Galeoidea,  35O. 
Galeus  pristodontus,  352. 
Galla  quercina,  227. 
Gastropoda,  397. 
Gavialis  neoceasariensis,  347. 
Geinitzia  biformis,  235. 

cretacea,    261,    275,    280,    296,    305, 
308,  789. 

formosa,    102,    201,    206,    218,    235, 
240,  275,  325,  8O1,  950. 

gracillima,  801. 

hyperborea,  194. 

longifolia,  238. 

microcarpa,  275. 

reichenbachii,  201. 
Gelidinium  trajecto-mosanum,  270. 
Geraniales,  847. 
Ginkgo  baynesiana,  243. 

laramiensis,  235. 

multinervis,  189. 

pusilla,  243. 

primordialis,  189. 
Ginkgocladum  novaezeelandiae,  251. 
Gleditsiaphyllum  tricanthoides,  211. 
Gleichenia,  76O. 

acutiloba,  189,  275,  292. 

comptoniifolia,  189,  278,  299. 

crenata,  278,  292. 

delawarensis,  102,  206,  762,  946. 

delicatula,  218,  240,  259,  292. 

giesekiana,  189,  194,  201. 

gracilis,  189,  194,  206,  242,  278,  308. 

kurriana,  227,  242,  278,  302. 

micromera,  201. 

multinervosa,  292. 

nauckhoffl,  189. 

nordenskioldi,  227,  762. 

obscura,  251. 

obtusata,  190. 

protogaca,  206,  270. 

rhombifolia,  240. 

rotula,  292. 

saundersii,  64,  102,  206,  762,  946. 

vahliana,  194. 


1004 


PALEONTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


vidovlensis,  292. 

zippei,  102,  190,  201,  206,  259,  275, 

278,  292,  299,  307,  308,  TOO. 
Gleicheniaceae,  76O. 
Glelchenites  coriaceus,  292. 
Glycymeris,  54O,  543. 

decisa,  721. 

mortoni,  96,  54O. 

wordeni,  96,  543,  917. 
Glyptostrobus  nustralls,  249. 

debilis,  263. 

europseus  cretaceus,  292. 

gracillimus,  793. 

intermedius,  194. 
Goniopholidse,  349. 
Goniosoma  inflata,  643. 
Grevillea  constans,  292. 

dvoraki,  292. 

oxleyana,  249. 

palmata,  269. 

tenera,  292. 
Grewlopsis  sequidentata,  227. 

cleburni,  236. 

flabellata,  227. 

formosus,  218. 

mudgei,  227. 

pakeauica,  251. 

tuscaloosensis,  218. 
Gryphsea,  571. 

nngulata,  571. 

aucella,  328. 

convexa,  572,  573,  574,  576. 

dilatata,  573. 

dissimilarls,  574,  576. 

expansa,  573. 

mutabilis,  572,  574,  576. 

pufrilla,  96,  578,  929. 

vesicularis,    69,    96,    336,    337,    339, 
572,  924,  925,  926,  927.  928,  929. 

vomer,  36,  53,  96,  579,  921. 
Gryphaeostrea  lateralis,  580. 

subeversa,  579. 

vomer,  36,  53,  96,  579,  921. 
Guatteria  cretacea,  206. 
Gymnogramme  bohemica,  292. 

gardneri,  238. 
Gyrodes,  496. 

abyssina,  94,  496,  498. 

altispira,  500. 

obtusivolva,  500. 

petrosus,  94,  323,  496,  909A. 

H 

Haliserites  gracilis,  270. 
Halocharis  longifolia,  270. 
Halymenites  major,  236,  240. 

stria  tus,  240. 
Halyserites  contortuplicatus,  283. 

reichii,  278,  280,  900. 


Ilaninmelites  cordatus,  213,  227. 

quadrangularis,  227. 

quercifolius,  227. 

tenuinervis,   227. 
Haminea,  4O7. 

cylindrica,  90,  407,  4O9,  914. 

mortoni,  90,  407,  4O8. 
Hiimulus,  747. 

onyx,  100,  747. 

squamosus,  747. 
Haplomi,  358. 
Hastia  speciosa,  251. 
Hedera,  873. 

cecilensis.  64,  104,  206,  874,  974. 

crednerisefolia,  292. 

cretacea,  104,  206,  227,  873,  874. 

cuneata,  190,  194. 

decurrens,  227. 

macclurei,  194. 

microphylla,  227. 

orbiculata,  227. 

ovalis,  227,  242. 

platanoidea,  227. 

primordialis,    190.    201.    211.    214, 
292. 

schimperi,  227. 

simplex,  206. 

Hedersephyllum  peltatum,  292. 
Hemiaster,  751. 

bexeri,  751. 

delawnrensis,  100,  751,  943. 

sp.,   100,   752. 

Stella,  751. 

welleri,  752. 

Heterofllicites  anceps,  206. 
Heterolepis  cretaceus,  214. 
Hexacoralla,  752. 
Himantites  alopecurus,  270. 
Hippothoa,  745. 

tenuichorda,  100,  745. 
Hippothoidse,  745. 
Holcodus  acutidens,  349. 
Holoparia,  361. 

gabbi,  90,  361,  906. 

gladiator,  90,  362,  906. 
Hopopleuridse,  355. 
Hymenaea  dakotana,  201,  206,  227. 

elongata,  292,  299. 

fayettensis,  218. 

inequalis,  292. 

primigenia,   206,  292. 
Ilymenophyllites  heterophyllus,  306. 

macrophyllus,  306. 

Ilynicnophyllum  cretaceum,  227,  278. 
Hyposaurus.  34J). 

rogersii.  90,  349,  904. 
Ilystcrites  dubius,  270. 
llystcriiiin  protogiPiini,  190. 


PALEONTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


1005 


I 

Idmoneidae,  738. 
Idonearca  antrosa,  334. 

carolinensis,  532. 

medians,  530. 

neglecta,  532. 

tippann,  530. 

vulgaris,  530. 
Ilex,  840. 

amboyensls,  201. 

antiqua,  190. 

armata,  227. 

borealis,  194,  227. 

dakotensis,  227. 

elongata,  201. 

masoni,  218,  227. 

papillosa,  206,  227. 

patootensis,  194. 
.    perneri,  298. 

scudderi,  227. 

severnensis,  103,  206,  849,  973. 

strangulata,  206,  227. 
Ilicacese,  849. 
Illicium,  838. 

deletoides,  103,  206,  838,  966. 

deletuni,  292,  838. 

watereensis,  214,  838. 
Inga  cottai,  278. 

cretacea,  218,  221,  228. 

latifolia,  292. 
Inoceramus,  546. 

barabini,  337,  547; 

confertim-annulatus,  96,  547. 

cripsii,  274,  337. 

cuvieri,  546. 

exogyroides,  333,  336. 

involutus,  333. 

labiatus,  266,  296,  331,  338. 

umbonatus,  333,  336. 
Inolepsis  afflnis,  194. 

bohemiea,  292. 
Isohyriza,  358. 

antiqua,  358. 

mlra,  90,  358,  905. 
Isodonta,  587. 


Janira  mortoni,  59(5. 

quinquecostata,  596. 
Jeanpaulla  carinata,  292,  302. 
Juglandinium  longiradiatum,  275. 
Juglandites  cretacea,  242. 

ellsworthianus,  228. 

fallax,  243. 

lacoei,  228. 

primordialis,  22*. 

sinuatus,  228. 

Juglnns  arctica,  190,  201,  206,  211,  214, 
215,  218,  228. 


crassipes,  194,  201,  206,  228,  302. 

debeyana,  228. 

elongata,  206. 

harwoodensls,  243. 

leconteana,  238. 

missouriensis,  234. 
Jugloxylon  hamaoanum,  253. 
Jungermannites  cretaceus,  218. 
Juniperus,  792. 

hypnoldes,  102,  190,  201,  206,  792. 

macllenta,  190,  292. 
Juranyia  hemiflabellata,  305. 

K 

Kalmia  brittoniana,  201,  211,  218. 
Kaidacarpum  cretaceum,  194. 
Keckla  annulata,  280. 

cylindrica,  280. 

nodulosa,  280. 

vesiculosa,  280. 
Kirchnera  arctica,  292. 

dentata,  292. 

Knightiophyllum  primsevum,  251. 
Krannera  mirabilis,  292. 


Lsevicardium  perelongatum,  666. 

spillmani,  666. 
Lamenarites  polystigma,  270. 
Lamna,  35O. 

cuspidata,  90,  351,  904. 

denticulata,  351. 

dubia,  351. 

elegans,  90,  35O,  904. 

hopei,  351. 
Lamnidae,  35O. 
Lamprocarpites  nitidus,  190. 
Lauracese,  86O. 
Laurelia  primaeva,  228. 
Laurus,  861. 

afflnis,  284,  292,  299. 

angusta,  865. 

antecedens,  228. 

atanensis,  190,  194,  206,  228. 

attenuate,  262. 

colleti,  258. 

colombi,  243. 

crassinervis,  242. 

cretaceus,  278. 

hollse,  194,  201,  206,  228. 

hollickii,  103,  206,  863,  967. 

knowltoni,  228. 

lesquereuxii,  228. 

macrocarpa,  228. 

microcarpa,  228. 

modesta,  228. 

nebrascensis,  201,  206,  228. 

newberryana,  206. 

notandia,  262. 


1006 


PALEOXTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


odini,  190. 

palaeocretacea,  262. 

plutonia,  103,  190,  194,  201,  207, 
214,  218,  220,  221,  228,  249,  293, 
861,  864,  967. 

proteaefolia,  103,  207,  221,  863,  971. 

praestans,  236. 

cf.  primigenia,  236. 

prceatavla,  259. 

teliformis,  207,  228. 

wardiana,  238. 

Laurinium  brunswicense,  275. 
Laurinoxylon  uniseriatum,  247. 
Laurophyllum,  864. 

angustifolium,  103,  201,  206,  218, 
865. 

aquisgranense,  270. 

debile,  242. 

elegans,  103,  201,  206,  211,  214,  864. 
967. 

insigne,  243. 

lanceolatum,  201,  206. 

minus,  201,  221. 

nervillosum,  201,  214,  218,  325,  865. 

ocoteoeoides,  206. 

reticulatum,  865. 
Laxispira,  4S4. 

lumbricalis,    68,    94,    321,    322,   484, 

485. 
Leda,  515. 

gabbana,  520. 

longifrons,  518. 

pinnaformis,  515. 

protexta,  520,  522. 

rostrata,  515. 

rostratruncata,  94,  515,  517,  915. 

slackiana,  511. 

whitfleldi,  94,  515,  915. 
Ledidse,  515. 
Legumen,  683. 

appressum,  684. 

carolinensis,  98,  683,  684,  685. 

ellipticus,  683,  684. 

planata,  684. 

planulatum,  98,  683,  684. 
Leguminosae,  841. 
Leguminosites,  841. 

albizzioides,  255. 

amissus,  190. 

atanensis,  190,  201. 

canavalioides,  103,  207,  842,  972. 

convolutus,  207,  228. 

coronilloides,  103,  201,  207,  228,  304. 
841. 

cretaceus,  278. 

cultriformls,  228. 

dakotensis,  228. 

delageri,  190. 

dentatus,  194. 


frigidus,  194,  841. 

hymenophyllus,   228. 

infra  cretacicus,  262. 

ingnfolia,  218. 

insularis,  190,  228. 

lanceolatus,  307. 

macilcntus,  190. 

middendorfensis,  214. 

omphaloboides,    103,    201,    207,    218, 
228,  843,  972. 

orbiculatus,  190,  104. 

ovatifolius,  180. 

ovatus,  307. 

patootensis,  194 

pachyphyllum,  249. 

phaseolites,  228. 

podogonialis,  228. 

prodromus,  190. 

raritanensis,  201. 

robiniifolia,  211,  214. 

shirleyensis,  218. 

truncatus,  228. 

tuscaloosensis,  218. 
Lcpidocaryopsis    westphaleni,    293. 
Leptomya,  633. 
Leptosolen,  7O3. 

biplicata,  98,  7O.3,  938. 

elongata,  100,  703,  7O5. 
Leptospermum  cretaccum,  293. 
Leucothce  parlatorii,  888. 
Libocedrus  cretacea,  791. 

salicornioides  cretacea,  293. 

veneris,  296. 
Lichenoporidae,  739. 
Lichenopora,  739. 

papyracea,  100,  739. 
Ligustrum  subtile,  207. 
Lima  obliqua,  96,  600,  6O3,  930. 

reticulata,  96,  6OO,  930. 

serrata,  96,  600,  6O2,  930. 
Limida;,  6OO. 
Limnophyllum  lanceolatum,  282. 

primaevum,  282. 
Limopsis,  543. 
Linearia,  698. 

metastriata,  98,  699. 
Liocardium  spillmani,  666. 
Liopeplum,  429. 

cretaceum,  92,  430,  431,  911. 

leiodermum,  92,  429,  43O. 

inonmouthensis,    92,   430,   432,   911. 
Liopistha,  635. 

alternata,  68,  98,  321,  322,  326,  635, 
637. 

protexta,  73,  98,  320,  323,  327,  635, 

636,  932. 

Liquiilambar  integrifolius,  228,  242,  24-". 
Liriodendron  acuminatum,  228. 

acuminatum  bilobatum,  228. 


PALEONTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


1007 


alatum,  234,  240. 

attenuatum,  207. 

dubiura,  211. 

giganteum,  228. 

glganteum  cruciforme,  228. 

intermedium,  228. 

laramiense,  236. 

meekii,  190,  218,  228,  245,  278. 

morganensis,  207. 

oblongifolium,  201,  207. 

pinnatifldum,  221,  228. 

prsetulipiferum,  243. 

primsevum,  201,  211,  228. 

quercifolium,  201,  221. 

schwarzii,  275. 

snowii,  228. 

succedens,  243. 

wellingtonii,  228. 
Liriodendropsis,  844. 

angustifolia,  201,  207,  218. 

constricta,  207,  218,  318,  844. 

retusus,  195,  201,  207. 

simplex,  201,  207,  218,  844. 

simplex  constricta,  844. 

spectabilis,  207. 
Liriophyllum  beckwithii,  228. 

obcordatum,  228. 

populoides,  229. 
Lirofusus  nodocarinatus,  455. 
Lithothamnium  cenomanicum,   258. 

gosaviense,  260,  307. 

palmatum,  260,  307. 

recemosum,  260. 

turonicum.  260. 
Lithophaga,  617. 

conchafodentis,  98,  618,  619,  932. 

juliae,  98,  618,  62O,  932. 

lingua,  98,  618,  621,  932. 

ripleyana,  98,  618,  932. 

twitchelli,  98,  618,  622,  932. 
Litssea  bohemica,  293. 

expansa,  245. 

laurinoides,  282. 

Lochrnophycus  caiilerpoides,  270. 
Lomatia  saportanea,  229. 

saportanea  longifolia,  229. 
Lomatites  paleo-ilex,  278. 
Lomatopteris  schimperi,  260. 

superstes,  259. 
Luciidse,  358. 
Lucina,  658. 

jamaicensis,  659. 
Luciuacen,  658. 
Lucinidae,  658. 
Lunatia  altispira,  500. 

halli,  499. 
Lytoceratidse,  374. 
Lycopodiacese,  759. 
Lycopodiales,  759. 


Lycopodium,  759. 

cretaceum,  64,  102,  207,  214,  218, 
759,  946. 

lesquereuxiana,  236. 
Lygodites  anemiifolius,  275. 

spatulatus,  275. 
Lygodium  compactum,  238. 

cretaceum,  270,  278. 

trichomanoides,  229. 

M 

Macclintockia  appendiculata,  190. 

cretacea,  194,  229,  242. 

trinervis,  243. 

Macrodon  eufalensis,  524,  525. 
Macrotaeniopteris  vancouverensis,  243. 
Mactra  ashburneri,  707. 

solida,  706. 
Mactracea,  7O6. 
Mactridae,  7O6. 
Madreporaria,  752. 
Magnolia,  831. 

alternans,  190,  201,  293,  833. 

amplifolia,  207,  229,  293,  302. 

auriculata,  831. 

boulayana,  103,  201,  207,  215,  218, 
221,  229,  834,  965. 

capellinii,  64,  103,  190,  207,  212, 
214,  215,  218,  229,  243,  293,  318, 
325,  326,  832,  836,  965. 

elegans,  229. 

glaucoides,  834. 

hollicki,    103,    201,    207,    218,    325, 

831,  965. 

isbergiana,  190,  201,  207. 
lacoeana,    103,    201,    207,    218,    229, 

832,  966. 

longipes,    103,    201,    207,    218,    833, 

965. 

magniflca,  242. 
marbodi,  302. 

newberryi,  60,  201,  212,  214,  218. 
obovata,  229. 
obtusata,    103,    190,    207,    214,    218, 

229,  318,  834,  964. 
occidentalis,  243. 
palseocretacica,  263. 
pseudoacuminata,  207,  229. 
pulchra,  236. 
speciosa,    201,    207,    218,    221,    229, 

302,  837. 

telonensis,  259,  260. 
tenuifolia,  103,  207,  214,  229,  244, 

835,  966. 

vanlngeni,  207,  835. 
woodbridgensis,  202,  207,  833. 
Magnoliaceae,  831. 
Majanthemophyllum  cretaceum,  190,  194, 

302. 


1008 


PALEONTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


lanceolatum,  194. 

pusillum,  194,  201. 
Malapoenna  cottondalensis,  218. 

cretacea,  218,  229. 

falclfolia,  207,  218,  221,  229. 

horrellensis,  212,  215,  220. 

macrophylloides,  236. 
Malpigbiastrum  cretaceum,  249. 
Malvales,  857. 
Mammaeites  francheti,  258. 
Manihotites  georgiana,  212,  215,  216. 
Marattia  cretacea,  218,  293. 
Margarites,  5O4. 

abyssina,  94,  5O5. 

depressa,  94,  5O5,  909A. 

elevata,  94,  505,  5O6,  909A. 
Marsilia  andersonl,  207. 

attenuata,  236. 

cretacea,  190,  293. 
Marsupites  milleri,  339. 

ornatus,  273. 
Martesia,  726. 

cithara,  725. 

cretacea,  100,  727. 
Masticura,  36O. 
Matonldium  wiesneri,  302. 
Melastomites  cuneiformis,  282. 

parvula,  305. 

Melophytum  cyclostigma,  270. 
Membranipora,  74O. 

annuloidea,  100,  74O. 
Membraniporella,   743. 

abbotti,  100,  743. 
Membraniporidse,  74O. 
Menispermites  acutilobus,  207,  229. 

borealis,  190,  201. 

brysoniana,  207. 

cyclophyllus,  229. 

dentatus,  190. 

grandis,  229. 

integrifolia,  218. 

knightii,  236. 

menispermifolius,  229. 

obtusiloba,  229,  245. 

ovalls,  229. 

populiformis,  229. 

rugosus,  229. 

salinse,  229. 

trilobatus,  219. 

variabilis,  215. 

virginiensis,  839. 

wardiana,  202. 

Menispermophyllum  celakovskianum,  293. 
Menispermum   (Cocculus)  assimile,  259. 
Meretrix,  679. 

cretacea,  98,  679. 

tippana,  681. 
Metrosideros  peregrinus,  190. 


Micrabacia,  753. 

americana,  755. 

americana,  var.  multicostata,  755. 

cribraria,  757. 

hilgardi,  756. 

marylandica,  100,  755,  944. 

mississippiensis,  757. 

rotatilis,  100,  753,  945. 

rotatllis,  var.  georgiana,  755. 
Micrabaciidse,  753. 
Microdictyon  dunkeri,  293. 
Microlepidium  strlatulum,  293. 
Microzamia  dubia,  207. 

gibba,  202,  278,  293,  296,  307. 
Mimusdps  ballotseoides,  278. 
Mitridse,  433. 
Mitropicea  decheni,  270. 

noeggerattil,  270. 
Modiola  julise,  620. 
Modiolus,  614. 

burlingtonensis,  96,  322,  614,  615. 

sedesclarus,  614,  616. 

trigonus,  96,  614,  616. 
Mollusca,  371. 
Molluscoidea,  734. 
Momisia  carolinensis,  214. 
Monheimia  aquisgranensis,  270. 

polypodioides,  270. 
Monimia  prarvestita,  249. 
Monocotyledons,  8O6. 
Moracea?,  818. 
Morea,  464. 

cancellaria,  464. 

marylandica,  92,  465,  466,  914. 

naticella,  92,  465,  914. 
Moriconia  americana,  64,  102,  207,  212, 
214,  318,  8O2,  952. 

cyclotoxon,  190,  194,  202,  270,  781, 

807. 
Mortoniceras,  39O. 

delawarensis,  68,  90,  321,  322,  328, 
336,  391,  908. 

inflatum,  338. 

shoshonense,  333. 

texanum,  328,  333,  390. 

vermillionense,  333. 

vespertinum,  333,  390. 
Mucronella,  743. 

aspera,   100,   743. 
Muensteria  schneideriana,  284. 
Murex  babylonius,  415. 

tulipa,  437. 

Muscites  cretaceus,  270. 
Myacea,  71O. 
Myliobatidae,  36O. 
Myliobatis,  36O. 
Myliobatis  obesus,  90,  36O. 

rugosus,  360. 


PALEONTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


1009 


Myrica,  812. 

acuta,  202. 

acutiloba,  299. 

aspera,  229. 

brittoniana,  207,  214. 

campel,  259. 

cinnamomifolia,  202. 

cliffwoodensis,  207,  212. 

cretacea,  275. 

davisii,  202. 

dakotensis  minima,  219,  229. 

elegans,  212,  214. 

emarginata,  190,  202,  219,  221,  229. 

fenestrata,  202. 

fragiliformis,  190,  279,  293. 

gaudryi,  259. 

gracilior,  262. 

hollickl,  202. 

indigena,  302. 

lacera,  262. 

liophylla,  275,  284. 

longa,  103,  190,  194,  207,  219,  221, 
229,  244,  296,  326,  812,  953. 

newberryana,  202. 

obliqua,  229. 

obtusa,  229. 

praecox,  195. 

primaeva,  284. 

pseudo-lignitum,  249. 

raritanensis,  202. 

revisenda,  262. 

ripleyensis,  220. 

rougoni,  259. 

schenkiana,  275. 

schimperi,  229. 

serratum,  275,  293. 

sternbergii,  229. 

thulensis,  190. 

torreyi,  236,  238,  240. 

torreyi  minor,  238. 

trifoliata,  229. 

vernassiensis,  264. 

zenkeri,  207,  853. 
Aiyricacea?,  812. 
Myricales,  812. 

Myricanthium  amentaceum,  293. 
Myricophyllum  asplenioides,  270. 

glandulosum,  293. 

haldemianum,  270. 

longepetiolatum,  249. 
Myrsinacese,  89O. 
Myrsine,  89O. 

borealis,  104,  190,  202,  207,  212,  219, 
890,  896,  989. 

caloneura,  298. 

crassa,  207,  229. 

elongata,  891. 

gaudinii,    104,    202,    207,    212,    214, 
219,  229,  326,  891,  989. 


manifesta,  298. 

oblongata,  202. 
Myrsinites  gaudinii,  891. 
Myrsinophyllum  varians,  293. 

venulosum,  262. 
Myrtsea,  658. 

stephensoni,  98,  659,  935. 
Myrtales,  869. 
Myrtophyllum  cryptoneuron,  284. 

geinitzi,  870. 

latifolium,  249. 

parvulum,  190. 

sapindoides,  207. 

warderi,  229,  871. 
Mysiaparilis,  661. 
Mytilacea,  614. 
Mytilidae,  614. 
Mytilus  decussatus,  623. 

hii-undo,  548. 

lithophagus,  617. 

modiolus,  614. 

polymorphus,  627. 

N 

Nageiopsis  recurvata,  774. 
Natica  alveata,  496. 

concinna,  500. 

crenata,  496. 

obliquata,  500. 

petrosa,  496. 
Naticidse,  496. 
Nautilidae,  371. 
Nautiloidea,  371. 
Nautilus  bouchardianus,  373. 

danicus,  339. 

dekayl,  371,  372. 

laevigatus,  373. 

orbignyanus,  373. 

perlatus,  372. 

sphffiricus,  373. 
Nechalea  lobata,  270. 

petiolata,  270. 

serrata,  270. 

Nectandra  imperfecta,  207. 
Negundoides  acutifolia,  229. 
Neithea  quinquecostata,  597. 
Nelumbites,  839. 

primseva,  103,  84O,  971. 

vlrginienses,  839,  841. 

arcticum,  190. 

provinciale,  261. 

saskatchewanense,  244. 

schwelnfurthi,  255. 
Nelumbo  dawsonii,  245,  841. 

intermedia,  236,  841. 

kempil,  64,  207,  839. 

laramiensis,  841. 

primseva,  207,  840. 

tenulfolia,  238. 


1010 


PALEONTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


Nemodon,  524. 

cecilius,  94,  525,  528,  916. 

conradi,  524,  526. 

eufalensis,   94,   323,   327,   525,   540, 
916. 

stantoni,  94,  525,  527,  915. 
Neptunella,  456. 
Nerita  islandica,  502. 
Nerium  rohlii,  284. 
Neuropteris  castor,  243. 
Neurosporangium  foliaceum,  270. 

undulatum,  270. 
Newberryana  rigida,  202. 
Nicolia  segyptiaca,  254,  270. 
Nilsonia  bohemica,  293. 

johnstrupi,  190. 

lata,  243. 

orientalis,  253. 

Niponophyllum  cordaitiforme,  253. 
Nceggerathiopsis  robinsi,  243. 
Nordenskioldia  borealis,  229. 
Nothofagoxylon  scalariforme,  247. 
Nucula,  511. 

arnica,  94,  511,  514,  915. 

microstriuta,  94,  511,  515,  915. 

percrassa,  511. 

slnckiana,  73,  94,  511,  915. 
Nuculacea,  511. 
Nuculana  gabbana,  520. 

longifrons,  518. 

pinnaformis,  515. 
Nuculidae,  511. 
Nuphar  cordifolius,  191. 
Nymphseacese,  839. 
Xyssa  snowiana,  219,  229. 

vetusta,  229. 

O 

Ocotea  nassauensis,  207. 
Odontaspis  cuspidata,  253. 

elegans,  350. 

hopei,  351. 
Odontofusus,  442. 

slacki,  442. 

medians,  92,  443. 

rostellaroides,  443. 

typicus,  443. 
Olea  myricoides,  262. 
Oligoptycha  naticoides,  402. 
Olivella,  421. 

danea,  421. 

monmouthensis,  92,  323,  421,  910. 
Olividae,  421. 

Oncopteris  kauniciana,  293. 
Onoclea  fecunda,  238. 

inquirenda,  102,  190,  208,  214,  764, 

947. 

Onustus  leprosus,  495. 
Onychiopsis  capsulifera,  293,  302. 

elongata,  302. 


gcepperti,  768. 

psilotoides,  279. 

Opegraphites  striato-punctatus,  270. 
Ophioglossum  granulatum,  195. 
Opisthobranchiata,  397. 
Oreodaphne  alabamensis,  219,  221. 

apicifolia,  284. 

cretacea,  229. 

heerii,  245. 

shirleyensis,  219. 
Ornataporta,  748. 

marylandica,  100,  748,  943. 
Orthochoanites,  371. 
Osmunda,  763. 

arctica,  195. 

delawarensis,  102,  208,  763,  946. 

gerini,  261. 

haldemiana,   284. 

montanensis,  236. 

novae-caesareae,  208. 

obergiana,  190,  764. 
Osmundacese,  763. 
Osmundophyllum  cretaceum,  293. 
Ostracea,  551. 
Ostrea  diluviana,  328. 

carinata,  280. 

congesta,  332. 

convexa,  572. 

denticulifera,  556. 

edulis,  551. 

faba,  96,  551,  559,  920. 

falcata,  552. 

larva,  337,  551,  552,  554,  555. 

subsp.  falcata,  69,  96,  551,  552,  918. 

subsp.    mesenterica,    96,    551,    555, 
918,  919. 

subsp.  nasuta,  96,  551,  554,  918. 

monmouthensis,  96,  551,  558,  919. 

plumosa,  96,  551,  556. 

pusilla,  560. 

subeversa,  579. 

subspatulata,  96,  329,  552,  561,  919, 
920. 

tecticosta,  96,  552,  56O,  920. 

torosa,  563. 

ungulata,  339,  552,  554,  555. 

vesicularis,  572,  573. 
Otozamites  ?  grcenlandica,  190. 
Ottelia  americana,  236. 


Pachycardium  burlingtonense,  666. 
Pachydiscus,  378. 

complexus,  90,  333,  378. 

golvillensis,  339. 

wittekindi,  378. 
Pachypteris  dalmatica,  304. 

dalmatica  dentata,  304. 

dimorpha,  304. 


PALEONTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


Pachystima  cretacea,  214. 
Pachythffirus  pteropsis,  655. 
Pagiophyllum  araucarium,  304,  779. 

rigidum,  304,  779. 
Paladmete,  412. 

cancellaria,  92,  413,  914. 
Palasocassia   laurinea,   219,   221,   229. 

phaseolitoides,  251. 
Falaeolepis  cheiromorpha,  262. 

multipartita,  262. 
Paliurus  afflnis,  190,  194,  202. 

anceps,  229. 

cretaceus,  230. 

integrifolius,  208. 

inontaniis.  242. 

neilii,  243. 

obovatus,  230. 

ovalis,  230,  242. 

popullferus,  208. 

upatoiensis,  215. 

zizyphoides,  238. 
Palma cites  horridus,  302. 

rimosus,  254. 

varians,  280. 

Palmocarpum  cretaceum,  270. 
Palmophyllum  moleteinianum,  302. 
Palmoxylon  andegavense,  259. 

cliffwoodensis,  208. 

guillieri,  259. 

ligerianum,  259. 

parvifasciculosum,  275. 

radiatum,  275. 

scleroticum,  275. 

variabile,  275. 
Pandanus  pseudo-inermis,  307. 

trinervis,  307. 
Panax  cretacea,  191,  208,  219. 

dentifera,  290. 

globulifera,  195. 

macrocarpa,  195. 
Panope,  719. 

aldrovandi,  719. 

bonaspes,  100,  721,  723,  942. 

decisa,  100,  721. 

monmouthensis,  100,  721,  722,  942. 
Panopoea  decisa,  721. 
Papyridea  protexta,  636. 
Paracallipteris  potoniei,  275. 
Paracredneria  fritschii,  275. 
Parallelodontidse,  524. 
Paranomia,  OO4. 

lineata,  96,  6O6,  931. 

scabra,  96,  6O5,  606. 
Parathinnfeldia  dubia,  275. 
Passlflora  antiqua,  202. 
Parrotia  canfleldi,  230. 

winchelli,  230. 
Pccopteris  bohemica,  191,  195,  278. 

borealis,  191. 

calopteris,  275. 
71 


cuspidata,  275. 

geinitzi,  278. 

haidingeri,  308. 

linearis,  305. 

lobifolia,  278,  293. 

minor,  293. 

murchisoni,  278. 

osmundacea,  275. 

pfafflana,  191. 

socialis,  765. 

striata,  191,  278,  307. 

zippei,  307,  760. 
Pecten,  587. 

argillensis,  73,  96,  587,  588,  930. 

bellisculptus,  588. 

cliffwoodensis,  96,  587,  592. 

conradi,  96,  587,  593. 

muricatus,  273,  274. 

quadricostatus,  597. 

quinquecostata,    52,    96,    339,    587, 
596,  930. 

simplicius,    73,    96,    323,    587,    595, 
930. 

simplicus,  593. 

tenuitestus,  589. 

venustus,  96,  587,  591,  930. 

versicostatus,  596. 

whitfleldi,  96,  587,  589. 
Pectinacea,  587. 
Pectlnidse,  587. 
Pectunculus  australis,  540. 
Pelecypoda,  511. 
Periploma  applicata,  633. 

cretacea,  208. 

necomiensis,  633. 

robinaldina,  633. 

simplex,  633. 
Periplomya,  633. 

elllptica,  98,  633. 
Perissolax  retifer,  452. 
Perissonota,  522. 

littlii,  94,  522,  523,  916. 

protexta,  94,  522,  523. 
Perna  juliae,  620. 
Perniidae,  546. 

Peronffioderma    georgiana,    694. 
Peroniceras  westphalicum,  339. 
Perrisonota  protexta,  522. 
Persea  hayana,  230,  246. 

leconteana,  208,  230,  243. 

suessi,  302. 

schimperi,  230,  246. 

sternbergii,  230,  246. 

valida,  208,  219. 
Persoonia  lesquereuxi,  202,  219,  230. 

spatulata,  202. 

Perseophyllum  hauthalianum,  246. 
Perseoxylon  antiquum,  305. 
Petrosphseria  japonica,  253. 


1012 


PALEOXTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


Phncitlium  circuniscriptum,  293. 

myrtophylli,  278. 

palaeocassisB,  278. 
Phacoides,  659. 

noxontownensis,  54,  98,  66O,  935. 
Phaseolites  elegans,  202. 

formus,  212,  219,  230,  304. 

manhassettensis,  202,  208. 
Phasganodus  dirus,   357. 
Phegopteris  grothiana,  195,  202. 

jorgenseni,  191. 

kornerupi,  195. 
Phillyrea  engelhardti,  299. 
Phlebomeris  spectandra,  263. 

willkoni,  263. 
Pholadidae,  724. 
Pholadomya,  629. 

Candida,  629. 

conradi,  98,  630,  632,  934. 

occidentalis,  98,  322,  63O,  933. 
Pholadomyidae,  629. 
Pholas,  724. 

cithara,  724. 

clavata,  726. 

cretacea.  727. 

dactylus,  724. 

pectorosa,  100,  724,  942. 

striata,  726. 
Phorus  leprosus,  495. 
Phragmites  cliffwoodensis,  208. 

cordaiformis,  243. 

pratti,  212,  214,  215. 
Phycodes  sericeus,  270. 
Phyllites  acuminatus,  284. 

actinoneuron,  249. 

amissus,  230. 

amorphus,  230. 

arlstolochiaeformis,  230. 

betulseformis,  230. 

bipartitus,  293. 

celatus,  230. 

cliffwoodensis,  208. 

denticulatus,  236 

durescens,  230. 

ehrlichi,  307. 

emarginatus,  285. 

enervis,  285. 

erosus,  230. 

geinitzianus,  285. 

granulatus,  191. 

ilicifolius,  230. 

incurvatus,  191. 

inflexinervis,  262. 

innecteus,  230. 

intricata,  236. 

lacoai,  230. 

Isevigatus,  191,  270. 

lawrencianns,  230. 

linguseformis,   191. 

longepetiolatus,  191,  219. 


moncotyledonea,  270. 

monocotylei,   807. 

obscurus,  261. 

obtusi-lobatus,  230. 

pelagicus,  307. 

perplexus,  230. 

pistiaformis,  219. 

platanoides,  264. 

poinsettioides,  202. 

proteaceus,  264. 

provides,  307. 

reichii,  278,  900. 

reussi,  307. 

rhoifolius,  230. 

rhomboideus,  221,  230. 

sinuatus,  270. 

snowii,  230. 

stipulaeformis,  230. 

sturi,  305. 

tenuis,  261. 

testaceus,  285. 

trapaformis,  202. 

triloba,  236. 

triplinervis,  262. 

umbonatus,  230. 

undulatus,  830. 

vanonffi,  230. 

zamiasformis,  230. 
Phylloclndites  crenatus,  275. 
Phyllocladoxylon  antarcticum,  246. 
Phyllocladus  laciniosa,  275. 

subintegrifolius,  796. 
Phyllotsenia  costulata,  263. 

demersa,  262. 

elongata,  262. 

nervosa,  262. 

stipulacea,  262. 
Physostomi,  355. 
Picea  cretacea,  293. 
Piceites  exogyrtis,  789. 
Piestochilus,  439. 

bella,  92,  441. 
Pinacese,  785. 
Finales,  785. 
Pinites  exogyrus,  789. 

patens,  270. 
Pinna,  544. 

laqueata,  96,  545,  917. 

nobilis,  545. 

rudis,  544. 
Pinnidse,  544. 

Pinus  (Abies)  upernivikensis,  191. 
Pinus  andraei,  208. 

cretacea,  293. 

delicatulus,  208. 

exogyra,  280,  789. 

granulatum,  195,  202. 

longissima,  293. 

mattewanensis,  208. 

monasteriensis,  284. 


PALEONTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


1013 


nathorsti,  256. 

olaflana,  191. 

oxyptera,  261. 

protopicea,  293,  302. 

protoscleropitys,  208. 

quenstedti,  195,  230,  236,   279,  293, 
296,  302. 

quinquefolia,  202. 

raritnnensis,  202,  212,  214,  219. 

staratschini,  191. 

sulcata,  296. 

tetraphylla,  202. 

triphylla,  202. 

vaginalis,  191. 

yezoensis,   253. 
1'iperites  tuscaloosensis,  219. 
Pisces,  35O. 
Fisonia  atavia,  279,  299. 

cretacea,  212. 

Pistacia  aquehongensis,  202. 
Pistia,  809. 

corrugata,  236,  245,  810. 

mazeli,  261,  810. 

nordenskioldi,    102,    191,    208,    212, 
SO1>,  952. 

stratiotes,   810. 
Pistites  loriformis,  282. 
Pitoxylon  anomalum,  208. 

cretaceum,  276. 

foliosum,  208. 

hollicki,  208. 

statenense,  202. 
Pityoiclolepis  statenensis,  202. 
Placenticeras,  385. 

guaclalopse,  328. 

placenta,  68,  90,  321,  322,  326,  327, 
333,  336,  339,  385,  909. 

plamun,  328. 
Placuna  scabra,  604,  605. 
Placunanomia  lineata,  606. 

saffordi,  604. 
Plagiostomi,  35O. 
Planera  antiqua,  195. 

betuloides,  208. 

cretacea,  212. 

knowltoniana,  202. 
Platanacese,  824. 
Platanales,  824. 
Plataninium  subaffine,  276. 
Platanus,  824. 

acute-triloba,  302. 

affinis,  195. 

appendiculata,  827. 

aquehongensis,  202. 

aralia?formis,  302. 

asperaformis,  195,  219. 

basilobata,  827. 

betulsefolia,  302. 

cissoides,  230,  874. 

cuneifolia,  309. 


cuneiformis,  302. 

diminutiva,  230. 

geinitziana,  309. 

grandidentata,  302. 

heeri,  60,  191,  202,  230,  241,  824, 
961,  962,  963. 

irregularis,  302. 

kiimmeli,  208. 

L-evis,  293. 

latiloba,   230. 

latior,  219,  230. 

latior  grandidentata,  230. 

latior  subintegrifolla,  230. 

moravica,  302. 

newberryana,  195. 

obtusiloba,  246. 

occidentalis,  827. 

onomastus,  299. 

platanoides,  239. 

primseva,  221. 

primseva  grandidentata,  246. 

pseudo-guillelmae,  302. 

shirleyensis,  219. 

velenovskyana,  293,  302,  309. 

vyserovicensis,  293. 

wardii,  234. 

1'leosporites  shirainus,  253. 
Pleurophoridae,  642. 
Pleurotoma,  414. 

javana,  419. 
Plicomya,  633. 
Pliophlsea  sagena,  742. 
Plutonia  cretacea,  293. 
Poacites  cretaceus,  293. 

nelsonicus,  251. 
Poales,  SOS. 

Podalyriophyllum  brochiodromum,  249. 
Podocarpites  tyrelli,  245. 
Podocarpium  cupressinum,  251. 

tenuifolium,  251,  252. 

ungeri,  251. 

Podocarpus  cretacea,  293. 
Podogonium  americanum,  236. 
Podozamites  acuminatus,  202. 

alcantarina,  262. 

angustifolius,  230,  773,  774. 

distantinervis,  773. 

eichwaldi,  293. 

haydenii,  230. 

knowltoni,  102,  202,  208,  212,  214, 
774. 

lanceolatus,  102,  202,  208,  212,  221, 
230,  259,  293,  302,  317,  318,  325, 
772. 

latipennis,  191,  252,  276,  293. 

marginatus,  102,  191,  202,  208,  219, 
318,  325,  326,  775,  947. 

minor,  191. 

oblongus,  231. 

obtusus,  294. 


1014 


PALEONTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


pedicellatus,  773. 

pusillus,  294. 

stenopus,  231. 

tenuinervis,  191. 
Polemoniales,  897. 
Polorthis  tibialis,  75,  323. 
Polychaeta,  745. 
Polygonaceae,  83O. 
Polygonales,  83O. 
Polynices  (Euspira)  altispira,  94,  5OO. 

halli,  04,  499,  909A. 
Polypodiacese,  764. 
Polypodites  grncilis,  294. 

zonatus,  294. 

Polypodium  granhianum,  195. 
Polystlchum  hillsianum,  240. 
Polytaenia  quinquesecta,  259. 
Populites  nmplus,  236. 

cyclophylla,  244. 

elegans,  231. 

lancastriensis,  231,  246. 

litigiosus,  231. 

microphyllus,  231. 

probalsamifera,  243. 

salisburiaefolia,  883. 

sternbergii,  231. 

tenuifolius,  208. 

tuscaloosensls,   219. 

winchelll,  231. 
Populocaulus  yezoensis,  253. 
Populus,  816. 

acerifolia,  246. 

amlssa,  191. 

apiculata,  897. 

aristolochioicles,  231. 

berggreni,  191,  231,  898. 

cf.  cyclophylla,  246. 

cordifolia,  231. 

cretacea,  236. 

denticulata,  195. 

elliptica,  231. 

harkeriana,  202,  231. 

hyperborea,  191,  219,  231,  898. 

knnsaseana,  231. 

leuce,  231. 

longlor,  243. 

lutidentata,  245. 

melanarioides,  236. 

microphylla,  231. 

mutabilis  ovalis,  236. 

cf.   nebrascensis,   246. 

obovata,  236. 

orbicularis,  202,  221. 

protozadachii,  243. 

rectinervata,  243. 

rhomboidea,  243. 

stygia,  102,  191,  195,  208,  231,  318. 
816,  954. 

tremulseformis,  284. 


trinervis,  243. 

wardii,  236. 
Poromyacldse,  635. 
Posidonla  cretacea,  284. 
Postligata,  543. 

wordeni,  96,  543,  917. 
Potamogeton  cretacens,  19.~>. 

middendorfensis,  214. 
Premnophyllum  trigonum,  208. 
Prepinus  japonicus,  253. 

statenensis,  202. 
Primulales,  89O. 
Prionodesmacea,  511. 
Prionotropidae,  39O. 
Protea  haidlngerl,  279. 
Proteoides  ncuta,  231,  294. 

afflnls,  307. 

australiensls,  249. 

conospermafolia,  219. 

crassipes,  821. 

daphnogenoides,  304,  814,  818.  864. 

ettlngshauseni,  307. 

grevilleaeformis,  231. 

lancifolius,   214,   231. 

longus,   812. 

major,  243. 

neillii,  243. 

parvula,  214. 

reussi,  294. 
Proteophyllum  corlaceum,  204. 

cornutum,  294. 

daphnoides,  262. 

decorum,  294. 

demersum,   262. 

lamlnarium,  294. 

launayi,  308. 

oblongatum,  262. 

paucidentatum,  294. 

productum,  294. 

saportanum,  294. 

trifidum,  294. 

truncatum,  262. 
Proteopsls  proserpinae,  294. 
Protocardium  perelongatum.  <><;(>. 
Protocedroxylon  paronal,  255. 
Protodammara  speciosa,  202,  208,  219. 
Protopteris  punctata,  189,  194,  286.  291, 
305. 

singeri,  285. 
Protophyllocladus,  796. 

lobatus  64,  102,  208,  214,  325,   7!>S. 

polymorphic,  234,  799. 

subintegrifolius,   102,   191,  202,  20S, 

219,  231,  796,  952. 
Protophyllum,  828. 

boreale,  244. 

credneroides,  231. 

crenatum,  231. 

denticulatum,  2:51. 


PALEONTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


1015 


dimorphum,  231. 

haydenii,  231. 

integerrimum,  231. 

leconteanum,  231,  244. 

minus,  231. 

inudgei,  231. 

multinerve,  60,   103,   202,  231,  82O, 
959,  960. 

nanaimo,  243. 

nebrascense,  231. 

praestans,  231. 

pseudospermoides,  231. 

pterospermifolium,  231. 

quadratum,  231. 

querciforme,  231. 

rugosum,  231,  242,  246. 

sternbergii,  60,   103,  203,  231,  828, 
958,  959,  960. 

trilobatum,  231. 

undulatuin,  231. 
Prunus  ?  acutifolia,  203. 

antecedens,  231. 

cerasiformis,  299. 

cretacea,  231. 

parlatorii,  888. 
I'sammobiidac,  7O1. 
Pseudeocycas  dicksoni,  191. 

insignis,  191. 

pumilio,  191. 

steenstrupi,  191. 

Pseudoasterophyllites  cretaceus,  294. 
Pseudomelania,  48O. 

monmouthensis,  94,  48O,  912. 
Pseudogeinitzia  sequoiiformis,  203. 
Ptenostrobus  nebrascensis,  231. 
Ptenoglossa,  477. 
Pteria,  548. 

linguiformis,  549. 

petrosa,  96,  548,  917. 

rhombica,  96,  548,  549,  917,  918. 
Pteria  cea,  544. 
Pteridoleinima  aneimiifolium,  270. 

antiqunm,  270. 

arborescens,  270. 

benincasae,  270. 

deperditum,  270. 

dictyoides,  270. 

dubium,  270. 

elisabethse,  270. 

durum,  299. 

jrymnorhachis,  270. 

haidingerl,  270. 

hessianum,  270. 

kaltenbachi,  271. 

koninckiana,  271. 

leptophyllum,  271. 

michelisi,  271. 

odontoptcroides,  271. 

orthophyllum,  271. 

pecoptcroides,  271. 


pseudadianthum,  271. 

ritzianum,  271. 

serresi,  271. 

waterkeyni,  271. 
Pteridophyta,  759. 
Pteriidse,  548. 
Pteris  albertini,  294. 

albertsii,  191,  294. 

dakotensis,  232. 

erosa,  240. 

frigida,  191,  279,  294,  309. 

glossopteroides,  243. 

gronlandica,  191. 

longipennis,  191,  195. 

reichiana,  279. 

russellii,  240. 

slivenecensls,  294. 
Pterophyllum  cretosum,  279,  280. 

germari,  280. 

reichianum,  279. 

saxonicum,  279. 
Fterospermites  aurlculatus,  191. 

carolinensis,  212,  219. 

cordifolius,  191. 

crednerafolia,  212. 

longeacuminatus,  232. 

modestus,  203,  232. 

multinervis,  829. 

obovatus,  203. 

sternbergii,  828. 

undulatus,  236. 

wardii,  236,  240. 
Pterospermum  cretaceum,  305. 
Puccinites  cretaceus,  294. 
Pugnellus,  467. 

densatus,  92,  468. 

goldmani,  92,  468,  469,  913. 
Purpura  naticella,  465. 
Purpuridse,  464. 
Pycnodonte,  572. 

pusilla,  96,  578,  929. 

radiata,  572,  573. 

vesicularis,    69,    96,    336,    337,    339, 
572,  924,  925,  926,  927,  928,  929. 
Pyrenomycetes,  757. 
Pyrifusus,  456. 

cuneus,  92,  457,  46O. 

elevata,  92,  457,  462. 

marylandica,  92,  457,  912. 

monmouthensis,  92,  457,  459,  912. 

mullicaensis,  460. 

sp.,  463,  912. 

subdensatus,  456. 

vittatus,  92,  457,  458,  911. 

whitfieldi,  92,  457,  461,  910. 
Pyropsis,  444. 

alabamensis,  435. 

elevata,  445. 

lenolensis,  92,  445,  453,  912. 

naticoides,  465. 


1016 


PALEOXTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


octolirata,  451. 

perlata,  92,  444,  445. 

reileyi,  92,  445,  448. 

retifer,  92,  445,  452,  911. 

richardsoni,  445,  447. 

septemlirata,  92,  445,  449. 

trochiformis,  92,  445,  446,  448,  912. 

whitfleldi,  92,  445,  451,  454. 
Pyrula  trochiformis,  446. 
Pyrus  cretacea,  232. 

Q 
Quercus,  816. 

alnoides,  232. 

antiqua,  232. 

asymetra,  284. 

beyrichii,  279. 

calliprinoides,  251. 

castanoides,  284. 

charpenteri,  298. 

colpophylla,  249. 

cuneata,  232,  282, 

cuspidigera,  195. 

dakotensis,  232. 

denticulata,  195. 

dentonoides,  236. 

dryandrsefolia,  284. 

ellsworthianus,  232. 

eoprinoides,  208. 

eucalyptoides,  249. 

euryphlla,  284. 

ferox,  191. 

formosa,  284. 

glascoana,  232. 

hexagona,  232. 

hieracifolia,   191,   231,   284. 

hollicki,  208. 

holmesii,  208,  232,  243.  818. 

hosiana,  232. 

iliciformis,  284. 

johnstrupi,  195. 

juditb.se,  236. 

kanseana,  232. 

langeana,  195. 

latifolia,  232. 

latissima,  282. 

ledgensis,  282. 

lesqirereuxiana,  236. 

longifolia,  282. 

marioni,  195. 

montanensis,  234,  236. 

morrisoniana,    103,    208,    232,    318, 

816,  954. 
multinervis,  243. 
myrtillus,  195. 
nelsonica,  249,  251. 
novae-eaesarese,  203,  208. 
occidentalis,  243. 
pachyphylla,  251. 


patootensis,  195. 

paucinervis,  282. 

platinervis,  244. 

poranoides,  232. 

pratti,  212. 

primordialis,  246. 

pseudochlorophylla,  249. 

pseudodrymeja,  299. 

pseudowestfalica,  212,  214. 

raritanensis,  203. 

rhamnoides,  232. 

rhoinboidalis,  284. 

rinkiana,  191. 

robusta,  276. 

rosmarinifolia,  249. 

salicifolia,  232. 

severnensis,  103,  208,  817,  953. 

sinuata,  232. 

sphenobasis,  284. 

spurio-ilex,  232. 

stokesii,  249. 

sumterensis,  214. 

suspecta,  232. 

thulensis,  191. 

troglodytis,  191. 

velenovskyi,  299. 

victoriae,  244. 

wardiana,  232. 

warmingiana,  191. 

westfalica,  191,  276,  299. 

westfalica  latior,  284. 

westfalica  oblongata,  284. 

westfalica  obtusata,  284. 

wilmsii,  282. 


Uachiglossa,  421. 
Radiolites  austinensis,  328. 
Radula  denticulicosta,  601. 

reticulata,  600. 
Ranales,  831. 
Rapa  septemlirata,  450. 
Raphaelia  neuropteroides,  195,  271. 

woldrichi,  294. 
Raritania,  8OO. 

gracilis,  102,  203,  208,  SCO,  951. 
Ravenalospermum  incertissimum,  262. 
Reptescharipora  marglnata,  74.'!. 
Reptilia,  347. 

Reptoflustrella  heteropora,  740. 
Rhacoglossum  dentatum,  271. 

heterophyllum,   271. 
Rhamnacese,  854. 
Rhamnales,  854. 
Rhamnites,  854. 

apiculatus,  104,  208,  232,  854,  974. 

minor,  203. 
Rhamnus  acuta,   191. 

alatiformis,  263. 


PALEONTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


1017 


discolor,  239. 

elegans,  239. 

goldianus,  239. 

inaequilateralis,  208,  232. 

mudgei,  232. 

novae-csesarsea,   208. 

orstedi,  192. 

pfafflana,  195. 

prunifolius,  232. 

revoluta,  232. 

salicifolius,  236,  239,  240. 

tenax,  219,  221,  232,  279. 
Rhizocaulon  macrophyllum,  261. 

najadinum,  276. 

subtilinervium,  261.' 
Rhombopsis,  456. 
Rhopala  primaeva,  279. 
Rhopalophyllum  australe,  249. 
Rhus  antiqua,  264. 

<y:etacea,  208,  276,  299. 

darlingtonensis,  214. 

dens  mortes,  298. 

membranacea,  236. 

powelliana,  232. 

redditiformis,  221. 

uddeni,  232. 

westii,  232. 

Rhytisma  hederse,  192. 
Ringicula,  4OO. 

clarki,  90,  4OO,  914. 
Ringiculidffi,  4OO. 
Resales,  841. 

Rosellenites  lapidum,  240. 
Rostellaria  compacta,  472. 

hebe,  475. 

pennata,  472. 

rostrata,  471. 

spirata,  472. 
Rostellites,  422. 

bella,  441. 

conradl,  427. 

jamesburgensis,  92,  422,  425. 

marylandicus,  92,  422,  424,  911. 

nasutus,  92,  422. 

texanus,  422. 
Royena  desertorium,  254. 
Rubsephyllum  gaylussacese,  298. 

S 

Sabal  imperialis,  244. 
Sabalites,  811. 

carollnensis,  214. 

magothiensis,  64,  103,  208,  811,  951 
Sabiocaulis,  sakuraii,  253. 
Sagenopteris  variabilis,  209,  294. 
Salicacese,  813. 
Salicales,  813. 
Salicites  hartlgi,  276. 

petzeldlanus,  285. 

wnhlbergli,  256. 


Salix,  813. 

angusta,  236. 

assimilis,  262. 

cuneata,  232. 

deletii,  222,  237. 

eutawensis,  215,  220. 

floxuosa,  103,  203,  209,  212,  214,  215, 
219,  232,  326,  813,  953. 

fragiliformis,  276. 

getziana,  276. 

hayei,  232. 

insequalis,  203. 

Integra,  239. 

lesqueretixii,  103,  203,  209,  212,  214, 
215,  219,  232,  246,  318,  325,  814, 
953. 

mattewanensis,  209. 

meekii,  209,  219,  232. 

nervillosa,  232. 

newberryana,  203,  212. 

perucensis,  294. 

proteaefolla,  813,  814. 

proteaefolia  linearifolia,  813. 

protea?folia  longifolia,  814. 

pseudo-hayel,  203,  214. 

purpuroides,  209. 

raritanensis,  203. 

schcenae,  279. 

sloani,  214. 

stantoni,  236. 

vasseuri,  259. 

Salvertia  transyl\anica,  305. 
Sapindales,  849. 
Sapindophyllum  brevlor,  262. 

coriaceum,  251. 

pelagicum,  294. 
Sapindus  aplculatus,  209,  294,  302. 

diverslfolius,  232. 

imperfectus,  209. 

Inexpectans,  236. 

morrisoni,  192,  195,  203,  209,  214, 
219,  222,  232. 

prodromus,  192. 

saxonicus,  279,  302. 

variabilis,  219. 
Sapotacese,  892. 
Sapotacites,  892. 

ettingshauseni,  219. 

formosus,  219. 

haydenii,  232. 

hyperboreus,  195. 

knowltoni,  64,  104,  209,  892,  990. 

nervillosus,  105. 

obovata,  294,  893. 
retusus,  195,  893. 

shirleyensis,  219. 
stelznerl,  279. 
Sassafras,  866. 

acutilobum,  103,  203  209,  212,  219, 
232,  246,  294,  318,  325,  866,  880, 
968,  969,  970,  971. 


1018 


PALEONTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


acutilobum  grossedentatum,  233. 

angustilobum,  209. 

arctica,  192. 

cretaceum,  246,  263,  879,  880,  881, 
883. 

cretaceum  dentatum,  880,  882. 

cretaceum  obtusum,  880.  883. 

cretaceum  recurvatum,  824. 

dissectum,  233. 

dissectum  symmetricum,  233. 

hastatum,  203. 

integrifolium,  880. 

mirabile,  233,  302,  867,  881. 

mudgei,  233,  246,  880. 

obtusum,  880,  883. 

papillosum,  233. 

pfaffiana,  195. 

platanoides,  233. 

primordiale,  233. 

progenitor,  203,  209. 

recurvatum,  192,  824. 

subintegrifolium,  233.  246,  880. 
Saururopsis  niponensis,  253. 
Saxicavidae,  719. 
Scala,  478. 
Scalidse,  477. 
Scaphandridae,  411. 
Scaphites,  381. 

aequalis,  381. 

binodosus,  273. 

conradi,  72,  327,  334,  337,  383,  908. 

cuvieri,  382. 

hippocrepis,  68,  69,  90,  321,  327,  337, 
382. 

pulcherrimus,  337,  383,  385. 

similis,  382. 
Scaphopoda,  5O6. 
Schizaeopteris  mesozoica,  253. 
Schizodonta.  544. 
Sciadopitytes  nathorstl,  192. 
Scleropteris  callosa,  276. 
Selachii,  35O. 
Sclaginella  arctica,  1~2. 

falcata,  236. 

laciniata,  236. 
Sequoia,  785. 

acuminata,  239. 

ambiqua,  192,  209,  219,  220,  264, 
786. 

breviloba,  246. 

concinna,    195,    203,    209,    264,    276. 

condita,  233. 

fastigiata,  187,  192,  195,  209,  219, 
233,  247,  263,  294,  297,  302,  788. 

formosa,  233. 

froppperti,  276. 

gracilis,  209,  787. 

gracillima,  233,  794.  801. 

heterophylla,  102,  195,  203,  209,  212, 
219,  236,  260,  279,  294,  306,  326, 
.785,  949,  950. 


legdensis,  282. 

lepidota,  298. 

longifolia,  236. 

lusitanica,  262. 

macrolepis,  195. 

major,  294. 

microcarpa,  297. 

minor,  212,  279,  294. 

moravica,  302. 

oblonga,  294. 

pectinata,  276. 

reichenbachi,  102,  192,  203,  209,  212, 
214,  215,  219,  220,  233,  236,  239, 
240,  260,  261,  263,  269,  271,  276, 
279,  283,  284,  291,  294,  297,  298, 
299,  302,  307,  331,  788,  801. 

rigida,  192,  195,  294,  307. 

subulata,  192,  788. 

winchelli,  233. 
Sequoites  polyanthes,  294. 
Sorpula,  745. 

arenaria,  482. 

circuit! ris,  483. 

rotula,  483. 

trigonalis,  100,  746,  943. 

whitfleldi,  100,  746. 

seminulum,  745. 
Serpulidae,  745,  748. 
Serpulorbis,  482. 

marylandica,  94,  482,  913. 

polyphragma,  482. 
Serrifusus,  454. 

nodocarinatus.  92,  455. 
Siliquaria,  484. 

biplicata,  703. 
Simabn  saxonica,  279. 
Sinsyclonema  simplicity  593. 

simplicus,  595. 
Smilax  grandifolia  cretacea,  233. 

panartia,  299. 

raritanensis,  203,  209. 

undulata,  233. 
Solariidap,  493. 
Solarium,  4J)3. 

nliyssinus,  505. 

monmouthense,  94,  494,  90!IA. 
Solenacea,  7O3. 
Solenidse,  7O3. 
Solidula  bullata,  403. 

mortoni,  407. 
Solidulus  linteus,  397. 
Solymya.  7O1. 

lineolata,  98,  7O1,  932. 

planulata,  684. 
Sparganium  cretaceum,  192. 
Spatangidse,  751. 
8pha?ria  cretacea,  195. 
Sphaerites,  757. 

alabamensis,  219. 

problematicus,  233. 


PALEONTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


1019 


raritanensis,     102,    203,    209,    757, 
977. 

solitarius,  271. 
Sphaerococcites  laubei,  294. 

striolatus,  280. 
Sphenaspis  statenensis,  203. 
Sphenodiscus,  388. 

lenticularis,  331,  334,  337,  390. 

lobatus,  72,  322,  323,  327,  329,  331, 

334,  337,  388,  909A. 
Sphenolepidium  dentifolium,  787. 

recurvifolium,  786. 
Sphenolepis  kurriana,  260,  262,  304. 

sternbergiana,  260. 
Sphenopteridium  tenerium,  294. 
Sphenopteris  angustiloba,  263. 

corrugata,  233. 

elongata,  244. 

lesinensis,  304. 

mantelli,  263,  279. 

pleurinervia,  263. 
Sphenosaurus  basiflssus,   347. 

clavirostris,  347. 
Spisula,  70«. 

berryi,   100,  7O8,  939. 

wordenl.  100.  7O9,  939. 
Spongia  ottoi,   280. 

saxonica,  280. 
Steinhanera   minuta,   286. 
Sterculia,  857. 

aperta,   233. 

cliffwoodensls,    64,    104,    209,    858, 
976. 

geinitzi,  279. 

krejcii,  297. 

labruscoides,  858. 

limbata,  294. 

lineariloba,  233. 

lugubris,  222,  233,  858. 

minima,  64,  104,  209,  857,  97C. 

mucronata,  233,  857. 

prelabrusca,   209. 

reticulata,  233. 

snowii,  209,  233. 

snowii  bilobatum,  209. 

snowii  disjuncta,  233. 

tripartita,  233. 

variabilis,  195. 

vetustula,  242. 

vinokurovii,  309. 
Sterculiacere,  857. 
Staliiginium  serica,  624. 
Btomatopom,  736. 

kiimmeli,  100,  737. 

regnlaris,  100,  736. 

tcnuicorda,  745. 
Straparolus  lapidosus,  502. 
Stroptodonta,  477. 
Strobites  anceps,  214. 


Strobilites  davisii,  203. 

inquirendus,  209. 

microsporophorus,  203. 

perplexus,  209. 
Strombidse,  467. 
Strombus  densatus,  467,  468. 
Surcula,  419. 

arnica,  92,  42O,  910. 
SycophyHum  dentatum,  276. 


Tsenidium  alysioides,  284. 
Tseniopteris  deperdita,  195. 

pluinosa,  244. 
Tsenioxylon  varians,  276. 
Taxites  pecten,  195. 
Taxodium  cuneatum,  244. 
Taxodonta,  511. 
Taxotorreya  trinerva,  251. 
Taxoxylum  haternianum,  283. 
Tectibranchiata,  397. 
Tectospondyli,  36O. 
Teleodesmacea,  642. 
Teleostei,  355. 
Teleotremata,  734. 
Tellimera  eborea,  696. 
Tellina,  691. 

gabbi,  98,  692,  694,  938. 

georgiana,  98,  692. 

cuspidata,  639. 

eufalensis,  697. 

virgata,  691. 
Tellinacea,  691. 
Tellinidse,  691. 

Telliniraera  eborea,  98,  695,  938. 
Tempskya  cretacea,  283. 

variano,  294. 
Tenea,  661. 

parilis,  98,  661. 

pinguis,  661. 
Tetrabranchiata,  371. 
Tetraphyllum  dubium,  284. 

oblongum,  192. 
Terebratula,  734. 

Camilla,  734. 

gorbyi,   734. 

harlani,  36,  75,  100,  734,  943. 

perovalis,  734. 
Tercbratulacea,  734. 
Terebratulidse,  734. 
Teredinidae,   729. 
Teredo,  729. 

contorta,  730. 

irregularis,  100,  729,  73O. 

naval  is.  729. 

rhombica,  100,  729,  732,  942. 

tibialis,  730. 

Ternstroemia  crassipes,  294,  308. 
Tenninalia  rectinervis,  294. 


1020 


PALEONTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


Thallasochnris  bosqueti,  271. 

mulleri,  271. 

westfalica,  283,  284. 
Thallophyta,  757. 
Thinnfeldia  lesquereuxiana,  796. 

sublntegrifolia,  796. 
Thoracosaurus,  347. 

grandis,  347. 

neocaesarlensis,  90,  347,  904. 

sp.,  90,  347,  904. 
Thuites  alienus,  286. 

crassus,  781. 

gramineus,  286. 

meriana,  192,  203. 

pfafflana,  192,  276. 

wilkinsoni,  249. 
Thuja,  791. 

cretacea,    102,    192,    203,    209,    2.36,' 

791. 

Thymeleales,  86O. 
Thyrsopteris  grevllleoides,  209,  292. 
TomistomidiE,  347. 
Tornatella,  410. 

bullata,  403. 
Tornatina,  409. 
Torreya  dicksoniana,  276. 

oblanceolata,  233. 
Toxoglossa,  412. 
Trapa  borealis,  245. 

cuneata,  236. 

microphylla,  236. 
Trachycardium  eufalense,  664. 
Tricalycites  major,  203,  209. 

papyraceus,  203,  209,  219,  222. 
Tricarpellites  striatus,  203,  209. 
Trichotropis  cancellaria,  412,  413. 

konincki,  339. 

Trigonarca  saffordi,  532,  537. 
Trigonia,  582. 

cerulea,  96,  582,  584. 

eufalensis,  96,  582,  930. 

margaritacea,   582. 

marionensis,  96,  582,  585. 
Trigoniacea,  582. 
Trigoniidae,  582. 
Trlgonostoma,  465. 
Trlphyllum  bignonia  sllesiaca,  276. 

geinltzianum,  276. 
Triplaris  cenomanica,  279. 
Trocheidac,  5O4. 
Trochus  leprosus,  495. 

perspectlvum,  493. 
Trochocyathus,  752. 

vaughani,  100,  752,  944. 
Tiibicola,  745. 
Tubulipora  megsera,  739. 
Tudicla  perlata,  445. 

trochiformls,  446. 


Tumlon  caroliimnum,  212,  215. 

densifolium,  244. 

dicksonioides,  244. 
Turbinella  alabamensis,  435. 

intermedia,  436. 

verticalis,  435. 
Turbinolidte,  752. 
Turbinopsis  alabamensis,  435. 

elevata,  462. 
Turbo  scalaris,  477. 

terebra,  486. 
Turricula,  433. 

reileyi,  433. 

scalariformis,  479. 
Turris,  414. 

monmouthensis,   92,    415,   418,   910. 

sedesclara,  92,  415,  418,  910. 

terramaria,  *92,  415,  416,  910. 

welleri,  92,  415,  417,  910. 
Turritella,  486. 

bonaspes,  94,  486,  487,  913. 

breantiana,  339. 

corsicana,  489. 

delmar,  68,  94,  321,  486,  487,  913. 

encrinoides,  94,  486,  492. 

jerseyensis,  487. 

paravertebroides,  94,   320,   323,  327, 
486,  488,  913. 

pumila,  492. 

tippana,  94,  486,  491. 

trilineata,  489. 

trilira.  94,  339,  486,  489. 

vertebroides,  320,  327,  329,  489. 
Turritellidse,  48«. 
Turritidffi,  414. 
Typhacites,  kitsoni,  255. 

laevis,  261. 

rugosa,  261. 
Typhaeloipum  cretaceum,  302. 

U 

Ulmus  dubia,  244. 
Ulmophyllum  latifolium,  251. 

planersefolium,  251. 

priscum,  244. 
Umbellales,  873. 
L'riitubigera  papyracea,  739. 
Urticales,  818. 


Vasidae,  434. 
Veniella,  642. 

conradi,  98,  643,  934. 

inflata,  643. 

trigona,  643. 
Venilia,  642. 

conradi,  642,  643. 


PALEOXTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


1021 


elevata,  643. 

trigona,  643. 
Vcneracea.  G76. 
Veneridae,  676. 
Venericardia,  657. 

imbricnta,  657. 

intermedia,  98,  657. 
Venus  chinensis,  677. 

meretrix,  679. 

puerpera,  681. 

sinensis,  677. 

spinifera,  658. 

verrucosa,  681. 
Vermes,  715. 
Vermetidse,  482. 
Vennetus,  483. 

adansoni,  483. 

circularis,  94,  483. 

gigas,  482. 
Vertebrata,  347. 
Viburnites  crassus,  233. 

evansanus,  233. 

masonii,  233. 
Viburnum  anomalum,  236. 

attenuatum,  195. 

ellsworthianum,  233. 

grewiopsoides,  233. 

hollickii,  209,  237. 

integrifolium,  203,  209. 

lesquereuxi,  233. 

lesquereuxi  commune,  233. 

lesquereuxi  cordifolium,  233. 

lesquereuxi  lanceolatum,  233. 

lesquereuxi  latius,  233. 

lesquereuxi  longit'olium,  233. 

lesquereuxi  rotundifolium,  233. 

lesquereuxi  tenuifolium,  233. 

mattewanensis,  209. 

montanum,  237,  240. 

multinerve,  195. 

problematicum,  237,  240. 

robustum,  222,  233. 

sphenopyllum,  233. 

subrepandum,  283. 

vetus,  262. 

zyziphoides,  195. 
Vitaceae,  855. 
Vola  quinquecostata,  597. 
Voluta  pyrum,  434. 
tornaealis,  397. 

vulpecula,  433. 
Volutidse,  422. 
Volutilithes  bella,  441. 
conradi,  426,  427. 
cretacea,  431. 
lioderma,  430. 
nasuta,  422. 
Volutoderma  jamesburgensis,  425. 


Volutomorpha,  426. 

bella,  441. 

conradi,  92,  427,  911. 

gabbi,  427. 

perornata,  92,  427,  428,  913. 
Vulpecula,  433. 

reileyi,  92,  433. 

W 

Weichselia  erratica,  256. 
Widdringtonia  complanata,  237,  240. 

parvivalvis,  298. 
Widdringtonites,  793. 

complanata,  237,  240. 

fasciculatus,  209. 

fastigiatus,  305. 

ramosus,  796. 

reichii,  64,  102,  192,   195,  203,  219. 
260,  279,  294,  302,  326,  793,  794. 

subtilis,  192,  203,  209,  214,  219,  796, 

951. 
Williarnsonia,  769. 

bibbinsii,  772. 

cretacea,  192,  772. 

delawarensis,    102,    209,    770,    771, 
947. 

elocata,  233,  771. 

gallinacea,  772. 

marylandica,  102,  209,  769,  947. 

minima,  772. 

oregonensis,  770. 

problematica,  203,  209. 

recentior,  242. 

riesii,  203,  771. 

smockii,  203. 

virginiensis,  770,  772. 

whitbiensis,  769. 
\Villiamsoniacese,  769. 
Williamsoniales,  769. 
Woodwarclia  crenata,  237,  240. 


Xancus,  434. 

alabamensis,  92,  435. 

intermedia,  92,  435,  436. 
Xenophora,  494. 

conchliophora,  494. 

leprosa,  94,  495. 
Xenophoridse,  494. 
Xylomites  aggregatus,  192. 

ellipticus,  279. 


Yoldia,  518. 

arctica,  518. 

gabbana,  94.  518,  52O. 


1022 


PALEOXTOLOGICAL  INDEX 


longifrons,    68,    94,    321,    322     3°6 
518,  915. 

noxontownensis,   94,  518,   521,  915. 
Yezonia  vulgaris,  253. 
Yezostrobus  oliveri,  253. 


Zamia  lanceolata,  772. 

washingtoniana,  773. 
Zamiopsis  brevipennis,  276. 
Zamites  angustifolius,  774. 

bohemlcus,  294. 

familiaris,  297. 

lanceolatus,  772. 

tenuinervis,  774. 
Zingiberites  pulchellus,  192. 
Zizyphus  cliffwoodensis,  209. 

dakotensis,  233,  309. 


olegans,  209. 

groenlandicus,  195,  209. 

lamarensis,  219,  222. 

laurifolius,  215. 

lewisiana,  209. 

oblongus,  209. 
Zonarites  digitatus,  233. 
Zonopteris  goepperti,  271. 
Zosterites  sequinervis,  271. 

angustifolius,  249. 

bellovisana,  257. 

caulinisefolia,  257. 

elongata,  257. 

lineata,  257. 

loryi,  260. 

miqueli,  271. 

orbigniana,  257. 

vittni-o      O71 


RETURN     EARTH  SCIENCES  LIBRARY 

TO  —  ^                                                  642-2997 

LOAN  PERIOD  I 
1  MONTH 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

ALL  BOOKS  MAY  BE  RECALLED  AFTER  7  DAYS 

Books  needed  for  class  reserve  are  subject  to  immediate  recall 

DUE  AS  STAMPED  BELOW 


FORM  NO.  DD8 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  BERKELEY 
BERKELEY,  CA  94720 


£.ER!<EVEY  LIBRARIES 


EBEATA 

Pages  91,  93,  95,  97,  99,  101,  103.  The  Manasquan  formation  is  not  recognized 
in  the  Maryland  area  and  occurrences  so  credited  should  be  referred  to  the 
Rancocas  formation. 

Page  159,  line     8,  for  Matawan  read  Monmouth. 

Page  204,  line     9,  for  raoniana  read  ravniana. 

Page  238,  line  22,  for  bavicularis  read  navicularis. 

Page  239,  line  31,  for  macricarpum  read  macrocarpum. 

Page  241,  line     7,  for  Lesquerex  read  Lesquereux. 

Page  249,  line  24,  for  plutonina  read  plutonia. 

Page  262,  line     5,  for  Branchyphyllum  read  Brachyphylhim. 

Page  282,  line  10,  for  Conferites  read  Confervites. 

Page  301,  line  17,  for  riloba  read  triloba. 

Page  325,  line  20,  for  bladensis  read  bladenensis. 

Page  409,  line  19,  for  wetherilla  read  wetJierilli. 

Page  429,  line  19,  last  word  should  be  in  italics. 

Page  745,  line  25,  for  Polochaeta  read  Polychseta. 

Page  780,  line  10,  for  blandenensis  read  bladenensis. 

Page  880,  line  13,  for  harkianus  read  harkerianus. 

Page  892,  next  to  last  line,  Knowltoni  should  be  in  italics. 

Page  921,  line     1,  for  Ostrea  read  Gryphaea. 


